Grammatiksammlung

Zeitformen

verb + -ed 2nd form

present progressive a form of be + verb + -ing

past progressive was /were + verb + ing

simple past perfect had + past participle

v + ed 3rd form

past perfect progressive had + been + v + ing

simple present perfect have/has + past participle

v + ed 3rd form

present perfect progressive have/has + been + v + ing

will - future will + infinitive

be going to - future be going to + inf.

future progressive

Englischgrammatik

simple present

With I, you, we and they we use the basic form of the verb. In the third person singular (he, she, it) the verb ends in -s or -es. We use the simple present to talk about

1. things that happen again and again.

2. facts or things that stay the same for a long time.

present progressive

a form of be + verb + -ing

We use the present progressive to talk about things that are happening at the moment

past tense (Vergangenheit)

We use the simple past to say or ask when something happend in the past.

the simple past form of "be"

I was - I wasn't (I was not)

you were he was she was it was we were you were they were

Bildung des simple past

We form the simple past tense of most verbs with -ed. (basic form + -ed)

basic form simple past

to clean + to help + to collect +

Aussprache der Endung -ed

a: nach stimmhaften Konsonanten und Vokalen sprich [ d ]

b: nach stimmlosen Konsonanten sprich c: nach -t/-d sprich [ id ]

Becareful

to arrive + ed I arrived

(stummes End -e entfällt beim Anhängen der Endung -ed)

to stop + ed I stopped

( Das Verb endet auf einen Konsonanten. Vor diesem Konsonanten steht ein kurzer betonter Vokal. Beim Anhängen der Endung -ed wird deshalb der Endkonsonant verdoppelt.)

to try + ed I tried

( Das Verb endet auf ein -y, davor steht ein Konsonant deshalb

irregular verbs

Im Englischen gibt es neben den regelmäßigen Verben auch unregelmäßige Verben. Diese unregelmäßigen Verben haben eigenständige simple past form. Wir finden diese simple past form in der 2. Spalte der Übersicht über unregelmäßige Verben am Ende eines jeden Lehrbuches.

be going to + inf.

Merke: Mit "be going to + inf." wird eine zukünftige Handlung ausgedrückt (going to - future). Das "going to - future" wird mit "am, are, is going to + inf. gebildet. Es wird verwendet, wenn man sagt oder fragt was jemand vorhat bzw. beabsichtigt zu tun.

simple present perfect

Bildung

v + ed 3rd form

Verwendung

a. Wir verwenden das present perfect um auszudrücken das eine Handlung in der Vergangenheit begann, in der Gegenwart noch nicht beendet ist, sondern noch andauert. ( We use the present perfect to say that something began in the past and is not finished yet.)

Example How long has Anne lived here? She has been here since April.

b. Ich verwende das present perfect auch dann, wenn ich mitteilen will, dass jemand etwas getan hat oder das geschehen ist ohne zu sagen wann.

Example I have phoned Liz. The Conners have arrived in London.

c. Wir verwenden das present perfect auch dann, wenn eine Handlung im unmittelbaren Redemoment abgeschlossen wurde, das Ergebnis jedoch noch sichtbar ist.

Example I have cleaned my bike.(The bike is clean now.)

That's why my hands all dirty.

Die Struktur englischer Fragen yes-/no- question:

Hv - S - Vv w- question:

Fw - Hv - S - Vv Wir benötigen zur Fragebildung immer ein Hilfsverb (do, does, must,

forms of be, may, can, have, has) Merke: Enthält der gedachte Aussagesatz ein Hilfsverb, so verwenden wir zur

Fragebildung das gleiche Hilfsverb. Example Sandra can play hockey. Can Sandra play hockey? Enthält der gedachte Aussagesatz kein Hilfsverb, so verwenden wir zur

Fragebildung do oder does das Vollverb steht dann im Infinitiv. Example Sandra likes hockey. What does she like? yes-/no- question in the simple past

question short answers Were you in London? Yes, I was.

Were they in London?

Verneinung im simple past

We form the negative with didn't (did not) and the basic form of the verb. Merke: Enthält der Aussagesatz bereits ein Hilfsverb, so verwenden wir dieses Hv zur

Verneinung.

Questions in the simple past We form questions with did and the basic form of the verb.

subject questions (Subjektfragen)

Subjektfragen sind Fragen nach dem Subjekt eines Satzes. Wir fragen Who? nach Personen mit What? nach Dingen. Eine englische Subjektfrage hat den gleichen Aufbau wie ein Aussagesatz.

Beachte Das Verb in englischen Subjektfragen steht immer in der 3. Person Singular. some and any some any

verwenden wir in bejahten Aussagesätzen Merke: Entsprechend dem Gebrauch von some und any werden die Zusammen- setzungen mit some (somebody, something, somewhere) und die Zusammensetzungen mit any ( anybody, anything, anywhere) gebraucht. The possessive pronouns

Die Possessivpronomen im nominalen Gebrauch

Diese Possessivpronomen beziehen sich auf ein vorangegangenes Substantiv das man nicht noch einmal wiederholen will. Sie stehen

The question word "whose"

Mit "whose" fragt man danach, (zu) wem etwas oder jemand gehört. Example Whose bike is this? Whose bikes are these? (wessen Fahrrad/Fahrräder)

both bedeutet alle beide (der eine wie der andere). Beachte die Stellung vor den

bestimmten Artikel the oder einem anderen Bestimmungswort. Example Both boys play the piano. Both the boys play the piano.

Both these girls.

Both her children.

Beachte both of them

both of us

all of us - wir alle The prop - word "one" (Das Stützword "one") Das Stützwort "one" muß verwendet werden, wenn man ein schon genanntes

Substantiv nicht noch einmal wiederholen will. Anstelle eines Substantives im

Singular steht one im Plural steht ones. Im deutschen bleibt das Stützwort "one" meist unübersetzt. mustn't/needn't mustn't drückt im Englischen ein strenges Verbot (= etwas nicht tun dürfen) aus. needn't drückt im Englischen aus, das man etwas nicht zu tun braucht. Der Genitiv im Plural

(The possessive form in plural) 's zeigt bei einem Substantiv im Singular an, daß etwas oder jemand einer einzelnen

Person gehört.

Example Dave likes his sister's records.

Wenn etwas oder jemand mehreren Personen gehört (gleich Genitiv, Plural),

dann steht ein Apostroph nach dem Plural -s Example Kevin hates his sisters' records.

Adverbien der Art und Weise (The adverbs of manner)

Adjektive beschreiben ein Substantiv näher. Sie sagen etwas über die

Eigenschaften einer Person oder Sache aus. Wir benutzen Adjektive oft

nach "be" oder vor einem Substantiv.

Example Mr Conner is always careful. He is a careful driver.

Adverbien der Art und Weise beschreiben ein Verb näher. Sie sagen aus wie oder auf

welche Art und Weise jemand etwas tut.

Mr Conner drives carfully. (Mr Conner fährt vorsichtig. Wie fährt er?) Example

How

Bildung von Adverbien

Ein Adverb wird gewöhnlich durch anfügen von -ly an das Adjektiv gebildet.

Beachte folgende Schreibbesonderheiten

easy - easily

happy

terrible

Merke: Einige Adjektive haben eine besondere Adverbform.

Example good - well

fast

hard - hard

The comparison of English adverbs

Adverbien die mit Hilfe der Endung -ly gebildet werden, werden mit more und

most gesteigert.

Example slowly

Aber beachte

slow

Die Adverbien well (good) und badly (bad) haben besondere Steigerungsformen.

Example well - better - the best

badly - worse - the worst

Einsilbige Adverbien wie "fast" und "hard" werden mit -er und -est gesteigert.

Example fast - faster - the fastest

hard

The comparison of English adjektives

Im Englischen gibt es 2 Arten der Steigerung

1. Durch Anfügen der Endung -er bilden wir den comparative, durch Anfügen

von -est an das Adjektiv bilden wir den superlative einsilbiger englischer

Adjektive und zweisilbiger Adjektive welche auf -y enden.

Example positive comparative superlative

fast

happy

big

nice nicer the nicest

2. Durch voranstellen von "more" vor das Adjektiv bilden wir den "comparative",

durch voranstellen von "most" vor mehrsilbige Adjektive und zweisilbiger

Adjektive die nicht auf -y enden bilden wir den "superlative".

Example positive comparative superlative

dazu gehören:

Example positive comparative superlative

good

bad

many

much more most

Sentences with comparison (Sätze mit Vergleichen)

Example I'm taller than...

b. not as + positive + as Example I'm not as tall as...

2. Gleichheit: as + positive + as

Example I'm as tall as...

The will - future

will + infinitive

The will - future is used:

a. to talk about future events which we cannot influence or control. Example Next July I will be 13.

b. to predict future events or to express hopes, expectations, etc. In such sentenceswe often use, I'm sure, I believe, I expect, I hope, I suppose,

I think, I guess; or perhaps, possibly, probably, surely.

Example I expect Tom will get the job.

Modal auxiliaries (modale Hilfsverben) Modal auxiliaries are can, must, must not, cannot, may, need

1. grammar:

Example He can read.

b. Questions are made without do.

Example Can I read the book.

c. Modal auxiliaries are followed by the basic form of the main verb.

I must do my homework.

Example d. Modal auxiliaries do not have infinitives or participles. The past progressive tense We form the past progressive tense with: was /were + verb + ing We use the past progressive to say that something was in progress (going on) around a particular past time.

What were you doing at eight o'clock yesterday evening?

Example

I was watching TV.

Another use of the past progressive is to stress that on activity was progress at every moment during a period of time.

I was painting all day yesterday.

Example conditional clause - if-clause ( Bedingungssätze) ... Bestehen aus einem Nebensatz (eingeleitet durch if) und einem Hauptsatz. Im if - satz wird eine Bedingung zum Ausdruck gebracht, im Hauptsatz wird die Folge aus dieser Bedingung

... Consist of a subordinate clause (if - clause) and a main clause. The if - clause expresses a condition.The main clause expresses a consequence. Example Wenn es regnet, bleibe ich zu Hause.

If it rains, I will stay at home.

conditional clause

Conditionale Satzgefüge von Type 1 bringen im if - Satz eine erfüllbare Bedingung zum Ausdruck. Im if - Satz steht das simple present, im Hauptsatz will + inf. (will kann ersetzt werden durch can/must/may).

Example If it rains, I will stay at home.

Wenn es regnet, bleibe ich zu Hause.

conditional clause

The if - clause expresses a condition that can be fulfilled. We use the simple present in the if - clause and will + inf. in the main clause (will can be replaced by can/must/may).

conditional clause

Conditionale Satzgefüge von Type 2 drücken im if - Satz eine Annahme aus (unrealistische Bedingungen). Im if - Satz verwenden wir das simple past, im Hauptsatz would, could, should + inf.

Example If it rained, I would stay at home.

Wenn es regnen würde, würde ich zu Hause bleiben.

conditional clause

An unreal condition is expressed in the if - clause of conditional clauses 2. We use the simple past in the if - clause and would, could, should + inf. in the main clause.

conditional clause

In conditionalen Satzgefügen von Type 3 wird im if - Satz eine unrealistische Bedingung (Annahme) bezogen auf die Vergangenheit zum Ausdruck gebracht. Im if - Satz stehet das simple past perfect (had + past participle), im Hauptsatz verwenden wir would, could, should + have + past participle.

Example If it had rained, I would have stayed at home.

Wenn es geregnet hätte, wäre ich zu Hause geblieben.

conditional clause

An unreal condition refering to the past is expressed in the if - clause of conditional clauses type 3. We use the simple past perfect in the if - clause and would, could, should + have + past participle in the main clause.

Reported speech (indirekte Rede)

In der indirekten Rede berichtet eine Person einer anderen Person, was eine dritte Person gesagt hat. Die indirekte Rede wird durch einen Einleitungssatz, der ein einleitendes Verb enthält eingeleitet.

Wichtig

für die Umformung eines Satzes von der direkten in die indirekte Rede ist die Zeitform des Redeeinleitenden Verbes zu beachten. Steht das Redeeinleitende Verb in einer Zeitform der Gegenwart, so werden bei der Umformung eines Satzes von der direkten in die indirekte Rede,die gleichen Zeitformen verwandt wie in der direkten Rede.

Beachte folgende Veränderung bei der Umformung eines Satzes von der

Steht in der direkten Rede yesterday, so steht in der indirekten Rede the day before. Steht in der direkten Rede tomorrow, so steht in der indirekten Rede the following day. Verändert werden Pronomen. Steht das Redeeinleitende Verb in einer Zeitform der Vergangenheit, so kommt es zur Zeitenverschiebung.(backshift of tenses)

direct speech reported speech

simple present

present progressive simple past past progressive simple present perfect (have/has + past participle) present perfect progressive (have/has + been + v + ing) will + inf.

can + inf.

shall + inf.

simple past perfect would/could/should + inf.

Reported question

(indirekte Fragen)

Merke dir gut das indirekte Fragen die Satzgliedfolge eines Aussagesatzes aufweisen.

Example d. "Where do you live ?" ind. He asks where I live.

d. "Have you ever been to New York ?" ind. Tom wants to know, if I have ever been to New York.

The passive voice

active voice We say

who does something who did something who will do something.

passive voice We say

We form the passive voice by using tenses of "be" followed by the past participle.

Example The house was built.

Das Haus wurde gebaut.

The book is read.

Das Buch wird gelesen.

The rivers have been polluted. Die Flüsse werden verunreinigt.

Merke: Der Handlungsträger ist in einem Passivsatz eigentlich nicht wichtig. Soll er erwähnt werden, so fügen wir ihn mit by an.

Example The house is built by my parents.

Merke: Bei der Umformung eines Satzes vom Aktiv ins Passiv wird das Objekt des Aktivsatzes, zum Subjekt des Passivsatzes.

Defining relative clauses

(Bestimmte Relativsätze)

...

- are introduced by relative pronouns.

- come after nouns.

- modify nouns - give more information about nouns.

- can refer to persons or things.

Merke: Entsprechend der Funktion des Relativpronomens im Relativsatz unterscheiden wir drei Formen von Relativsätzen.

Die 3 Formen sind:

die Subjektform (subject form)

- das Relativpronomen ist Subjekt des Relativsatzes.

die Objektform (object form)

- das Relativpronomen ist Objekt des Relativsatzes.

die Possessivform (possessive form)

- durch den Relativsatz wird ein Besitzverhältnis zum Ausdruck gebracht.

The present progressive with a future meaning

present progressive

am/are/is + verb + -ing

Wir können das present progressive verwenden, um eine Zukünftige Handlung auszudrücken, die fest geplant oder mit jemandem abgesprochen wurde. Durch eine Zeitbestimmung oder durch den Zusammenhang muß klar werden, das dies erst in der Zukunft geschieht.

Example We are flying to Spain next week.

The Walkers are driving to the Lake District next month.

Modal auxiliaries (modale Hilfsverben)

Example will, could, would, should, must, may, can, might, ought to, shall

characteristics: - have no infinitive

- have no -s/-es in the third person singular (present tense)

- followed by the infinitive of a main verb without "to"

- have no -ed form

- have no -ing form

- questions are made without "do", "does"

Modal auxiliaries to express an ability are can or could. The analogous form is be able to + inf.

Example I can swim.

We can speak English.

We use may, might, can, could to talk about permission. The analogous form is be allowed to + inf.

We use must to talk about necessity.

The analogous form is

have to + inf.

adjectives

An adjective has the same form in the singular and in the plural. Example That's a nice book. - Yes, I have got some nice books. An adjective comes before a noun or after be. Example Is it a good story? - Yes, I think it's very good. An adjective describes (tells us something about) a noun. adverbs

We use an adverb to say how something happens. Example The children walked home quickly.

They ate their supper hungrily.

adjective or adverb?

We use an adjective (not an adverb) when we can use "be" instead of the verb.

We use an adjective after fell, look, smell, taste, sound, seem, appear, become and stay ...

question tags (Frageanhängsel)

Question tags consist of an auxiliary and a personal pronoun. If the main clause has an auxiliary, you use the negative form of this auxiliary in the question tag.

Andrew has invited Ashraf, hasn't he?

Example

If the main clause does not have an auxiliary, "do", "does" or "did" is used in the question tag.

Andrew met Ashraf last week, didn't he?

Example

If the main clause is a positive statement, the question tag is negative. If the main clause is a negative statement, the question tag is positive.

Reflexive pronouns (self - pronouns)

She has taught herself to play the guitar.

Example (Sie hat sich selbst beigebracht Gitarre zu spielen.)

Merke "She" is the subject and the pronoun "herself" is the object in this sentence. The self - pronoun shows that subject and object are the same person.

I

you he she it we you they

each other: means "sich gegenseitig" Example They have taught each other to play the guitar. Merke There are some verbs that are reflexive in German but not reflexive in English. Example remember = sich erinnern

feel move imagine The simple past perfect had + past participle

simple past perfect

When we talk about the past, we sometimes talk about one thing that had happened before the past perfect tense for the thing that had happened first and the simple past tense for what happened later.

Example I didn't go and see the film last night, because I had seen it before.

After we had looked round the museum, we went to a restaurant. The comparison of adjectives ... one - syllable adjectives normally have comparatives ond superlatives ending in -er and -est. Some two - syllable adjectives are similar ( adjektives with "y", "er", "or", "ow" at the end) Longer adjectives are compared with the help of more and most. Revision of the present perfect tense

1. have/has + past participle

v + ed 3rd form

2. We negate a sentence by using have not ( haven't) or has not ( hasn't) + past participle.

3. We ask questions by putting have/has in front of the subject.

4. Short answer are: Yes, I have./No, I haven't.

Usage:

- the present result of a past action.

- something that happened during a time that is not yet finished.

Verbs with two objects

sentence structure:

S - P - indirect object - direct object.

Verbs that are usually followed by two objects:

bring make show give

buy offer fetch pay get (holen) read

You can change the sentence structure in the following way:

S - P - direct object - to/for - indirect object.

Cindy showed some photos to her friends.

We use this sentence structure:

- when we want to emphasize the indirect object

- when the indirect object is very long

Cindy showed some photos to all her friends in the class.

She showed them to her classmates.

- when both objects are pronouns

She showed them to them.

- after verbs like:

describe explain report say suggest

The use of the definite article

No article is used before abstract nouns (for example: life, society, happiness...) and uncountable nouns (for example: water, paper, slat...) when refering to things generally, even if an adjective is used (modern life).

Example Pollution is a problem all over the world. Life is not always fun.

The definite article is used when these nouns are defined more closely (for example by an of-phrase or a relative clause) or with uncountable nouns when a particular case or example is meant.

Example The pollution of the Hudson is getting worse.

The life of a bus driver is not always easy.

No definite article is used before institutions when refering to their function. And before means of transport (go by car).

Example I missed school for two weeks when I was in hospital.

The definite article is used when refering to a particular institution (usually the building itself) or a particular vehicle.

The indefinite article (a /an) The indefinite article is used when refering to a person as a member of a certain group for example: Henry Ford was an engineer.

1.- a proffession 2.- a nationality 3.- a religion It is used after "as" (als) and in the meaning of "pro". Even as a boy Ford wanted to become an engineer. In 1914 Ford workers earned $5 a day. Participles present participle past participle

v + -ing

- can be used before a noun

- can go together with another word

- is used to form progressive form

Participles can be used before a noun.(They can be use lije adjective.) a moving car by a used car

Example Participles can go together with another word to form a new word.(a compound) the biggest car-producing companies built a petrol-driven engine

Example Participle constructions can be used instead of relative clauses. The present participle replaces The past participle replaces

the relative pronoun in the subjectform and the verb in the active.

Passive voice Verbs like bring and give which can have two objects, can have two passive forms. Tom gave me a pen.

active:

passive:

Because we are often more interested in people than in things, personal subjects tend to be more

common than impersonal ones.

Reported speech (indirect speech)

We use reported speech when we are telling someone what another person says or said. Reported sentences are introduced by reporting verb (introductory verbs). Reporting verbs can be in the present or in the past tense. If the reported speech is introduced by a verb in the present tense, there is no backshift of tenses.

"I come from Frankfurt" direct speech

Example Ruth tells Mrs Wells that she comes from Frankfurt. Reported speech

direct speech

past perfect progressive

future progressive (will + be + verb + ing)

If the introductory verb is in the past tense, there is a backshift of tenses.

Example

Expressios like

next week, next month, next year are changed into the following week, month, year. Yesterday is changed into the day before. Tomorrow is changed into the following day. Last yesr, last month is changed into the year before.

now today tonight last night

Reporting questions have the same word order as positive sentences. Question words like when', 'what', etc. are the in indirect and direct questions. If there is no question word in the direct question, you use "if" or "whether".

Example "Where are you going?" He asked me where I was going.

"Are you ready?" He asked if I was ready.

Pay attention to the backshift of tenses!!!

Reported commands

We report commands with tell, order, command or instruct . The reporting verb is followed by an infinitive with to or a that-clause with should/ shouldn't .

Example "Check your bike before your tour." Mr Clark told his daughter to check her bike. .... that she should check her bike....

Reported requests and pieces of advice:

We report requests and pieces of advice with ask, advise or tell . The reportung verb is followed by an infinitive with to or a that-clause with should/ shouldn't .

only requests [or a subornite clause introduced by if (pay attention to the backshift of tenses )]

Example "Can you lend me your repair kit, please?" Susan asked her father to lend her his repair kit. that he should lend her....

if he could lend her....

Reported suggestions

We report suggestiions with suggest. The reporting verb is followed by a that-clause with should/ shouldn't or the -ing form of the verb . Don't use the infinitive with to.

Example "Let's start early, Ann." Susan suggested that they should start early. starting early.

The infinitive without "to"

The infinitive is the basicform of the verb. We use it with or without to. We use the infinitive without "to" after verbs of perception (see, smell, hear, taste...) that are followed by an object.

Example The home crowd were shocked when they heard the referee blow his wistle and then saw him point to the penalty spot.

The basic meaning of let is allow , and in this sense it is a full verb, always followed by an object and the infinitive without "to" . let + object + infinitive wothout "to" Example Don't let the children annoy you.

I won't let you ride my bicycle.

The verb make can be followed by an object and an infinitive without "to" . make + object + infinitive without "to" It means "compel" or "cause".

Example Mr Leupolt made the girls stay in after school. That beard makes you look much older than you are. The infinitive with "to" Some verbs can be followed by an object + infinitive with "to". Those verbs are:

ask, tell, want, expect, would like, believe, consider, declare, discover, imageine, suppose, think....

I consider him to be aone of the best pupils at our school.

Example The teacher wants the pupils to write an essay.

!!!

You mustn't use a that-clause after "want" and "would like". The to-infinitive can be used after nouns and words used in place of nouns, such as something, someone, a lot, anything, anybody or things.... Example Maureen needs somebody to help her.

The things to be loaded first are in the hall.

Participle constructions instead of subordinate clauses.....

construction if the subject of the main clause and the subject of a subordinate clause of time are the same.

active

When they left their home countries, they were full of hope.

Example (When) leaving their home countries, they were full of hope.

The present participle replaces the verb in the active and the subject. The past participle replaces the verb inthe passive, the form of be and the subject.

Example Because they were Commonwealth citizens, they all had British passports. Being Commonwealth citizens, they all had British passports.

As they were convinces that the immigrants were taking away their jobs, some whites protested.

Convinced that immigrants were taking away their jobs, some whites protested.

....of concession

Subordinate clause of concession are introduced by although or though. Subordinate clause of concession can be replaced by a participle

The participle construction must be introduced by although or though.

Example Although they knew that they were no longer welcome, more immigrants arrived. Although knowing that they were no longer welcome, more immigrants arrived. Although they were protected by the law, immigrants were often discriminated against. Although protected by the law, immigrants were often discriminated against.

The present participle after verbs of perception

verb of perception + object + present participle

A neighbour saw a man throwing a stone.

Example

The present participle after verbs of rest and movement

remain, stand, sit and lie are verbs of rest come, move and go are verbs of movement

Example

!!!

find + object + presetn participle leave + object + present participle catch + object + present participle

Example Dexter found the carpet burning. The Patels left the phon ringing. The police caught a man breaking into a shop.

non - defining relative clause

person things

possessive form whose

Nouns

proper nouns common nouns

and a plural form some, (a) little,