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Forschungsarbeit, 2009, 10 Seiten
Autor: Rahul Massey
Fach: Informationswiss., Informationsmanagement
Details
Institution/Hochschule: The University of Liverpool
Jahr: 2009
Seiten: 10
Note: 2:2
Sprache: Englisch
ISBN (E-Book): 978-3-640-34470-3
ISBN (Buch): 978-3-640-34444-4
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Zusammenfassung / Abstract
The ever-growing incorporation of information technology in day-to-day applications presents new opportunities to develop computer systems that can be aware of the context in which they are operating. Such computer-systems can be inherently more responsive to the expectations of their users. Context-aware systems offer developers and programmers exciting new prospects to gather contextual data and adapt the behavior of their dynamic systems according to user expectations. In conjunction with mobile devices, such mechanisms can be extremely valuable in increasing the usability of information systems. However, it is now accepted widely that the efforts to adapt the usability and capability of the desktop PC in to the mobile environment are limited in their scope. The debate in present literature seems to focus in particular on the trade-offs and compromises between the performance of such systems in theoretical or laboratory environments, and the actual results when tested in the field. This essay will aim to critically evaluate the success of making context-aware information systems into a feasible reality.
Textauszug (computergeneriert)
An Overview of Context-Aware
Information Systems
Contents
Introduction 2
Background 2
Literature Review 3
Emerging Concepts 5
A Critical Evaluation 6
Bibliography 8
Introduction
The ever-growing incorporation of information technology in day-to-day applications
presents new opportunities to develop computer systems that can be aware of the
context in which they are operating. Such computer-systems can be inherently more
responsive to the expectations of their users. Context-aware systems offer
developers and programmers exciting new prospects to gather contextual data and
adapt the behaviour of their dynamic systems according to user expectations. In
conjunction with mobile devices, such mechanisms can be extremely valuable in
increasing the usability of information systems. However, it is now accepted widely
that the efforts to adapt the usability and capability of the desktop PC in to the mobile
environment are limited in their scope. The debate in present literature seems to
focus in particular on the trade-offs and compromises between the performance of
such systems in theoretical or laboratory environments, and the actual results when
tested in the field. This essay will aim to critically evaluate the success of making
context-aware information systems into a feasible reality.
Background
Context-aware computing is a general term used to refer to a class of mobile
computer-systems that are able to sense the context they are being used in- that is
to say, the physical environment in which they are being used in- and can adapt their
behaviour in accordance to this context. The concept came forth from the model of
`ubiquitous computing′ and was first proposed by Schilit et al at Xerox PARC in 1994.
The three main factors in context are:
(1) User location vis-a-vis the physical environment
(2) Position relative to other users
(3) Resources available at that position
Context-aware systems include other persons, devices, and network/power resource
levels etc that exist within that general physical environment (Schilit et al, 1994).
They are also able to adapt their operations to the current context without any
2
explicit inputs from the user - it is desirable in the field of mobile computing that
programs and devices are able to gauge current location, time and other
environmental attributes and react accordingly to the changing circumstances as
context data may change rapidly. The context information that is needed may be
gathered in a variety of ways, including applying sensors, network information,
device status, browsing user profiles and other such sources (Baldauf et al, 2007).
Of course, in designing any context-aware system, it becomes necessary to define
context, for which we turn to Dey & Abowd (2000)- "any information that can be used
to characterize the situation of entities (i.e., whether a person, place or object) that
are considered relevant to the interaction
between a user and an application, including the user and the application
themselves."
The history of context-aware systems started when Want et al. (1992) introduced
their Active Badge Location System which is considered to be one of the first
context-aware applications. Schilit and his team, arguably the pioneers of this field
followed up in 1994 with the PARCTAB, a small hand-held that used infrared-based
cellular networks for communication. The device itself functioned mainly as an
imaging terminal, with most of the computing done by remote hosts.
Literature Review
According to (Baldauf et al, 2007), there are two important considerations when
constructing a context-aware system. These are the architecture and the context
models. Chen (2004) cites three different ways to implement context-aware
architecture, dependent on the specific requirements of the system, the location of
the sensors, the number of users, available system resources, scalability
considerations, etc. The first of these is `direct sensor access′, whereby client
software gathers information from locally-built sensors without an additional layer for
this task. However, since the sensor′s drivers are directly embedded onto the
application it is not suitable for distributed systems. The second approach is termed
`middleware infrastructure′ which introduces a layered architecture to hide low-level
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