Table of Content

1. Introduction 2

2. The First Settlers 2

3. The Development of New Zealand English: 3

3.1 Influences of English Dialects 3

3.2 Influences of Other Languages 4

3.3 Maori Influence 4

4. Features of New Zealand English: 5

4.1 Vocabulary 5

4.2 Pronunciation 5

4.3 Grammatical features 6

5. Similarities with other Varieties 7

6. Conclusion 8

1. Introduction

New Zealand English is one of the most closely studied national varieties of English outside the

USA and UK, and a source of significance for the dialect differentiation and historical evolution

of English. Most of the work has been done in the relatively short period of about 15 years

compared with the longer time frame of studies in British and American English. One reason for

this is that New Zealand English has, from its beginning, benefited from significant co-operative

and collaborative activity among New Zealand linguists (see Kuiper, 2003). This paper gives an

overview of how this certain variety of the language emerged and changed until today. It also

deals with its specific characteristics in comparison with other varieties, especially varieties of

the Southern Hemisphere.

2. The First Settlers

New Zealand was first discovered by Polynesian explorers and settled by AD 1150. It was

rediscovered by Abel Tasman, a Dutch, in 1642, and was given its name by Dutch geographers

by the end of that century. Its language contact situation with English took place when Captain

James Cook, who claimed it for the British Crown, visited New Zealand with H.M.S

Endeavor

in

1769 (see Macalister, 2006; Bauer, 1994). From about 1792 onwards European traders, whalers

and sealers operated from the coasts of New Zealand. English was probably the

lingua franca

of

this region.

Since 1840, when the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between representatives of the British

government and a number of Maori chiefs, English attached its importance. More and more

Pakeha

, as the Maori called settlers of European origin, came in three periods of mass migration

between 1840 and 1880. Most settlers were upper working class and lower middle class and

largely British (see Bauer, 1994). There were several motives why they left their home-countries

to start a new life so far away. An overriding belief was that travelling to this distant country

would enable people to better themselves and provide better prospects for their children, without

abandoning their British roots. Their aim was the creation of a new Britain in the South Pacific in

the context of British law, religion, education, social values and practices (see Gordon and

Sudbury, 2002). Another reason was the hope of becoming wealthy. Miners came, mainly from

Australia, enforced by the hope to find gold since it had been discovered in 1861 in Otago, South

Island. The first period of immigration in the 1840s and 1850s were planned settlements

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organized by the New Zealand Company set up for the purposes of land speculation under the

direction of Edward Gibbon Wakefield. These settlements are also known as the

Wakefield

Settlements

, i.e. Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin, Nelson and New Plymouth. The second

period was in the 1860s with the discovery of gold in Otago. Besides Australian miners large

numbers of Irish Catholics, a group excluded by the earlier planners, settled down just as soldiers

from Britain, Australia and Ireland, who were in the regiments of the British Army to fight in the

New Zealand Wars

. The last stage of immigration was from 1870 to 1885, a period when the

government embarked on a program of public works and development. By the 1890 there were

more New Zealand-born than immigrants and considered themselves quite distinct from the

arriving groups (see Gordon and Sudbury, 2002; Bauer, 1994). This date can be taken as a point

after which the development of the English spoken in New Zealand reflected New Zealand rather

than British or Australian trends (see Bauer, 1994).

3. The Development of New Zealand English:

3.1 Influences of English Dialects

The most important ingredients in the mixture that was to lead to the development of a new and

distinctive form of English in New Zealand were the dialects and accents of the language brought

to New Zealand by speakers of English who came for the most part from England, Scotland,

Ireland and Australia. Census figures indicate that the proportions of settlers coming from

different Anglophone areas to New Zealand in the period up to 1881 were as follows:

England

49%

Scotland 22%

Ireland 20%

Australia 7%

Wales 1%

N. America 1% (see Trudgill, Gordon, Lewis and Maclagan, 2000)

Most of the early English settlers came from the West Country, which had a tradition of

emigration, e.g. New Plymouth settlers were brought by the Plymouth Company in 1841-1843

from Devon and Cornwall. Others came from Surrey, Essex and Kent ­ near but not from

London. Many Scottish and Irish settlers were from around major urban areas, i.e. Glasgow,

Edinburgh, Belfast and Dublin. A good deal of the British settlers had agricultural or laboring

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