Inhaltsverzeichnis   

1.  EINLEITUNG  2

2.  DIE IDEE DER FRIEDENSKONSOLIDIERUNG  3

2.1.  ZUSAMMENHÄNGE ZWISCHEN DEMOKRATIE/ DEMOKRATISIERUNG UND FRIEDEN  4

2.2.  DER DEMOKRATIEBEGRIFF  9

2.3.  DEMOKRATISIERUNG - MAßNAHMEN UND STRATEGIEN DER FRIEDENSKONSOLIDIERUNG  11

3.  DAS FALLBEISPIEL TADSCHIKISTAN  12

3.1.  STATUS QUO VON DEMOKRATIE UND KONFLIKTTRÄCHTIGKEIT IN TADSCHIKISTAN  14

3.2.  RAHMENBEDINGUNGEN  17

3.3.  KONFLIKT - URSACHEN, GENESE, NEUE MACHTKONSTELLATIONEN  20

3.4.  TADSCHIKISTANS FRIEDEN OHNE DEMOKRATIE - EINE FRAGE DER ZEIT ODER „KULTUR“  

ALS  SCHICKSAL?  25

4.  FAZIT  30

5.  BIBLIOGRAPHIE  33

5.1.  PRINTLITERATUR  33

5.2.  INTERNETLITERATUR  35

1. Einleitung

Ä'HPRNUDWLH )ULHGHQ³ LVW KHXW]XWDJH LP SROLWLVFKHQ XQG PHGLDOHQ 'LVNXUV HLQH VFKQHOO JHPDFKWH *OHLFKXQJ 'HU :HJ ]X )ULHGHQ )UHLKHLW XQG 6LFKHUKHLW VR GLH 5KHWRULN OLHJWLQGHU'HPRNUDWLVLHUXQJ'LHVJLOWEHVRQGHUVIU6WDDWHQGLHVLFKGXUFKLQWHUQH.RQIOLNWH XQG RGHU =HUIDOOVV\PSWRPH DXV]HLFKQHQ $XFK LQ GHQ ZLVVHQVFKDIWOLFKHQ .RQ]HSWHQ GHU )ULHGHQVNRQVROLGLHUXQJ ZLUG 'HPRNUDWLH DOV (QG]LHO E]Z DXFK DOV ,QVWUXPHQW GHV )ULHGHQVSUR]HVVHVJHQDQQW.DQQPDQGDYRQDXVJHKHQGDVV'HPRNUDWLHXQG)ULHGHQNDXVDO ]XVDPPHQKlQJHQ" 2GHU JLOW GLHVH %LQGXQJ QXU XQWHU EHVWLPPWHQ %HGLQJXQJHQ" +DW 'HPRNUDWLH WDWVlFKOLFK per se HLQH NULVHQSUlYHQWLYH :LUNXQJ" 8QG ZHQQ MD XQWHU ZHOFKHQ %HGLQJXQJHQ" hEHUVSLW]W JHIUDJW ,VW 'HPRNUDWLVLHUXQJ GDV $OOKHLOPLWWHO HLQHU YRQ .ULHJHQ ]HUPUEWHQ:HOW"

,Q GLHVHU $UEHLW VROO GLVNXWLHUW ZHUGHQ LQZLHZHLW 'HPRNUDWLH DOV ,QVWUXPHQW GHU %HIULHGXQJ E]Z DOV )XQGDPHQW HLQHU IULHGOLFKHQ *HVHOOVFKDIW IXQNWLRQLHUHQ NDQQ )U GHQ 5HDOLWlWVEH]XJ ZHUGH LFK DXI GHU *UXQGODJH GHV ZLVVHQVFKDIWOLFKHQ 'LVNXUVHV XQWHUVXFKHQ ZLH 'HPRNUDWLH XQG )ULHGHQ LP )DOOH GHU MQJVWHQ *HVFKLFKWH 7DGVFKLNLVWDQV ]XVDPPHQKlQJHQ,Q7DGVFKLNLVWDQKDWQDFKGHP=HUIDOOGHU8G665HLQYRQGHUZHVWOLFKHQ gIIHQWOLFKNHLW NDXP EHPHUNWHU .ULHJ VWDWWJHIXQGHQ GHU DOV .ULHJ JHJHQ GDV DOWH NRPPXQLVWLVFKH 6\VWHP HLQJHRUGQHW ZXUGH 'DEHL KDQGHOWH HV VLFK XP GHQ JHZDOWVDPHQ $XVGUXFN HLQHV JHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKHQ XQG SROLWLVFKHQ 7UDQVIRUPDWLRQVNRQIOLNWV GHU YRU VHLQHU (VNDODWLRQ X8 DXFK HLQH HQGRJHQH 'HPRNUDWLHHQWZLFNOXQJ KlWWH EHGHXWHQ N|QQHQ 'DV (UJHEQLV GHV )ULHGHQVSUR]HVVHV GHU YRQ GHU 812 XQG GHU 26=( XQG ZHLWHUHQ H[WHUQHQ SROLWLVFKHQ$NWHXUHQPLWJHVWDOWHWZXUGHLVWMHGRFKHLQ5FNIDOOLQDXWRULWlUH9HUKlOWQLVVH,Q GLHVHU $UEHLW ZHUGH LFK QLFKW GLHVH :LUNVDPNHLW GLHVHU 0D‰QDKPHQ HYDOXLHUHQ VRQGHUQ YHUVXFKHQGLHIROJHQGHQ)UDJHQ]XEHDQWZRUWHQ

LQZHOFKHP9HUKlOWQLVGLHGHPRNUDWLVFKH(QWZLFNOXQJ]XPJHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKHQ)ULHGHQ VWDQG

ZHOFKH LQQHUJHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKHQ 3Ul XQG 3RVWNRQIOLNWEHGLQJXQJHQ GLH GHPRNUDWLVFKH (QWZLFNOXQJEHHLQIOXVVWHQE]ZEHKLQGHUWHQ

ZHOFKH .RQVHTXHQ]HQ VLFK DXV GLHVHP )DOOEHLVSLHO IU 'HPRNUDWLHI|UGHUXQJ DOV %HVWDQGWHLOGHU)ULHGHQVNRQVROLGLHUXQJHUJHEHQ

'LH $UEHLW LVW ZLH IROJW NRQ]LSLHUW ]XQlFKVW ZLUG HV HLQH NQDSSH (LQOHLWXQJ LQ GDV 3ULQ]LS GHU )ULHGHQNRQVROLGLHUXQJ JHEHQ ,Q GHQ ZHLWHUHQ $EVFKQLWWHQ ZHUGH LFK 'HPRNUDWLVLHUXQJ DOV ,QVWUXPHQW GHU )ULHGHQVNRQVROLGLHUXQJ YRUVWHOOHQ XQG GDIU DXI GLH =XVDPPHQKlQJH ]ZLVFKHQ )ULHGHQ XQG 'HPRNUDWLH E]Z 'HPRNUDWLVLHUXQJ XQG GHQ 'HPRNUDWLHEHJULII HLQJHKHQ 'HV :HLWHUHQ VROO HLQ (LQEOLFN LQ

'HPRNUDWLVLHUXQJVPD‰QDKPHQ LP .RQ]HSW GHU )ULHGHQVNRQVROLGLHUXQJ JHJHEHQ ZHUGHQ $QVFKOLH‰HQG ZHUGH LFK DQKDQG HLQLJHU 5DKPHQGDWHQ VFKODJOLFKWDUWLJ 7DGVFKLNLVWDQ YRUVWHOOHQ XQG LP $QVFKOXVV GHQ MHW]LJHQ 6WDWXV 7DGVFKLNLVWDQV EH]JOLFK VHLQHU GHPRNUDWLVFKHQ(QWZLFNOXQJXQGGHULQQHUJHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKHQ.RQIOLNWWUlFKWLJNHLWEHOHXFKWHQ 'DUDXIKLQZHUGHLFKGLHJHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKHQNXOWXUHOOHQXQGSROLWLVFKHQ5DKPHQEHGLQJXQJHQ DXI]HLJHQ VRZLH GHQ NRPSOL]LHUWHQ .RQIOLNW VHLQHQ 9HUODXI XQG VHLQH (UJHEQLVVH JHNU]W EHKDQGHOQ$XIGLHVHU*UXQGODJHZHUGHLFKVFKOXVVIROJHUQZLHGLHVSH]LILVFKHQ%HGLQJXQJHQ XQG8PVWlQGHHLQH'HPRNUDWLVLHUXQJLP6LQQHGHV)ULHGHQVEHHLQIOXVVWHQ

2. Die Idee der Friedenskonsolidierung

%HYRU LFK DXI GDV )DOOEHLVSLHO 7DGVFKLNLVWDQ HLQJHKHQ ZHUGH P|FKWH LFK LQ GLHVHP .DSLWHO DXI GLH 5ROOH YRQ 'HPRNUDWLH E]Z 'HPRNUDWLVLHUXQJVEHPKXQJHQ LQ GHU .RQIOLNWEHDUEHLWXQJ HLQJHKHQ 'DEHL ZHUGH LFK QLFKW JHVRQGHUW GDV .RQ]HSW GHU )ULHGHQVNRQVROLGLHUXQJGLVNXWLHUHQVRQGHUQQXULQ.U]HGDUVWHOOHQZDVGHUHQVSH]LILVFKHQ =LHOHXQG0D‰QDKPHQVLQG'DGHUEHJULIIOLFKH$SSDUDWGHU.RQIOLNWEHDUEHLWXQJQRFKQLFKW DOV HLQKHLWOLFK GLIIHUHQ]LHUW XQG GHILQLHUW JHOWHQ NDQQ VLHKH 5HLPDQQ EHUVFKQHLGHQ VLFK HLQLJH JUXQGOHJHQGHQ $VSHNWH GHV .RQ]HSWV GHU )ULHGHQVNRQVROLGLHUXQJ

]% PLW GHP GHU .ULVHQSUlYHQWLRQ RGHU .RQIOLNWWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ 'DKHU ZHUGH LFK VROFKH DXFKLQGLH'DUVWHOOXQJPLWHLQEH]LHKHQ

)ULHGHQVNRQVROLGLHUXQJ ZXUGH DOV außenpolitisches .RQ]HSW HUVWPDOV LQ GHU Ä$JHQGD IU GHQ )ULHGHQ³ YRQ GHP GDPDOLJHQ 81*HQHUDOVHNUHWlU %RXWURV %RXWURV*KDOL EHQDQQWYJO)HUGRZVL0DWWKLHV'DV=LHOGHU)ULHGHQVNRQVROLGLHUXQJJHKWEHU

'LH HQJOLVFKH hEHUVHW]XQJ ÄSHDFHEXLOGLQJ³ XPIDVVW VR XQJHVHKHQ GHU XQWHUVFKLHGOLFKHQ .RQIOLNWVWXIHQ XQG GHUHQ$XVZLUNXQJ3ULPlUSUlYHQWLRQXQG)ULHGHQVNRQVROLGLHUXQJVLHKH]%6PLWKXQGDXFK0DWWKLHV II :DV DOOH GLHVHU $QVlW]H MHGRFK HLQW LVW GLH .RQ]HQWUDWLRQ DXI VWUXNWXURULHQWLHUWH 6WUDWHJLHQ ]XU .RQIOLNWEHZlOWLJXQJ

HLQHQ QHJDWLYHQ )ULHGHQ LP 6LQQH HLQHV GDXHUKDIWHQ :DIIHQVWLOOVWDQGV DXI GHU %DVLV HLQHV )ULHGHQVDENRPPHQV KLQDXV GD DOV WLHIHUOLHJHQGH 8UVDFKHQ HLQHV .RQIOLNWHV LQ GHU 5HJHO strukturelle )DNWRUHQ HUNDQQW ZHUGHQ NDQQ QDFKKDOWLJHU )ULHGHQ QXU JHVFKDIIHQ ZHUGHQ ZHQQ GLHVH JHZDOWWUlFKWLJHQ 9HUKlOWQLVVH IXQGDPHQWDO ]X IULHGHQVIlKLJHQ WUDQVIRUPLHUW ZHUGHQ /DQJIULVWLJ VROOHQ DOVR VR]LDOH XQG SROLWLVFKH 5HJXOLHUXQJVVWUXNWXUHQ HWDEOLHUW ZHUGHQEHUGLH.RQIOLNWHXQG.RQIOLNWSRWHQ]LDOHJHZDOWIUHLDXIJHO|VWZHUGHQN|QQHQYJO )HUGRZVL 0DWWKLHV ,QVRIHUQ KDW GHU DQJHOHLWHWH VWUXNWXUHOOH SROLWLVFKH XQG JHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKH:DQGHOGDV=LHOP|JOLFKHQQHXHQ.RQIOLNWSRWHQ]LDOHQJHJHQEHUSUlYHQWLY

]X ZLUNHQ VLHKH LELG 'LHVHU 7UDQVIRUPDWLRQVSUR]HVV PXVV KROLVWLVFK DQJHOHJW VHLQ GK HU PXVV LQ DOOHQ NRQIOLNWUHOHYDQWHQ 'LPHQVLRQHQ VWDWWILQGHQ 'DV ZlUHQ ODXW )HUGRZVL XQG 0DWWKLHV VRZRKO GLH VLFKHUKHLWVSROLWLVFKH XQG SROLWLVFKH DOV DXFK GLH |NRQRPLVFKH VR]LDOH XQG SV\FKRVR]LDOH 'LPHQVLRQHQ YJO LELG )HUGRZVL XQG 0DWWKLHV EHWRQHQ GD]X GDVV HV VLFK KLHUEHL XP HLQ ÄSROLWLVFKHV XQG JHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKHV 3URMHNW³ XQG QLFKW XP WHFKQLVFKH RGHU PDWHULHOOH $XIEDXKLOIH KDQGHOW )HUGRZVL 0DWWKLHV 'DV LPSOL]LHUW DXFK PLWXQWHU GDVV )ULHGHQ JHVHOOVFKDIWOLFK DXVJHKDQGHOW ZHUGHQ PXVVXQGQLFKWPLWGHU,PSOHPHQWLHUXQJYRQ3URJUDPPHQVFKOLFKW³JHVFKDIIHQ³ZLUG

2.1. Zusammenhänge zwischen Demokratie/ Demokratisierung und Frieden

(LQ ZLFKWLJHV RGHU JDU GDV ZLFKWLJVWH (OHPHQW LQ HLQHP WUDQVIRUPDWLYHQ )ULHGHQVSUR]HVVLVWGLH'HPRNUDWLVLHUXQJYJO5HLEHU/DXW%lFKOHULVWPDQVLFKLP ZLVVHQVFKDIWOLFKHQ 'LVNXUV ZHLWJHKHQG HLQLJ GDVV QDFKKDOWLJHU )ULHGHQ QXU LQ HLQHU GHPRNUDWLVFK OHJLWLPLHUWHQ XQG SOXUDOLVWLVFKHQ SROLWLVFKHQ 2UGQXQJ JDUDQWLHUW LVW YJO

%lFKOHU VLHKH 0DWWKLHV 'LHVHV IU GLH ZHVWOLFKH :HOW JOWLJH 3DUDGLJPDGDVVGHPRNUDWLVFKH6WUXNWXUHQXQG3ULQ]LSLHQGLH*DUDQWHQGHV)ULHGHQVVLQGKDW VHLW %HJLQQ GHU HU -DKUH DXFK IU GLHVH XQG GLH LQWHUQDWLRQDOH *HPHLQVFKDIW HLQH

,QGLHVHU$UEHLWVROOXQWHUVFKLHGHQ ZHUGHQ]ZLVFKHQHLQHPQHJDWLYHQ)ULHGHQGHUOHGLJOLFKGLH$EZHVHQKHLW YRQGLUHNWHU*HZDOWPHLQWXQGHLQHPSRVLWLYHQ)ULHGHQGHUGLH$EZHVHQKHLWLQGLUHNWHU*HZDOWPLWHLQVFKOLH‰W $XVIKUOLFKHhEHUOHJXQJHQGD]XZDQQHLQH*HVHOOVFKDIWHLQHVWUXNWXUHOOIULHGOLFKH*HVHOOVFKDIWVHLQNDQQLQ GHU VLFK IU JHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKH .RQIOLNWDXVWUDJXQJHQ ]LYLOH 5HJHOXQJVPHFKDQLVPHQ JHELOGHW KDEHQ KDW 'LHWHU 6HQJKDDVLQVHLQHP=LYLOLVDWRULVFKHQ+H[DJRQYRUJHVWHOOW6LHKHGD]X.DSLWHO (VILQGHQVLFKMHGRFKLQGHU5HDOLWlWLPPHUZLHGHU*HJHQEHLVSLHOH]XGLHVHU7KHVH6RLVW]XP%HLVSLHO.XED VHLWQXQPHKUHLQHPKDOEHQ-DKUKXQGHUWXQWHU(LQSDUWHLHQKHUUVFKDIWDEHULQVLFKVWDELOXQGIULHGOLFK

6FKOVVHOUROOHLQGHU$X‰HQSROLWLNLQQHYJO%HUJ.UHLNHPH\HUYJO2WWDZD\

Ä,Q WKH VWUDWHJ\ RI WKH ZHVWHUQ ZRUOG IRU SXUVXLQJ WKH JRDO RI SHDFH DQG FRQIOLFW UHVROXWLRQ DW WKH JOREDO OHYHO FRDOLWLRQ ZLWK GHPRFUDFLHV DQG SXVK IRU WUDQVIRUPLQJ QRQGHPRFUDWLFV\VWHPVLQWRGHPRFUDFLHVKDVEHHQJLYHQDQLPSRUWDQWSODFH´0XQL

6SLHJHOELOGOLFK]XGHQKLHUJHQDQQWHQ$QQDKPHQEHUGLH%H]LHKXQJ]ZLVFKHQNRQVROLGLHUWHQ 'HPRNUDWLHQXQGIULHGOLFKHU.RQIOLNWDXVWUDJXQJVWHKWDXFKGLH$QDO\VHGHU.RQIOLNWXUVDFKHQ JHJHQZlUWLJHUJHZDOWWlWLJHU$XVHLQDQGHUVHW]XQJHQ ÄGDV 8QJOHLFKJHZLFKW SROLWLVFKHU |NRQRPLVFKHU VR]LDOHU XQG NXOWXUHOOHU %HWHLOLJXQJV XQG (QWIDOWXQJVFKDQFHQ XQWHUVFKLHGOLFKHU %HY|ONHUXQJVJUXSSHQ HLQH LOOHJLWLPH XQGHPRNUDWLVFKH XQG LQHIIL]LHQWH >@ VFKOHFKWH 5HJLHUXQJVIKUXQJ IHKOHQGHLQVWLWXWLRQHOOH9HUIDKUHQIUHLQHQIULHGOLFKHQ$XVJOHLFKYRQGLYHUJLHUHQGHQ *UXSSHQLQWHUHVVHQ VRZLH GLH $EZHVHQKHLW HLQHU DNWLYHQ RUJDQLVLHUWHQ =LYLOJHVHOOVFKDIW³)HUGRZVL0DWWKLHV

6RZHLW HQWVSUHFKHQ 8UVDFKHQEHIXQGH XQG 7UDQVIRUPDWLRQV]LHO ZHLWHVWJHKHQG GHU HXURSlLVFKHQ (UIDKUXQJ GDVV OLEHUDO GHPRNUDWLVFKH 2UGQXQJHQ ± ]XPLQGHVW QDFK LKUHU .RQVWLWXWLRQXQG.RQVROLGLHUXQJ±H[WHUQHXQGLQWHUQH.RQIOLNWHDPHIIHNWLYVWHQYHUPHLGHQ E]Z VFKOLFKWHQ N|QQHQ 'HPRNUDWLVLHUXQJ LVW VRPLW ]XP HLQHQ GLH KLVWRULVFKH HXURJHQH $QWZRUW DXI GLH VR JHQDQQWHQ ÄURRW FDXVHV³ =XP DQGHUHQ VSULFKW IU GLH (WDEOLHUXQJ YRQ GHPRNUDWLVFKHQ ,QVWLWXWLRQHQ GDVV VLH DQ VLFK NRQIOLNWUHLFKH JHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKH 3UR]HVVH IULHGYROONDWDO\VLHUHQ6LHO|VHQ:LGHUVSUFKHXQG0DFKWIUDJHQQLFKWHQGJOWLJDXIVRQGHUQ RUJDQLVLHUHQGHQJHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKHQ.RQIOLNWYJO2WWDZD\

(V VWHOOW VLFK MHGRFK GLH )UDJH RE HV WDWVlFKOLFK HLQHQ REMHNWLYHQ KLVWRULVFK XQG NXOWXUHOO XQDEKlQJLJHQ =XVDPPHQKDQJ ]ZLVFKHQ 'HPRNUDWLH XQG )ULHGHQ JLEW ZLH HU WUDGLWLRQHOOHUZHLVHLPVHLW.DQWZHLWHUJHWUDJHQH'LNWXPGHV)ULHGHQV]ZLVFKHQ'HPRNUDWLHQ

XQG ]% 6HQJKDDV¶ 0RGHOO GHV )ULHGHQV DOV =LYLOLVLHUXQJVSURMHNW GDUJHVWHOOW ZLUG 'LH )UDJH QDFK GHU 9DOLGLWlW YRQ .DQWV 7KHRUHP ZLUG ELVKHU VHKU XQWHUVFKLHGOLFK EHDQWZRUWHW MHGRFK NDQQ PDQ ]XQlFKVW YRQ HLQHU .RUUHODWLRQ DXVJHKHQ VLHKH EVSZ 0XQL IIYJO&]HPSLHOYJO1LHOHERFN=XGHPPXVVQDFK

$QVLFKWGHU$XWRULQEHGDFKWZHUGHQGDVV.DQWV3UlPLVVHGHU6WDDWOLFKNHLWGHU$NWHXUHLQGHQ KHXWLJHQ .RQIOLNWHQ XQG .ULHJHQ LPPHU VHOWHQHU DXI EHLGHQ 6HLWHQ JHJHEHQ LVW VLHKH GD]X 0QNOHU $QJHVLFKWV GHU ZDFKVHQGHQ =DKO YRQ .ULHJVSDUWHLHQ GLH NHLQH

:lKUHQG VLFK QDFK .DQW 'HPRNUDWLHQ QDFK $X‰HQ SD]LILVWLVFK YHUKDOWHQ DUJXPHQWLHUW 6HQJKDDV GDVV HLQH GHPRNUDWLVFKHSOXUDOLVWLVFKH 2UGQXQJ XDDXFK9RUDXVVHW]XQJ IUGHQ)ULHGHQLQQHUKDOEGHUPRGHUQHQE]Z PRGHUQLVLHUWHQ*HVHOOVFKDIWLVWVLHKH0XQLIIYJO6HQJKDDVII

SROLWLVFKH9HUIDVVWKHLWUHSUlVHQWLHUHQXQGVRPLWDX‰HUKDOEGHU.DWHJRULHQÄ'HPRNUDWLH³RGHU Ä1LFKW'HPRNUDWLH³VWHKHQOlVVWVLFKDOVRIUDJHQREGLH5HOHYDQ]GHU7KHVHLQGHUKHXWLJHQ .ULHJVV]HQHULHQLFKWGRFKVWDUNHLQJHVFKUlQNWLVW'DV6HQJKDDV¶VFKH0RGHOOGDV0HUNPDOH HLQHV ÄEUJHUOLFKGHPRNUDWLVFKHQ 6WDDWHV ZHVWOLFKHU 3UlJXQJ³ DOV 9RUDXVVHW]XQJ IU LQQHUJHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKHQ )ULHGHQ HUKHEW LVW QLFKW ]XOHW]W KLQVLFKWOLFK GHU HXUR]HQWULVWLVFKHQ

DEHU 8QLYHUVDOLVLHUEDUNHLW EHDQVSUXFKHQGHQ 3HUVSHNWLYH VRZLH GHU ,GHDOLVLHUXQJ XQG 9HUOHXJQXQJ GHU ÄNULVHQKDIWHQ =LYLOLVDWLRQVHQWZLFNOXQJHQ E]Z ±SDUDGR[LHQ ZHVWOLFKHU ÃSRVWPRGHUQHU¶*HVHOOVFKDIWHQDP(QGHGHV-DKUKXQGHUWV³VWDUN]XKLQWHUIUDJHQ9RJW

$XFKZHQQDOOHLQDXVGHUKLVWRULVFKHQ(UIDKUXQJGLH9RUDQQDKPHJHVHW]WZLUGGDVV

NRQVROLGLHUWH'HPRNUDWLH)ULHGIHUWLJNHLWEHGHXWHWLVWGLH$EOHLWXQJGDVV'HPRNUDWLVLHUXQJLQ IULHGOLFKH 9HUKlOWQLVVH IKUW VHKU VWULWWLJ 9LHOPHKU ZLUG 'HPRNUDWLVLHUXQJ DOVR HLQH NRPSOH[H 6\VWHPWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ YRUPDOV XQGHPRNUDWLVFK VWUXNWXULHUWHU NULHJVJHVFKlGLJWHU *HVHOOVFKDIWHQ DOV HLQH 3KDVH PLW HQRUPHQ 5LVLNHQ DQHUNDQQW 6FKOLH‰OLFK PXVV ÄHLQH 8PYHUWHLOXQJ XQG %HJUHQ]XQJ YRQ 0DFKW³ ]ZLVFKHQ HKHPDOLJHQ E]Z GXUFK GHQ .ULHJ KHUYRUJHJDQJHQHQ 3ROLW XQG :LUWVFKDIWVHOLWHQ ]% :DUORUGV XQG DQGHUH 3URILWHXUH GHV .ULHJHV DXI VWDDWOLFKHU ZLH QLFKWVWDDWOLFKHU 6HLWH VWDWWILQGHQ VRZLH HLQH 5HIRUPLHUXQJ RGHU JDU=HUVW|UXQJXQGHPRNUDWLVFKHU ,QVWLWXWLRQHQXQG6WUXNWXUHQ'DXGHUVWlGW/HUFK YJO 0DLU ]LW LQ 0DWWKLHV 6ROFKH (LQJULIIH LQ GLH SROLWLVFKHQ XQG |NRQRPLVFKHQ 0DFKWEDODQFHQ HLQHU *HVHOOVFKDIW E]Z HLQHV 6WDDWHV ZLUNHQ ]XQlFKVW GHVWDELOLVLHUHQG6LHN|QQHQEHVRQGHUVZHQQGLHVHU3UR]HVVYRQH[WHUQHQ.UlIWHQJHI|UGHUW ZLUG XQG NHLQH HQGRJHQH (QWZLFNOXQJ GDUVWHOOW LQ VWDUN ]% HWKQLVFK RGHU NRQIHVVLRQHOO IUDJPHQWLHUWHQ*HVHOOVFKDIWHQ]XGXUFKDXVNDWDVWURSKDOHQ(UJHEQLVVHQIKUHQYJO0DWWKLHV

6FKOLH‰OLFK ]HLJW VLFK LQ GHU hEHUJDQJVSKDVH DXFK GHU &KDUDNWHU GHU 'HPRNUDWLH VHOEVW DOV SUREOHPDWLVFK 'HPRNUDWLVFKH 3UR]HVVH EDVLHUHQ DXI XQG I|UGHUQ ÄFRQIOLFW DQG FRPSHWLWLRQ³ 5HLEHU 'HU (IIHNW GHPRNUDWLVFKHU 6WUXNWXUHQ XQG $XVKDQGOXQJV

6HQJKDDV EHJUQGHW GLH 3DXVFKDOLVLHUEDUNHLW VHLQHV ]LYLOLVDWRULVFKHQ +H[DJRQV GDPLW GDVV GLH JHVHOOVFKDIW OLFKHQ.RQIOLNWSRWHQ]LDOHGLHDXVGHU0RGHUQLVLHUXQJHLQHU*HVHOOVFKDIWUHVXOWLHUHQXQGDXFKKLHUJHKWHUYRP 0RGHUQLVLHUXQJVPRGHOOXQG±HUIDKUXQJGHUZHVWOLFKHQ*HVHOOVFKDIWHQDXVQXUGXUFKHLQH±OHW]WOLFK±OLEHUDO GHPRNUDWLVFKH 2UGQXQJ JHElQGLJW ZHUGHQ N|QQHQ 'LH 8QLYHUVDOLVLHUEDUNHLW OHLWHW HU ODSLGDU GDGXUFK DE GDVV DXFK DQGHUH *HVHOOVFKDIWHQ GHU VR JHQDQQWHQ 'ULWWHQ :HOW DXI GHP :HJH GHU 0RGHUQLVLHUXQJ VLQG XQG VRPLW JOHLFKH%HGUIQLVVHHQWZLFNHOQPVVHQYJO6HQJKDDV'LHVHVHKUHYROXWLRQLVWLVFKDQPXWHQGH7KHVH VFKOLH‰W VRPLW NXU]HUKDQG DXV GDVV 0RGHUQLVLHUXQJVSUR]HVVH VHKU YLHOIlOWLJ YHUODXIHQ XQG GXUFKDXV GLYHUVH (UJHEQLVVH KDEHQ N|QQHQ 6R NRQVWDWLHUW =LQHNHU GDVV GLH VSH]LILVFKH .RQVWHOODWLRQ GHV |NRQRPLVFKHQ XQG SROLWLVFKHQ 0RGHUQLVLHUXQJVSUR]HVVH GHV :HVWHQ HLQHQ Ä6RQGHUZHJ³ GDUVWHOOW GHU ÄLP KHXWLJHQ 6GHQ QLFKW PHKUJDQJEDULVW³=LQHNHU

SUR]HVVH DOV JHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKHU XQG SROLWLVFKHU .RQIOLNWNDWDO\VDWRU NRPPW ODXW 2WWDZD\ DEHU HUVWLQNRQVROLGLHUWHQ'HPRNUDWLHQ]XP7UDJHQIHKOHQDOVRGLHUHJXOLHUHQGHQ,QVWLWXWLRQHQIU GHQ ³GHPRNUDWLVFKHQ .RQIOLNW³ VR LVW 'HPRNUDWLVLHUXQJ DOV ÄWRRO IRU FRQVROLGDWLQJ SHDFH³ QLFKW JHHLJQHW 2WWDZD\ (LQ RIIHQVLFKWOLFKHV %HLVSLHO IU HLQH VROFKH )HKO]QGXQJHLQHVGHPRNUDWLVFKHQ6\VWHPVLVWGHU6WDWXV4XRLP,UDN9RQGHP5LVLNRGHU 7UDQVLWLRQVSKDVH DQ VLFK DEJHVHKHQ VWHOOW VLFK GHVZHLWHUHQ GLH )UDJH RE EHUKDXSW GDV DQJHVWUHEWH =LHO HUUHLFKW ZLUG 6FKOLH‰OLFK KDQGHOW HV VLFK XP HLQHQ WLHIJUHLIHQGHQ XQG GXUFKDXV ODQJZLHULJHQ :DQGHO GHU ± ZLH VLFK HPSLULVFK DQKDQG GHU (QWZLFNOXQJ GHU 7UDQVIRUPDWLRQVOlQGHU GHU OHW]WHQV -DKUH ]HLJW NHLQHVZHJV DXWRPDWLVFK LQ GHPRNUDWLVFKHQ6\VWHPHQPQGHQ+D\QHV6WDWWGHVVHQYHUEOHLEHQGLHVH6WDDWHQ LQ HLQHP K\EULGHQ 6WDGLXP GHU 4XDVL'HPRNUDWLH GLH QXU IRUPDO GLH GHPRNUDWLVFKHQ ,QVLJQLHQWUlJWVLHKHDXFK2WWDZD\

$XFK NULWLVFKH 6WLPPHQ ]XU YRQ $X‰HQ HLQJHOHLWHWHQ 'HPRNUDWLVLHUXQJ YRQ 3RVW .RQIOLNWJHVHOOVFKDIWHQZLH0DULQD2WWDZD\EHVWUHLWHQQLFKWGDVV'HPRNUDWLHGDVÄORQJWHUP JRDO³ LQ GHU )ULHGHQVNRQVROLGLHUXQJ EOHLEHQ PXVV 2WWDZD\ $OV 9HUWUHWHULQ GHU VWDDWV]HQWULHUWHQ 3RVLWLRQ LP 'HPRNUDWLVLHUXQJV'LVNXUV DUJXPHQWLHUW VLH GDVV EHVWLPPWH 3UlPLVVHQ HUIOOW VHLQ PVVHQ GDPLW 'HPRNUDWLVLHUXQJ HLQ VLQQYROOHV XQG EHGHXWVDPHV 3URMHNW IU GLH MHZHLOLJH *HVHOOVFKDIW VHLQ NDQQ QlPOLFK HLQ IXQNWLRQLHUHQGHV VWDDWOLFKHV *HZDOWPRQRSROXQGHLQHJHPHLQVDPHQDWLRQDOH,GHQWLWlWGHU*HVHOOVFKDIWDOVRYROO]RJHQH 6WDDWVXQG1DWLRQHQELOGXQJYJO2WWDZD\6RPVVHQGHPRNUDWLVFKH,QVWUXPHQWH VRZHLW DXVJHELOGHW RGHU DQJHOHJW VHLQ GDVV VLH QLFKW VHOEVW NRQIOLNWI|UGHUQG ZLUNHQ ]% LQ )RUPYRQ0DUJLQDOLVLHUXQJYRQ0LQGHUKHLWHQGLHGXUFKPDMRULWlURULHQWLHUWHGHPRNUDWLVFKH (QWVFKHLGXQJVELOGXQJ IRUFLHUW ZHUGHQ NDQQ VLHKH 2WWDZD\ +LQ]XNRPPW DXFK GDVV GHU 6WDDW IU HLQH .RQVROLGLHUXQJ GHPRNUDWLVFKHU 9HUKlOWQLVVH HLQHU VROLGHQ |NRQRPLVFKHQ %DVLV EHGDUI GLHVH PXVV QLFKW QXU GHQ (UKDOW VHLQHU DGPLQLVWUDWLYHQ XQG VR]LDOHQ )XQNWLRQVIlKLJNHLW XQG VHLQHV *HZDOWPRQRSROV HUP|JOLFKHQ VRQGHUQ DXFK GLH )LQDQ]LHUXQJ GHU GHPRNUDWLVFKHQ ,QVWLWXWLRQHQ VLHKH 2WWDZD\ VLHKH DXFK 0HKOHU >R6@ ]LW LQ 0DWWKLHV 'LHVH 9RUDXVVHW]XQJHQ IU HLQH IXQNWLRQLHUHQGH'HPRNUDWLHEHUFNVLFKWLJHQGN|QQWHVLHLPPHUQXUGDVODQJIULVWLJH=LHOGHU )ULHGHQVDUEHLWVHLQQLFKWDEHULKU0LWWHO±EHVRQGHUVQLFKWZHQQVLHYRQH[WHUQHQ$NWHXUHQ LPSOHPHQWLHUWZLUGYJO2WWDZD\

6WLPPHQ GHV LQVWLWXWLRQDOLVWLVFKSUR]HVVXDOHQ 'HPRNUDWLVLHUXQJVDQVDW]HV EHWRQHQ GDJHJHQGDVVVFKRQGLH(QWZLFNOXQJLQHLQHIULHGYROOHXQGVWDELOH*HVHOOVFKDIWSOXUDOLVWLVFK