{"id":40696,"date":"2024-09-06T14:18:20","date_gmt":"2024-09-06T12:18:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.grin.com\/magazin\/ad-fontes-whats-a-source-and-whats-literature\/"},"modified":"2026-04-02T14:03:45","modified_gmt":"2026-04-02T12:03:45","slug":"ad-fontes-whats-a-source-and-whats-literature","status":"publish","type":"magazin-studierende","link":"https:\/\/www.grin.com\/en\/magazin\/sources-and-citations\/ad-fontes-whats-a-source-and-whats-literature\/","title":{"rendered":"Ad fontes: What\u2019s a source, and what\u2019s literature?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"40696\" class=\"elementor elementor-40696 elementor-16512\" data-elementor-post-type=\"magazin-studierende\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-43c78b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"43c78b3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f9f2bab\" data-id=\"f9f2bab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a145218 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"a145218\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tWhat to expect:\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__a145218\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__a145218\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__a145218\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0835da9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0835da9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b807f68\" data-id=\"b807f68\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49069ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"49069ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>First things first:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The distinction between sources and literature is mainly important in history studies.<\/li>\n<li>It\u2019s simple: Source = Object of analysis = Primary Source<br \/>Literature = Interpretations or analyses of the object = Secondary Sources<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9a67b5a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9a67b5a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e751854\" data-id=\"e751854\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6222743 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6222743\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Formality and good style are essential in any academic paper. In writing workshops and intro courses on academic writing, students across the country learn the basics of citations, writing, and the formal aspects of a paper. So far, so good. But one point often leads to confusion: Why do we have both a <b>source list and a bibliography<\/b>?    <b>What\u2019s the difference between the two, and how do you categorize each type of source? <\/b> Luckily, the distinction between sources and literature is simpler than it might seem\u2014at least if you\u2019re not studying history. For history students, things are a bit more involved, but with a little guidance, it\u2019s still pretty clear. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9a5cd23 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9a5cd23\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-299b9da\" data-id=\"299b9da\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1e09e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f1e09e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Source, tradition, relic: A question of definition <\/h2>\n<p>The distinction between sources and literature comes mainly from the field of history, which played a key role in shaping modern academic standards. To this day, <b>history students<\/b>, whether writing their first term paper or a PhD dissertation, must distinguish between a source list and a bibliography. The term &#8220;source&#8221; is pretty straightforward. <strong>Sources <\/strong>are <b>any records of the past<\/b> from which we can derive knowledge. The most common sources are written documents\u2014whether they are <b>diary entries, books, essays, newspaper articles, or other text forms<\/b>. But <b>numbers, pottery shards, coins, or tomb inscriptions<\/b> can also be historical sources. In history, sources are further categorized into those that were intentionally or unintentionally preserved. Unintentionally preserved sources, called <strong>relics<\/strong>, are often everyday objects. A classic example might be inventory lists from medieval warehouses, which give historians valuable insight into trade networks, even though the original purpose wasn\u2019t to leave a historical record. <strong>Traditions<\/strong>, on the other hand, are <b>sources intentionally preserved for posterity<\/b>. A prime example would be the works of famous historians, like Herodotus, who often included an introduction explaining their purpose.          <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cf67fa2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cf67fa2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cf0a2fe\" data-id=\"cf0a2fe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8399e30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-global elementor-global-13182 elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"8399e30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!--Banner Tag \/\/ Website: GRIN.COM \/\/ Adslot: gri_outstream (6695068) -->\r\n<div id='npm_6695068'><\/div>\r\n<script>ADNPM.cmd.push(function(){ADNPM.loadAd(6695068)});<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fd57576 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fd57576\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8820a5e\" data-id=\"8820a5e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b4ca7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48b4ca7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Literature: Forms and categorization<\/h2>\n<p>Unlike sources, <strong>literature <\/strong>refers strictly to <b>written works<\/b>. Specifically, it means scholarly writings based on sources. These can be divided into four major categories based on formal criteria: <b>monographs, anthologies, academic journals, and (less precisely) online sources<\/b>. A <strong>monograph <\/strong>is the classic form of academic literature. If you grab a random book from a university library shelf, there\u2019s a good chance you\u2019ve got a monograph in your hands. It\u2019s essentially <b>a publication on a specific academic topic and can be written by one or more authors<\/b>. <strong>Anthologies<\/strong>, on the other hand, are <b>collections of academic essays<\/b> on a particular subject. The essays in anthologies often offer different perspectives on a broader theme. For example, an anthology titled &#8220;Ancient Rome&#8221; might include essays on politics, economy, society, religion, military, and other aspects of Roman life. Unlike these two formats, <strong>academic journals<\/strong> are published regularly and reflect the <b>latest research<\/b> in their field. Lastly, there are <strong>online sources<\/strong>, like academic blog posts or digitized reference entries. Unlike the other three forms, online sources <b>require a closer examination of their academic credibility<\/b>\u2014always <b>check for citations and an imprint<\/b>. This distinction applies beyond just history studies.              <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-10cc89a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"10cc89a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-54ee821\" data-id=\"54ee821\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c773fd0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c773fd0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Source or literature?<\/h2>\n<p>So, what\u2019s a source, and what\u2019s literature? Unfortunately, the distinction isn\u2019t always clear-cut, especially with written sources. Even a monograph can sometimes serve as a source for your paper. The key question to ask yourself is the classic academic one: <b>What do I want to find out?<\/b> For instance, if you\u2019re writing a political science paper on the legal theories of Carl Schmitt, his monographs would count as primary sources for your paper. All other monographs, journals, anthologies, and online sources you use to interpret his work would go in your bibliography. When you read Schmitt\u2019s own work, you\u2019re getting information <b>&#8220;firsthand,&#8221;<\/b> but when you read monographs or journal articles, you\u2019re getting ideas that have already been filtered through the minds of other authors\u2014<b>&#8220;secondhand.&#8221;<\/b> In English-speaking academia, you\u2019ll often see the terms<strong> primary sources and secondary sources<\/strong>, which simplify the somewhat more complicated German distinction.      <\/p>\n<p>Even if your professor insists on being strict with this distinction, don\u2019t worry. This strict separation between source and literature lists usually only applies to history. <b>In most other disciplines, the line isn\u2019t so rigid.<\/b> A quick check of the guidelines or a chat with your professor should clear things up. With a little practice\u2014and maybe the right reading recommendations\u2014this hurdle will seem much smaller than it first appeared, and any confusion can be quickly cleared up.    <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d000a6d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d000a6d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-569eaee\" data-id=\"569eaee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bff403 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9bff403\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>External sources:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Freytag, Nils, Piereth, Wolfgang: Kursbuch Geschichte. Tipps und Tricks f\u00fcr Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten, Paderborn5 2011. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9d565a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9d565a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7dddda3\" data-id=\"7dddda3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f44f16d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f44f16d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><span class=\"ui-provider fz b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z ab ac ae af ag ah ai aj ak\" dir=\"ltr\">Do you like our magazine? 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