provide diversion and continuity “the kitschy UFA films were loved by a postwar audience hungry for distraction and a sense of continuity.” (Pinkert 2008b, 20) Wilder produced a black comedy with a message, described as, “waver[ing] between educational program, an overwrought history lesson and a comedy of very dark humor” (Gemünden, 2008, 110). Wilder’s film education had been in pre 1933 UFA and Paramount in the US. Zolotow described A Foreign Affair as having “the authentic look of a Berlin Street picture of the 1920’s” (Zolotow, 1977, 154). Gemünden comments that the film is “ a synthesis of Wilder’s American sexual comedies[...]and the classic Weimar cinema of the 1930’s[...]at the same time it alludes to German Expressionism of the 1920’s and Film Noir of the early 1940’s (Gemünden, 2008, 114). Reed’s 1949 The Third Man is also seen as a Film Noir, in which the action takes place “not in a domestic city but the chaotic continental theatre of war, often viewed through Robert Krasker’s tilted lens, chiaroscuro effects[...]” (Evans, 2005, 94).
In using elements of expressionism the directors present a representative vision of the defeated Germany and Austria, rejecting both the direct assault of neorealism and the upbeat spectacle of Hollywood film making. Elsaesser comments on the effect of choosing Weimar over Hollywood film techniques saying,”
“[...]in the latter, voyeurism is motivated by action, spectacle and a linear narrative drive, in the German films by contrast, sight and seeing emerges as a troubled uncanny, unstable relations of the characters to the posers of vision and filmic representations itself, often “feminizing” the men[...]” (Elsaesser, 2003, 39‐40)
Elsaesser sees Expressionist film as an attempt to create modern fairy tales (Elsaesser, 2003, 43‐44). Kracauer points out that expressionism was a way of selling German films abroad(Kracauer, 1947, 65) and Eisner saw the style as a reminder of a “good” Germany(Elsaesser, 2000, 422). In effect Post‐War Expressionist films had the same role as those films made after World War I, they told allegorical stories in a style that would be acceptable to International and German audiences. The Expressionist style, beginning with Das Cabinet des Dr. Caligaris, 1919, Wiene, Germany, Decla‐Bioscop AG, has been summed up as having narratives about “father/son relationships and the dangers of female sexuality; […] doppelgängers and perceptions; […] types, not characters; […] chaos, dementia and destruction.” (Bould, 2005, 26‐27). Its style uses “foreground oblique objects, unbalanced compositions, irregular spatial arrangements, chiaroscuro lighting with heavy shadow, emphasis on oblique and vertical lines [and a] fascination with reflection and reflective surfaces” (Bould, 2005, 25).
Each director employs expressionist forms to present the defeated Germany. They examine German guilt, physical and psychological destruction, retribution, denazification and management of 2 | P a g e
dystopia. The essay will now turn to the films in the following order Die Mörder sind unter uns, A Foreign Affair and The Third Man. Die Mörder sind unter uns
Die Mörder sind unter uns was made when,” denazification, re‐education and democratization were catch words for ...all four occupied zones of Germany” (Silberman,1995, 99). Rejected by the British and the Americans, Staudte’s script received permission to start production with a change in title and ending from the Soviet Occupation forces, where,” cinema was regarded along with the schools as the preferential means for re education...” (Silberman,1995, 101). Staudte’s film shows a vision of a crushed and berubbled metropolis, in which the physical destruction and collapsing ruins reflect the psychological ruins of the protagonists. He seems to believe that internal rebuilding must precede external reconstruction. The film is set in 1945, Susanne Wallner, a Concentration Camp victim, returns to Berlin. Her flat is occupied by the psychologically scarred Mertens, a former Wehrmacht doctor. While stationed in Poland, he witnessed the execution of hostages and children. His attempt to save the women and children failed and results in him suffering from shell‐shock. After the war he drowns his sorrows in alcohol and wastes his time in a night club rather than fulfilling his calling as a doctor. Wallner and Mertens, grudingly share the flat and a friendship develops. As they fall in love Mertens slowly comes to himself. In the flat Wallner finds an old letter addressed to the wife of Merten’s former commanding officer, Hauptmann Brückner. This is a final letter to Brückner’s wife, which Wallner attempts to deliver. On seeking out Frau Brückner, Susanne discovers that Brückner survived and is a successful businessman with a factory making cooking pots. He has forgotten the war and is moving on. He enjoys the bieder comforts of a pleasant flat, a loving wife, and happy family. It makes no difference whether he produces cooking pots or steel helmets. Mertens is reunited with Brückner, but reveals that Brückner ordered the executions in Poland at Christmas. Mertens swears to get revenge and on Christmas Eve 1945 goes to Brückner’s factory in order to shoot him. At the last moment Susanne prevents Mertens, she insists that war criminals must be brought to justice and that the people can only accuse not condemn. The film ends with bars on the gate of Brückner’s factory becoming the bars of a prison and a montage of the National Socialism’s victims, including women, children and soldiers passing in front of him. The camera finally rests its view on a field of crosses.
Staudte’s film attempts to address three highly pertinent issues to the Germans in 1945/46; how,” to develop a cinematic language[ …]to confront the recent German past[…]” (Pinkert, 2008b, 20); how to,” restore the injured male subject through the healing love of a woman” (Pinkert, 2008b, 21); how to understand the difficulties of seeing the truth. This is set against a background of the 3 | P a g e
ruins of Berlin which tower above all the characters threatening to crush them. They are an external indication of the enormity of the characters’ internal ruin.
In making his film, Staudte wanted an, “honest confrontation with the military and moral catastrophe that in his view, the Germans had brought on themselves[ ...]” (Barnouw ,2008, 48). The wardead frame the beginning and the end of the film. The film opens with the camera focussing on the graves of two soldiers surrounded by the detritus of war, panning up to show Mertens. It ends with countless crosses. Death stalks the film from a newspaper headline shouting “2 million gassed” to Mondschein’s death as he waits to hear news of his son. The audience may be numb, like Mertens, and unable to confront these deaths but there is no confusion about the results of National Socialism. Pinkert comments, “Staudte’s film is caught in a larger social, psychological and symbolic process of numbing, stuck somewhere between recognition and articulation of historical losses brought about by Germany’s mass annihilation of the Jews” (Pinkert, 2008b, 41). Only as Mertens slowly comes to his senses through the love of Wallner and in saving the life of a young child is he able to confront these deaths and begin to attribute guilt. This “honest confrontation” (Barnouw ,2008, 48) continues with the depiction of the fantastic ruins of Berlin. Characters, such as Brückner, may refuse to acknowledge death but he cannot avoid the destruction all around him. Staudte has framed the ruins as a character in its own right, making them massive and oppressive. This external devastation reflects Mertens’ and Brückner’s inner devastation. They must find a way to navigate the external and their internal ruins before they can face the future. Mertens recognises this and is able to be restored. Brückner has cleared the external ruins but cannot have an “honest confrontation” (Barnouw ,2008, 48) with his own past. This failure leaves him open for judgement.
The film locates the guilt on Brückner who not only ordered the execution in Poland, causing Mertens’ shell shock, but is also calmly eats his breakfast and shows no emotion as he reads the newspaper headline “2 Millionen Menschen vergast”. His lack of emotion condemns him as much as his commission of a war crime. Brückner is guilty of two crimes; the cold hearted commission of the war crime and the refusal to engage in the past. For the first Mertens will attempt to shot him and for the second he is forced to watch a parade of victims from behind bars in the final scene. He represents those who want to quickly forget and avoiding an “honest confrontation” (Barnouw ,2008, 48) with their own past.
The film’s original title was “Der Mann, den ich töten werde” and this was changed as was the ending, which had Mertens killing Brückner, by the Soviet authorities. (Barnouw,2008,48). “Honest confrontation” (Barnouw ,2008, 48) comes, not through revenge, but by the criminals being brought to justice. This is confirmed in the final scene: 4 | P a g e
Arbeit zitieren:
Richard McKenzie, 2008, Visions of Defeat, München, GRIN Verlag GmbH
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