1
The Battle of Ideas
The
Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION 2
1.1 THE BATTLE OF IDEAS 2
2 KEYNES’ ECONOMY 3
2.1 KEYNES’ SUCCESS 5
2.2 KEYNES’ FALL. 6
3 THE RISE OF MONETARISM 7
3.1 HAYEK’S ROAD TO SERFDOM 9
3.2 HAYEK’S THEORIES UNPOPULAR 11
3.3 HAYEK’S BREAKTHROUGH 12
4 THATCHER’S IDEOLOGY 13
4.1 THATCHER’S MONETARY POLICIES 14
4.2 PROBLEMS AND SUCCESSES 17
5 BRITAIN AFTER MARGARET THATCHER 19
6 CONCLUSION - THE BATTLE OF IDEAS DECIDED? 20
7 BIBLIOGRAPHY 21
7 21
7 21
The Battle of Ideas
1 Introduction
This paper will be about Margaret Thatcher, Great Britain’s first woman Prime Minister, and her monetary policies - her successes and failures. In order to show these, we have to look at monetarism and its origin. We will introduce famous economists, such as John Maynard Keynes, Milton Friedman and Friedrich von Hayek, and their theories on economics. Furthermore, we will show why these theories were successful at one period of time but failed, however, a couple of years later. Moreover, this paper will explain why Thatcher decided to go a completely new way with Britain’s economics and, by doing so, against the most members of her Cabinet. Finally, we will prove that Thatcher’s ideas and reforms helped Britain to become a wealthy and prosperous country as we know it now.
1.1 The Battle of Ideas
In order to understand Margaret Thatcher’s ideology and her approach to economics, we have to unroll the battle of ideas between Friedrich von Hayek and John Maynard Keynes which still shapes today’s life and society. Keynes supported the allied government to plan their wartime economy while Hayek always felt government meddling in the economy was a threat to freedom and that the market would eventually take care of itself.
World War I originally drew one’s attention to the problems and advantages of political organization. People were disillusioned and bitter and they were looking for something better. Inspired by the economic theories of Karl Marx, the Russian Revolution overthrew the old order and made private property a criminal act. Lenin, the revolution’s leader, promised to end the economic exploitation of men by men. By that time, Germany laid down in ruins and was burdened with unbearable war reparations according to the treaty of Versailles. Keynes felt that the reparations were out of all proportion and wrote “The Economic Consequences of the Peace”. He was convinced that the war reparations would have very destructive social, political and economic consequences.
The Battle of Ideas
It was also during World War I, when Hayek decided to study economics. He enrolled at the University of Vienna and joined a discussion circle of the libertarian called Ludwig von Mises. Von Mises believed that markets needed to be free from government interference. His assumption was that “markets work; governments don’t” 1 . He predicted that the socialist economy in Soviet Russia would never work. Hayek partly adopted Von Mises’ way of thinking as we will discuss in chapter 4.
2 Keynes’ Economy
John Maynard Keynes was born on 5 th of June, 1883 in Cambridge, Great Britain. He visited the private school Eton and studied Philosophy, History and Mathematics at the King’s College in Cambridge. His father was a lecturer at the University of Cambridge and his mother was one of the first female students there. Later, she even became Mayor of Cambridge. 2 Keynes had a brilliant curriculum vitae: he was lecturer and fellow at King’s College; editor of the Economic Journal; advisor of the Treasury; chairman of the “National Mutual Life Assurance Society” and the “Independent Investment Trust”; finally, he became a Lord, Baron Keynes of Tilton, and member of the House of Lords. Keynes also published many books and articles which made him very popular. His first book Economic Consequences of the Peace made him famous and The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money was his main work. 3
In his works, Keynes wanted to explain depression and high unemployment in order to resist them. 4 In the beginning of the 20 th century, Keynes and other economists faced these two enemies of economics and society and realized that the classical economic theory did not work anymore. The basis of the ‘old’ idea was that economy was always in equilibrium: there is always full‐employment; demand and supply are equal. 5 If, nevertheless, consumers felt uncertain about the future and decided to save more money, consumption would fall, enterprises would be forced to reduce their production of goods and consequently either to dismiss some of
1 Yergin: p.21
2 Willke, G. (2002): John Maynard Keynes, p. 15.
3 Ibid., pp. 183‐184.
4 Ibid., p. 13.
5 Morgan, B. (1978): Monetarists and Keynesians, p. 14.
The Battle of Ideas
their workers or to reduce wages. Thus, many people would be without jobs and the argument of full‐employment would be worthless. Economists of the classic theory tried to explain the high unemployment of the 20 th century by claiming that there was no involuntary unemployment but employees who voluntarily had chosen to be without work because they did not want to agree on the sinking wages. 6 However, the USA and Europe faced a great depression and high unemployment in 1929. Moreover, there was a crash of the Stock Exchange at the Wall Street on 24 th of October, 1929. 7 It obviously seemed to be a failure to reduce wages in order to prevent high unemployment because by doing this the demand for goods decreased as well. 8 In spring 1930, Keynes realized that this depression was going to become the biggest world wide economic crisis and that the classic theory as well as the economists of that time could not manage these problems because this theory only worked if there was full employment. Thus, he asked for “active and determined politics.” 9
Keynes’ developed a theory on how depression and high unemployment could be resisted. In his General Theory, the state was no longer an auditor but an actor; the state had to intervene in times of depression. Keynes demanded that the state had to oppose these problems by supporting the demand through additional state expenses. If the state did not have enough money, it had to be borrowed. 10 It is obvious that many people of that time thought Keynes was from the Left or even a socialist because he asked for an active role of the state. Willke (2002), however, explains that Keynes was a liberal, who was interested in solving the problem of high unemployment; who did not want just to wait until everything became stable somehow. 11
6 Willke (2002). p. 33.
7 Ibid., p. 32.
8 Ibid., p. 14.
9 Ibid., p. 19.
10 Ibid., p. 15.
11 Ibid., p. 23.
The Battle of Ideas
2.1 Keynes’ Success
In 1930, Keynes published his book A Treatise on Money in which he explained his thesis that saving money was not always wise and useful but even bad in times of depression and lack of demand. 12 In 1936, Keynes’ General Theory was published. However, these books were not popular because he introduced his theories in a complicated way and from a perspective completely different to the thoughts of those times. 13 It was clear that he would face negative criticism because the beginning of a new era always meant controversial viewpoints. Economists of the Classic Theory claimed that Keynes’ ideas were not new or simply wrong and that the state must not get more active than it already was. People from the Left said Keynes tried to save capitalism with reforms and state interventions. 14 Nevertheless, Keynes’ theories finally broke through because the US government decided to act accordingly to his ideas. All of a sudden, the high unemployment disappeared because the state created new jobs by increasing their war expenses. This seemed to work out well for the entire economy: Keynes became the initiator of the New Economics. One of the main consequences of his ideas was the conviction that “economics and society were no longer victims of the devastating cycle of boom and bust because the state now had instruments on how to stable the economic process.” 15 Keynes not only supplied an explanation for the staggering of output and employment but also found some measures on how to omit an economic crisis and depression. Although his theory had some weak points, it worked out well in practice. The fact that the classic ideas failed was an advantage to make a start into a new economic era - the New Economics. According to Willke (2002, p. 18), there were two achievements that have made Keynes one of the greatest economists of the 20 th century:
“Zum einen überwand er die steril gewordene klassische Theorie, zum anderen - wichtiger noch - revolutionierte er das wirtschaftspolitische Denken und führte die Politik zurück auf die Kommandohöhen. Keynes verstand seine Wirtschaftstheorie als veritable <
12 Ibid., p. 19.
13 Ibid., pp. 140‐141.
14 Willke (2002), p. 142. 15 Ibid. p. 143.
Arbeit zitieren:
Marco Stöcker, 2006, The Battle of Ideas - Thatcherism, München, GRIN Verlag GmbH
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