Table of Content
1. Introduction 3 Introduction.............................................................................3
2. The author Vikram Seth 4
3. Stylistic devices in the book A Suitable Boy 5
4. The first and second section of A Suitable Boy 8
4.1 Summary of the first section 8
4.2 Summary of the second section 11
5. Daily life and traditions in A Suitable Boy 13
5.1 The time of the 1950s in India 13
5.2 Arranged marriage and dowry and their role in the book 14
5.4 Female students or Why is Lata allowed to study 18
6. Conclusion 20
Bibliography....................................................................................21
1. Introduction
“[Vikram Seth] shows the India of withering idealism, [...] the perpetual fight between the forces of progress and modernity and the forces of tradition and obscurism.” 1
This quotation by the critic Shyam S. Agarwalla does not only fit for the whole book A Suitable Boy but as well for the protagonist Lata, as her struggle between her familyʹs expectations and her own wishes, which is also a struggle between modernity and tradition, is on of the bookʹs main aspect. After reading the bookʹs 1474 pages I was fascinated by the Indian live described. It seemed so rich in colours, so full of emotions and lively that I felt like going to India myself. And I was fascinated by Lata herself. I started to like this strong female character. Hence I will analyse various aspects about Lata and her environment and concentrate mostly upon the first and second sections of A Suitable Boy. I will read a lot about Indian culture and history as I want to understand the characters as much as possible. A Suitable Boy is quite popular and there are various articles and essays written about it. Consequently I had to search for aspects to work on which are not dealt with too much till now. I will sometimes mention or examine topics other classmates already deal with in their thesis, but in my paperʹs context these topics have special aspects and meanings.
1Agarwalla, Vikram Seth's A Suitable Boy, 19
2. The author Vikram Seth
Vikram Seth was born in 1952, which is the last year in A Suitable Boy, in Calcutta. His father Prem Seth was an executive of a Czech shoe company and his mother Leila became the first female High Court judge in India. 2 These two people gave him a lot of information about the shoe industry and the juridical system, which he used in A Suitable Boy. After having lived in England for three years the family returns to India in 1957. 3 From 1961 to 1967 Seth attends Doon School, which is a prestigious private boys school at Dehra Dun 4 . At Doon School English is the main language and Hindi is only taught as second language 5 . Although he now writes in English and not in Hindi he feels proud to be an Indian 6 . He then studies in Oxford, where he gets a degree in PPE (politics, philosophy and economics) 7 and later in Stanford. While researching for his PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) he spends several years at Nanjing University in China 8 , where he learns the Chinese language. He never finishes his doctorate but starts his successful career as a writer, which he has started with writing poetry (Mappings). Nowadays he does not only write poetry (All You Who Sleep Tonight) but also novels (An equal music), he has written a libretto (Arion and the Dolphin), a fable book (Beastly Tales from Here and There) and a travel book (From Heaven Lake: Travels through Sinkiang and Tibet) and
2Atkins, A Reader's Guide, 7
3Ibid, 8 4Official Website of Doon School 5Atkins, A Reader's Guide, 8 6Rediff Chat with Vikram Seth 7Rollason, On some aspects of language in Vikram Seth's A Suitable Boy, 1 8Atkins, A Reader's Guide, 9
has translated Chinese poetry to English (Three Chinese Poets: Translations of Poems By Wang Wei, Li Bai and Du Fu). About A Suitable Boy he has said that he needed seven years for writing it and then three years to recover from it 9 . Whilst writing he lived with his family and tried to avoid reading Indian novels to not become influenced by them 10 . He has said that he himself is not sure if he approves that Lata in the end marries Haresh, the boy her mother has chosen for her. 11
3. Stylistic devices in the book A Suitable Boy
The book is “the longest single volume novel ever published in English” 12 . The original edition has 1349 pages, the paperback edition by Phoenix Orion which I use has 1474 pages. The novel is written from a third‐person point of view by an omniscient narrator and is divided into 19 sections with in total 447 chapters, which are on the average three pages long . 13 Every section has its title in form of a rhyming couplet, which already reveals part of the plot contained. By containing many sub plots the book provokes that the reader sometimes loses track and does not see what this or that sub plot has to do with the rest of the story. Some of these sub plots help to move the action forward and are connected to the rest of the story whereas
9Rediff Chat with Vikram Seth
10Ibid 11Ibid
12Interviewer's comment in the “Bold Type” interview with Vikram Seth 13Atkins, A Reader's Guide, 43
others lead nowhere. 14 Some critics argue that A Suitable Boy needs a good edit as the bookʹs structure is sometimes quite confused. 15 The story contains historical elements like the person Jawaharlal Nehru, who was president of India from 1947 to 1964 16 , but also fictional elements like the city of Brahmpur, which is according to the author a mixture of the real towns Patna, Lucknow, Varanasi, Agra and Dehli 17 and lies in the fictional state of Purva Pradesh. Another important aspect of the stylistic devices are the languages: the novel is written in English but it is said that for example the Khans and Saeeda Bai usually speak Urdu. So the reader has to imagine himself how these conversations sound in Urdu and how they look like written in Urdu, as this language does not employ the Latin alphabet but the Arabic one. The reader can sometimes even forget that some persons are rather talking in Hindi, Urdu or Bengali than in English. About a conversation between Maan and his father, which comprehends the following sentences “ʹYes, yes,ʹ said his father impatiently. ʹSavita. Your superstitious mother will start panicking if they miss the correct configuration of the stars. [...]ʹ” 18 , is afterwards said “His conversation with his father had been in Hindi, hers with her mother in English. Maan spoke both very well.” 19 . But without this helping sentence a page later the reader would not have known that Maan is not talking in English but in Urdu with his father.
14Meenakshi two-times Arun with Billy (p. 1232), but Arun never gets to know it and
therefore nothing happens in the end.
15Atkins, A Reader's Guide, 65 16Malhotra, Indien: Wirtschaft, Verfassung,Politik, 427 17Atkins, A Reader's Guide, 8
18Seth, A Suitable Boy, 7
19Ibid, 8
In addition Seth uses a lot of comedy and irony. Sometimes a characters makes ironic comments, sometimes the narrator himself employs irony for example while describing some things. One of the most comic things in the book is Mrs Rupa Mehra talking about her dead husband Raghubir Mehra. Instead of saying his name she always call him “He” like many people in the Western culture do not say “God” but also “He” 20 . As Mrs Rupa Mehra is self‐pitying herself all the time because of her widowhood the situations become even more comical when she looks into the sky while complaining for example about her children. As she is a religious Hindu it is needless to say that she believes in reincarnation, but nevertheless she talks to her late husband as if he was a god in heaven.
20Ibid, 3
4. The first and second section of A Suitable Boy
4.1 Summary of the first section
The first section is called “Browsing through books, two students meet one day./ A mother mopes; a medal melts away.” 21 The plot starts with Lataʹs elder sisterʹs wedding. Savita marries Pran Kapoor, who teaches English at Brahmpur University. Due to Lataʹs grandfather, Dr Kishen Chand Seth, who decided two weeks previous to the wedding that he did not want to host it, the wedding ceremony takes place at the groomʹs fatherʹs house, which is quite uncommon. After recalling that she, Lata, has known the groom for a longer time than her sister had before the wedding, since Lata has attended some of his lectures at university, and assuming what is ought to happen in the nuptial room that night she announces that she does not think she ever wants to get married. 22 The following day when Malati, a very close friend of Lata, Lata, her brother Varun, her niece Aparna and Bhaskar, who is the son of Pranʹs sister Veena, visit the zoo Lata speaks to Varun and tells him that he should not let Arun, their elder brother, haze him too much. She has experienced herself being bullied by Arun and is pretty glad that she is not studying in Calcutta because if she did she would have to live at Arunʹs house. Now that Pran and Savita are married and have their own house in Brahmpur Lata moves out of the studentʹs hostel into their house. When Mrs Rupa Mehra, Lataʹs mother, who usually lives with Arun in Calcutta, pays a visit to Pran
21Seth, A Suitable Boy, Table of Content Number One
22Ibid, 24
and Savita in Brahmpur her father Dr Kishen Chand Seth drops in and enunciates that Lata is bound to marry before long and that hence he will look for an adequate match. Mrs Rupa Mehra herself writes a letter to her niece Kalpana in which she requests help in order to find a respectable husband for Lata. One day Lata and Malati go after classes to the Imperial Book Depot, which is considered as one of the best book shops in Brahmpur. There a young man dares to speak to Lata, who reckons his behaviour as bold and tries to quit their conversation. She actually refuses to ask his name. Malati has observed that encounter and interrogates Lata about the unknown man while they are on their way to the Blue Danube coffee house, where they usually spend an afternoon once a week. Meanwhile Pran tries to convince the members of the syllabus committee of the English Department to include James Joyce on the list of writers whose works should be known by those who study Modern British Literature. During the discussion Pran notes how much he dislikes the head of the department, Professor Mishra. In the end the other members of the committee apart from Professor Mishra are on his side and agree to his proposal. In Calcutta Meenakshi, Arunʹs wife, is bored and feels like seeing her daughter Aparna, but by the time the nanny brings Aparna to her she has already changed her mind and wants to sleep. When Arun returns from his work at Bentson & Pryce he talks for a while with his wife and then does a jigsaw puzzle with Aparna while Meenakshi is getting ready for going out that evening. That is why Varun has to look after Aparna when he comes back from university. He frequently has to mind Aparna while her parents are out. At the
club Meenakshi notices her acquaintance Shireenʹs earrings and immediately wants earrings like that too. Unfortunately Arun has to support his mother and the rest of the family with his salary as well, thus there is not much money left for luxury goods, at least not enough from Meenakshiʹs point of view. As her natal family is quite affluent Meenakshi is very fastidious. In fact Arun cannot even afford to go clubbing but he does not care. Back home Meenakshi looks at the two medals Mrs Rupa Mehra has given her as a wedding present. To Mrs Rupa Mehra these medals mean a lot as they were given to her late husband when he was a student, but Meenakshi intends to have them smelted so that she can get the sort of earring she wants and to make a necklace for Aparna. The next day Meenakshi phones her younger sister Kakoli to find out where she can get the gold melted down discreetly. Kakoli advises her not to smelt the medals but Meenakshi insists on having them melted down. Even the jeweller tells her not to melt down the medals but Meenakshi does not change her mind and only decides that one medal weights enough for the earrings and the necklace and accordingly she only wants to have one medal melted down. Two weeks later Arun gets to know accidentally what has happened to the medal and writes this in his next letter to his mother in a small subordinate clause. Mrs Rupa Mehra and the other family members who live in Brahmpur are shocked by Meenakshiʹs behaviour.
4.2 Summary of the second section
The second section is called “A courtesan sings coolly through the heat./ A hopeful lover buys a parakeet.” 23 . It starts with a description of the Kapoors celebrating Holi. Pranʹs brother Maan takes bhang before going over to Pranʹs house together with his friends Firoz and Imtiaz to play Holi. When Professor Mishra arrives together with a group of students at the house the stoned Maan throws him into a bath tub full of pink water after telling him that Pran calls him Moby‐Dick. In fact Professor Mishra really looks a bit like a whale, but of course Pran is very furious, above all because Pran already has enough problems with Professor Mishra at the English Department and does not want to exacerbate the situation. In the evening there is the traditional Holi concert at Prem Nivas, Mahesh Kapoorʹs house. The singer is Saeeda Bai Firozabadi, who had also sung at the last two Holi concerts at Prem Nivas. Maan, who has never seen her before because the last years at Holi he was always in Banaras, where his fiancée lives, is thrilled by her. The following day Maan visits his sister Veena and her husband Kedarnath, who works in the shoe trade. When he arrives the couple is arguing about having a second child. Kedarnath opines that they cannot afford another child since there is some trouble in the shoe trading business in Brahmpur as the workers threat to strike. On his way home to Prem Nivas Maan determines to visit Saeeda Bai, but her watchman does not admit him thus he pays his brother Pran a visit and then drops in on Firoz and Imtiaz. At their home Baitar House he stays overnight. The
23Seth, A Suitable Boy, Table of Content Number Two
next evening he once again tries to see Saeeda Bai and this time he is allowed to enter her house. After having sung some classical Indian music for him Saeeda Bai evinces that he should leave. Saeeda Bai`s sarangi player Ishaq Khan buys a bird for her younger sister Tasneem. Firoz goes to Saeeda Baiʹs house to deliver her the monthly amount of money his father always pays. Saeeda Bai is quite surprised to see him as his father usually sends a servant with the money. When Firoz sees Tasneem for the first time and is startled Saeeda Bai makes her to leave the room. Maan tries his luck again and returns to Saeeda Baiʹs house but as she is entertaining the Raja of Marh he is not admitted. Thatʹs whay he gives the watchman his gift, a book with collected poems in Urdu. Saeeda Bai is delighted by this present as commonly her admires only give her “jewels and other glittering things 24 ” and so she receives Maan the following evening and sings some ghazals for him before they both disappear into her bedroom.
24Seth, A Suitable Boy, 135
5. Daily life and traditions in A Suitable Boy
5.1 The time of the 1950s in India
The bookʹs plot starts in early 1951 and finishes in April 1952, therefore it shows the Republic of India short after Independence (15 th August 1947) and Partition. The country and its inhabitants are searching for a place in the world. Some people have to rearrange their life, for example Veena Kapoorʹs mother in law Mrs Tandon who had to flee from Lahore three years ago, whereas others can go on as always, for example Mrs Rupa Mehra, for whom not much has changed due to Independence. For her her husbandʹs death will always be more significant than any change in politics. The country has to face conflicts between Hindus and Muslims, the first general elections will come very soon, there are great economic problems. The country has to decide where to go in the future. The (fictive) politician Mahesh Kapoor, who was already a politician more than 10 years before Independence 25 , is fighting for a so called Zamindari Abolition Bill which would dispossess many squires. But life has to go on for everyone, people die, weddings are celebrated, babies are born. Maan starts an affair with a Muslim singer and courtesan.
25Ibid, 19
5.2 Arranged marriage and dowry and their role in the book
In 1951 the average age at marriage in India was 14,3 years for women and 21,3 years for men. 26 Consequently Lata, who is 19 years old at the beginning of the book and is neither engaged nor married, sticks out and it becomes clear that she is member of a kind of elite. Even today in the 21 st century 95% of all marriages in India are arranged by the parents 27 . Sethʹs mother Justice Leila Seth herself has said that she does not think that arranging marriages is so amiss 28 . In the 1950s in India nearly all marriages were arranged ones and so called love marriages were highly seldom as they had and still have to face a lot of opposition from the families and the society. In the book there is only one love marriage, which is the marriage between Arun Mehra and Meenakshi, who was born as a Chatterji. They got to know each other at a cocktail party and then decided to marry, despite the fact that they are from different castes and from very different family backgrounds 29 . While the Mehra family is conservative and traditional the Chatterjis are modern and progressive, later in the book they even accept the affair between her daughter Kakoli and a German called Hans. 30 But Arun can only get away with this marriage due to the fact that he is the eldest son and that he is the patriarch since his fatherʹs death. Another aspect is that Meenakshi, who is a Brahman, belongs to a higher caste than he, who is a Kshatriya, does. Therefore he has risen in society with this
26Average Age at Marriage in India
27Bumiller, Hundert Söhne sollst du haben, 33
28Ibid, 36 29Seth, A Suitable Boy, 12 30Ibid, 1458
marriage and his mother Mrs Rupa Mehra now is kind of proud of her son being marrying to someone from a superior caste. Arun himself is proud that he has managed to get such a suitable match for himself, without the help of an influential father. But for Lata there is no discussion in this matter and her mother Mrs Rupa Mehra occupies herself and her friends and relatives with the search for a suitable boy. She asks her friend and niece Kalpana in a letter for help 31 and also talks the matter over with her father Dr Kishen Chand Seth, who suggests a young radiologist but then in the course of the book forgets about the topic. 32 On one side Lata has already accepted for herself that her mother will arrange her marriage. When her friend Malati says on page 33 to her “Your mother will get you married off within a year, Iʹm sure of it. And like an obedient little mouse, youʹll obey her.” she only answers “Quite right.”. But yet there are some peradventures. She wonders if her sister Savita really accepts that their mother knows best 33 and after reflecting much about her sister during Savitaʹs wedding she announces that she does not think that she ever wants to get married. 34 For her mother Mrs Rupa Mehra marriage is very important and her family means almost all for her. What would a woman do without her family? Although Mrs Rupa Mehra has a certain grade of education and is literate 35 she is very conservative. She wants her children to marry someone she has chosen although at Savitaʹs
31Ibid, 48
32Seth, A Suitable Boy, 40 33Ibid, 16 34Ibid,24
35She always writes letters to stay in contact with her friends and relatives. (see Seth, A
Suitable Boy, 44)
wedding she complains “I do know what is best. I am doing it all for you. Do you think it is easy for me, trying to arrange things for all four of my children without his help?” 36 Of course she wants her son Varun, who is elder than Lata, to get married as well, but to marry off Lata is more important as it is always more difficult to find an appropriate husband than a suitable wife. He should be to a greater or lesser extent of the same social rank and from a similar background. Since her husbandʹs death Mrs Rupa Mehra is trying very hard to keep the familyʹs status in society. Raghubir Mehra worked for the Railway Service and it is said that he “would have become a member of the Railway Board” 37 if he had not died before the British left. Therefore he was a sort of executive employee before his death and with his salary the family was able to buy a house in Darjeeling and could pay their childrenʹs private school fees. The family was part of the middle class, short before its promotion to the upper class. But then Raghubir Mehra died and Mrs Rupa Mehra had to sell her jewellery and the house in Darjeeling. Short after the death the family moved to live with her father Dr Kishen Chand Seth and then with friends, now Mrs Rupa Mehra lives with Arun and his family in Calcutta. Arunʹs salary is the only income the Mehras have, without it they would suffer economic hardship. But not only the social rank but also the caste is important. The Mehras themselves are Khatris, therefore the aspirant should also be a Khatri. The Khatris are a sub caste of the Kshatriyas, which is second caster after the Brahmins and originally consisted of the rulers and soldiers.
36Seth, A Suitable Boy, 3
37Ibid, 13
Another problem is the dowry. Actually the dowry was a gift from relatives to the newly married wife, a she had no claim to on her natal familyʹs property. She possessed her dowry herself and could do with it as she pleased. But over time this system has changed and the dowry then consisted usually of a direct payment to the groomʹs family. If a bride is good looking or has a light skin or higher education the dowry is usually smaller than the dowry for an ugly or disabled girl for example. Many parents have to make debts in order to pay the wedding ceremony and the dowry. In India exists since 1961 a law which prohibits the demanding, taking and paying of a dowry 38 , but still it is a common problem. As Mrs Rupa Mehra knows that she cannot pay a dowry and that her social status as a widow is no help for matchmaking she is quite happy to have Savita married to Pran. She considers him as a descent boy, who has a job and can keep a family with the money he earns, whereas Arun thinks that Pranʹs family and Pran himself are not high enough in the social ranking system. Most guests at the wedding ceremony consider Pran even as ugly, which seems to matter a lot. He has not the fine, treasured, light skin colour but is quite dark which leads two aunts even to talk about „ʹRupaʹs black grandchildrenʹ, as if they already existed.“. 39 During the whole wedding only Lata seems to wonder if Savita and Pran are happy together, most other guests only think about the food or some relatives whom they have not met since the last wedding or funeral.
38Schwerin, Indien, 175
39Seth, A Suitable Boy, 15
5.4 Female students or Why is Lata allowed to study?
In 1850 Lord Dalhousie enacted the foundation of separate girlʹs schools in India and nowadays school education is compulsory for both sexes till the age of 14. 40 But even in 2001 only 54,16% of all females were literate. In 1951 it was far worse: the female literacy rate constituted of only 8,86%, whereas 27,16 % of the males were literate. Respectively 81,67 % of the whole population were illiterate. 41 In the term of 1950/1950 only approximately 360000 students were enrolled at colleges and universities in India 42 , and only 4,6% of all girls were enrolled in the intermediate level (class six to eight) and only about 200000 girls attended secondary education (High school). 43 Hence it is most surprising that Lata is allowed to study English at Brahmpur University. Most of all because her mother, Mrs Rupa Mehra, is very conservative and traditional, and therefore it is clear that Lata will marry soon and then belong to her husbandʹs family and will not take up a profession and earn money. On page 917 is said “Mahesh Kapoor, who believed in womenʹs education, did not believe in women working and made no bones about it.”. Lataʹs family has the same attitude. When Lataʹs elder sister Savita decides to study law after already being married the family does not take her seriously and thinks that Savita just wants to be prepared to earn money if her husband Pran dies, who is very ill at that time. In
40The Indian Constitution, Part IV, Article 45
41Statistics on Education in India
42Education in India
43Statistics on Education in India
addition higher education is expensive and Mrs Rupa Mehra has to save money wherever she can as her husband is dead for almost 10 years now and the savings are running short and now they depend mostly on Arunʹs salary. But on page 13 is mentioned that Mrs Rupa Mehra does not withdraw her children from the private Christian schools (which are considered as better than the Indian ones) they attended before her husband died. She tries to do everything in the same way her husband would have done, if her husband thought that is was important even for the girls to have a good education she will continue that way. Another point is that Mrs Rupa Mehra herself is literate, therefore she has experienced how useful the knowledge of reading and writing can be for women as well. In the novel there are three girls who have studied or are still studying at university: Lata, Malati and Kalpana. Malati even studies medicine and is “one of a small handful of girls among the almost five hundred boys of the Prince of Wales Medical College”. 44 Having seen the figures above, these three female students seem to be many to appear in one book. Most of all as they are not all upper class. Of course they are not really poor, but at least Lataʹs and Malatiʹs families have to fight financial struggle after the breadwinnerʹs death. And there is another point: two of these three girls have grown up without a father. Therefore their mothers had more freedom in educate them. It is clear that a mother who had to face repression and unequal treatment just because she is female all her life knows how much education can help a girl in her life whereas many fathers just think that educating a girl is needless spending of
44Seth, A Suitable Boy, 29
money. A good higher education can also diminish the dowry. Lata studies pretty hard and wants to get good grades, whereas her brother Varun is not that ambitious. She has to prove that it was worth to spend all that money on her education. Education in general is an important topic in the book. A lot of the bookʹs plot happens at a campus and education seems to be very important to most of the bookʹs characters.
6. Conclusion
Being born to a middle/upper class family Lata is a member of an elite. She is brainy and her mother ensures that she gets a good education. In the 1950s most Indian girls could not even dream of the prospects Lata has in front of her. Consequently the novel does not show the the story of an average girl. But Lataʹs exceptional character shows the development of India. She is torn between two worlds: on the one side her familyʹs traditional world, on the other side her own world at university and with friends like Malati. Although Lata in the end decides in the way her traditional mother wants her to decide and marries Haresh.
Bibliography
Primary Sources
Seth, Vikram. A Suitable Boy. Thirtieth impression. Reissued 2004. London: Orion 1993
Secondary Sources
Atkins, Angela. Vikram Sethʹs “A Suitable Boy“. A readerʹs guide. London 2002 (= Continuum Contemporaries) Agarwalla, Shyam. Vikram Sethʹs A Suitable Boy; Search for an Indian Identity. New Dehli: Prestige 1995 Bradnock, Robert & Roma. India Handbook 2001. Bath: Footprint Handbooks 2000 Mukherjee, Meenakshi. The Perishable Empire. Essays on Indian Writing in English. New Dehli: Oxford University Press 2000 Myers, David. „Vikram Sethʹs Epic Renunciation of the Passions: Deconstructing Moral Codes in A Suitable Boy“, in Indian Literature Today, ed. by R. K. Dharwari. New Dehli, Vol. i, 1994:79‐102
Internet
Average Age at Marriage in India(www.medindia.net/health_statistics/general/marriageage.asp) Education in India (http://www.country-studies.com/india/education.html) Interview with Vikram Seth by Bold Type (http://www.randomhouse.com/boldtype/0599/seth/interview.html) Official Website of Doon School (http://www.doonschool.com) Rediff Chat with Vikram Seth (http://www.rediff.com/chat/vikchat.thm) Rollason, Christopher: On Some Aspects of Language in Vikram Seth’s A Suitable Boy (http://www.doononline.net/pages/info_features/features_spotlights/s potlights/seth/sethpaper.pdf) Statistics on Education in India
(http://www.education.nic.in/htmlweb/edusta.htm)
The Indian Constution (http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/const.html)
Translated sources:
Bumiller, Elisabeth: Hundert Söhne sollst du haben... Frauenleben in Indien (aus dem Amerikanischen von Franziska Sperr). München 1992 Hoering, Uwe: Indien ohne Gandhi. Begegnungen mit einer Gesellschaft auf dem Weg in das 21. Jahrhundert. 2. erweiterte Auflage. Wuppertal 1986 Jeffery, Patricia: Purdah. Muslimische Frauen in Indien (aus dem Englischen von Irmgard Sander). Berlin 1985 Krack, Rainer: Kulturschock Indien. 5. Auflage 1998. Bielefeld 1987 Malhotra, Joginder: Indien: Wirtschaft, Verfassung, Politik. Entwicklungstendenzen bis zur Gegenwart. Wiesbaden 1990 Penner, Claudia: Indien. 2. Auflage 1996/1997. München 1992 (= Polyglott Land und Leute) Rothermund, Dietmar: Geschichte Indiens. Vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart. München 2002 (= C. H. Beck Wissen in der Beckʹschen Reihe) Rothermund, Dietmar: Staat und Gesellschaft in Indien. Mannheim 1993 (= Meyers Forum)
Schwerin, Kerrin Gräfin von: Indien. 2. aktualisierte Auflage 1996. München 1988 (= Beckʹsche Reihe Länder) terres des hommes Deutschland e.V.: Indien. Frauen organisieren sich gegen Unterdückung und Ausbeutung. Osnabrück 1985 Tölle, Gisela: Das sanfte Regiment der Frauen. Erlebnisse und Gespräche in Indien. Freiburg im Breisgau 1982 Wichterich, Christa: Stree Shakti – Frauen in Indien. Von der Stärke der Schwachen. 2. Auflage, September 1988. Göttingen 1986
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Katharina Günther, 2005, Traditions and everyday life in India of the 1950s - An analysis of the first chapters of "A Suitable Boy" (by Vikram Seth), Munich, GRIN Publishing GmbH
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