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1 Waldmann, Peter/Garzón Valdéz, Ernesto: El poder militar en la Argentina 1976-1978, Galerna, 1983, S.66 2 Heuer, W./Oberreit, W.: Argentinien zwischen Peronismus & Videla Diktatur, vis, 1979, S. 49
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3 Aral, Susanne: Richtig reisen, Argentinien-Chile-Paraguay-Uruguay, Dumont, 1994, Ss. 60-61 4 Guissani, Pablo: Montoneros-la soberbia armada, Planeta, 1987, S. 57
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5 Gredé, Carl: Wie oft hat man mich umgebracht?, Jungbrunnen, 1984, S. 15
6 Verbitsky, Horacio: Rodolfo Walsh y la prensa clandestina 1976-1978, de la Urraca, 1985, S. 16 7 Münster, Arno: Argentinien. Guerrilla und Konterrevolution, Trikont, 1977, S. 85
9
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8 siehe auch Gesetz 23.521 Obedencia Debida, in: Boletín Oficial del 09/06/1987
9 siehe auch Discurso de Jorge Videla, in: D´Andrea Mohr, José Luis: Memoria Debida, Colihue, 1999, CD-R
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10 Gredé, Carl: Wie oft hat man mich umgebracht?, Jungbrunnen, 1984, S. 43
11 Scheerer, Thomas: Nachwort für deutsche Leser, in: Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung, Nunca Más, Beltz, S. 250
12 García Méndez, Emilio: Recht und Autoritarismus in Lateinamerika, Vervuert, 1985, S. 130 13 http://old.clarin.com/diario/2001-03-24/index_diario.html, 12/08/2001
11
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14 siehe Boletín Oficial del 31/03/1976, in: D´Andrea Mohr, José Luis: Memoria Debida, COLIHUE, 1999, CD 15 D´Andrea Mohr, José Luis: Memoria Debida, COLIHUE, 1999, CD-R
16 Verbitsky, Horario: Rodolfo Walsh y la prensa clandestina 1976-1978, de la Urraca, 1985, S. 98
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17 Waldmann, Peter/Garzón Valdéz, Ernesto: El poder militar en la Argentina 1976-1981, Galerna, 1983, S. 80 18 Hambuger Institut für Sozialforschung: Nie Wieder, Beltz, 1987, S. 34
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19 Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung: Nie Wieder, Beltz, 1987, Ss. 17-19
20 D´Andrea Mohr, José Luis: Memoria Debida, COLIHUE, 1999, CD-R
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21 Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung: Nie Wieder, Beltz, S. 37
22 Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung: Nie Wieder, Beltz, 1987, S. 133
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