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2.1 Die Politische Entwicklung während dem Puntofijo- Pakt 7
2.2 Politische Legitimationskrise des Puntofijo- Pakt gegen Ende
Des 20. Jahrhunderts 11
2.3 Venezuela unter der Politischen Führung von Chávez bis heute 16
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3.1 Wirtschaftsindikatoren in Venezuela auf einen Blick 22
3.2 Energiewirtschaft als der wichtigster Wirtschaftszweig in 24
Venezuela
3.3 Notwendige Diversifizierung der venezolanischen Wirtschaft 29
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Arbeit zitieren:
Alexander Aust, 2008, Politik und Wirtschaft in Venezuela, München, GRIN Verlag GmbH
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