Research Methods and Data Analysis Portfolio

von: Volker Schmid

Table of Contents

Abstract

1 First Stage of the Research Process 1

1.1 Problem Definition 1
1.2 Type of Research 5
1.3 Research Objectives 6

2 Research Design 9

3 Questionnaire Design 12

3.1 Questionnaire Layout 14

4 Sampling 16

5 Fieldwork 17

6 SPSS Analysis 18

6.1 Frequencies 18
6.2 Cross-Tabulations and Chi-Square Test 23

7 Conclusion 29

References 31

Appendix A: Pie Charts, Survey Analysis

Appendix B: Assessment Portfolio

List of Graphs

 

Abstract

“Over the past few years, the Employee Credit Union (ECU) has accumulated a large amount of surplus funds, which have been invested in certificates of deposit. It has also experienced a lower loan/share ratio then other credit unions of similar size. Because of these factors, the credit union’s average earnings on its investments have slowly declined and its profit margins have been squeezed” (Portfolio Assessment, 2004).
The market place of a company changes every few years, and therefore, it needs to be researched and analysed (Kotler, 2001). The ECU decided to conduct a research project to determine how the credit union can solve its problem. The aim of this paper is to:

• Evaluate the research objectives.
• Evaluate the research design in light of the stated research objectives.
• Use SPSS to obtain simple frequencies for the answers to each question.
• Use SPSS to perform appropriate cross-tabulations.
• Use SPSS to perform appropriate univariate and bivariate statistical tests after developing hypotheses for these particular tests.
The analysis discovers several weaknesses of the research process used by the credit union. Furthermore, many mistakes are found in the research design. The analysis of the survey identifies the strengths and weaknesses of the credit union, which can partly answer the research objectives. The main strengths of the union are its helpful employees, their ability to treat information confidentially, their prompt processing of loan applications, and the way the credit union is managed and operated. Identified weaknesses are the level of the loan rates, the usefulness of their services, and problems associated with the loan application form.

1 First Stage of the Research Process

Albert Einstein noted that “the formulation of a problem is often more essential than its solution” (Einstein, 1942). This statement is also true for marketing research (Zikmund, 2001). Firstly, the problem of the organisation needs to be carefully identified and described before successful research can be carried out.

This section discusses the problem definition, which presents the first stage of the research process (Zikmund, 2001). Furthermore, it investigates the different types of research and the research objectives. The following graphic shows the first three stages of the research process:

Graphic 1: The first three Stages of the Research Process (Zikmund, 2001). [Graphik in der Downloaddatei vorhanden]

Stage two, research design, and three, sampling, are analysed in the next sections (see sections two and four). Sampling is followed by the stages: data gathering, data processing, conclusion and report.

1.1 Problem Definition

Zikmund (2001) states that “an orderly definition of the research problem lends a sense of direction to the investigation” and “allows the researcher to set proper research objectives”. He applies the word problem to the managerial problem and the information needed to help solve the problem. It is emphasised that the problem definition stage of the research process probably is the most important one, which is often neglected by the researcher (Zikmund, 2001).
For example, Coca-Cola decided to change its Coke formula because its competitor’s “Pepsi Challenge” adverting campaign touted Pepsi’s superior taste. The research carried out by Coca-Cola investigated the question how the consumer reacted to the taste of the reformulated Coke. However, the company ignored the emotional aspects of buying behaviour. The marketing research was too narrow in scope and the problem was inadequately defined. The old Coke formula has been quickly reintroduced as Coca-Cola “classic”. This demonstrates the importance of a proper problem definition (Zikmund, 2001).

According to Zikmund (2001), defining the research problem includes several interrelated steps:

Graphic 2: The Process of Problem Definition (Zikmund, 2001). [Graphik in der Downloaddatei vorhanden]

1. Ascertain the decision maker’s objectives: Ideally the management expresses the research goals in measurable terms to the researcher. Unfortunately, this is often not the case. However, both parties need to gain a clear understanding of the objectives. One effective technique is to present to the management possible solutions to a problem in order to clarify misunderstandings.
2. Understanding the background of the problem: It is worthwhile to mention the iceberg principle to demonstrate the vitality of understanding the background of a problem. A sailor on the open sea notices only the 10 percent of an iceberg, which can be seen over the water, 90 percent is submerged. The same principle is valid for a marketing problem. 90 percent of its dangerous part is not understood by marketing managers. A situation analysis should be carried out to gain a better knowledge of the background.
3. Isolate and identify the problem, not the symptoms: Again the iceberg principle helps to understand that the obvious symptoms are not always the marketing management problem. The marketing management problem may be submerged and, therefore, not visible to the researcher.
4. Determine the Unit of Analysis: The researcher must specify the investigation e.g. the kind of data which needs to be collected. In the case of home buying, “the husband-wife dyad typically is the unit of analysis rather than the individual because many purchase decisions are jointly made by husband and wife” (Zikmund, 2001).
5. Determine the relevant variables: To determine relevant key variables is important in research. Zikmund (2001) defines a variable as “anything that varies or changes in value”. For example, variables are the attributes of an airline such as services, safety, and baggage handling which can be positive or negative. This implies that each research objective should mention one or more variables that need to be measured or analysed.
6. State the research questions and research objectives.

In the following, the problem statement of Employee Credit Union (ECU) is given:

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