After 9/11: A Troika of Perceptions of President George Walker Bush, former Secretary of State Colin Luther Powell and former Secretary of Defense Donald Henry Rumsfeld on the Creation of the USA Patriot Act of 2001

CONTENTS

  I What are you investigating Why  

  Anecdotal Introduction  i

  Problem  1

  Hypothesis  2

  IV and DV relationship  2

  II What have others done within the subject area  

  Survey of Literature  2

  III What structure of explanation are you going to imply  

  Framework:  

  Schema Theory  5

  Operational Code (O)C  6

  Alexander George s Ten Questions about OC Beliefs  7

  Indices for Philosophical Instrumental Beliefs  8

  Method:  

  Verbs In Context System (VICS) method of content analysis  9

  How speeches of Bush Rice and Rumsfeld will be chosen from among  

  the many they have delivered  10

  Verbs In Context System (diagram)  12

  IV Which part of that body of knowledge your paper will be added to  16

  Work Cited  

  Books Thesis Journals  17

  Monographs in Online Articles  18

  Websites  19

Anecdotal Introduction

Research work is really a difficult task to perform. When I was proposing and presenting my proposal, I thought everything will be okay because after three months (December to February) of swimming in the literatures of Political Islam, Perceptions, and Policy Analysis, the proposal will be accepted. Three times I proposed and three times I get rejected. I still remember that Dr. Carlos always asked me, “If tomorrow will be my research day, what should I do, where should

I go?” and I stumble and don’t know what to answer.

There was a point in my life that I feel I cannot finish (hopelessness) this degree due to so many family problems. I’m always alone, thinking what I should do with my research proposal and other term papers. I only have two weeks to present another proposal; this is when Dr. Carlos gave me a chance to present again. After all of the discussions, Dr. Carlos suggested about using Operational Code (OC) in assessing the schema of US leaders toward influencing in the creation of USA PATRIOT Act.

Honestly, this is my first time to encounter OC and don’t know how to begin with the drafting of this proposal. However, after reading journals about OC, fortunately I started to conceptualize my research proposal. I would like to acknowledge Dr. Stephen G. Walker in responding to my email and in somehow help to orient me about the Verbs In Context System (VICS) through his work, below is his reply:

Dear Nassef,

It’s nice to hear from you and about your interesting research on the operational codes of U.S. leaders. You have my permission to cite my work, “Forecasting the Political Behavior of Leaders with the Verbs In Context System of Operational Code Analysis.” Good luck with your research. You may also be interested in the chapter on a related topic by Sam Robison, “George W. Bush and the Vulcans.” Pp. 101-126 in Mark Schafer and Stephen G. Walker, eds., Beliefs and Leadership in World Politics (New York: Palgrave, 2006). This edited volume is a handbook for doing operational code analysis with the Verbs In Context System of content analysis. Best wishes, Steve Walker

i

This class serves as the epitome of my future research works, and gives me guidelines and undertakings on how to be not afraid in finishing what you endeavor in life. I would like to give thanks and gratitude to Dr. Clarita R. Carlos in imparting and sharing her wisdom and expertise about the course … this was an exceptional and excellent UP class, to my fellow classmates and family that gave me strength to face another day. And to Allah that provided me the spiritual strength and blessings everyday. I will never forget and will always treasure this one of a kind experience and learning.

Salaam!

Nassef M. Adiong

March 10, 2008

ii

The researcher was confronted with so many challenges on how the previous research proposal (Western perceptions about political Islam will lead to Western policies against Muslim or not) will be defended in oral and written. In light of the previous meetings and discussions with suggestions taken from Dr. Carlos and fellow colleagues, the researcher has come up with a definite proposal.

AFTER 9/11: A TROIKA OF PERCEPTIONS OF PRESIDENT GEORGE

WALKER BUSH, FORMER SECRETARY OF STATE COLIN LUTHER POWELL,

AND

FORMER SECRETARY OF DEFENSE DONALD HENRY RUMSFELD

ON THE CREATION OF THE USA PATRIOT ACT OF 2001

What are you investigating? Why?

The researcher is investigating on the perceptions of the three leaders in maneuvering and speeding up the legislation of the controversial USA PATRIOT Act that after the infamous Sept. 9, 2001 event, this act was enacted in less than one month and thirteen days in the Senate and approved (Oct. 26, 2001) 1 by Pres. Bush immediately.

The purpose of this study is to assess the schema of the three US leaders using Operational Code analysis through the Verbs In Context System method of content analysis in influencing in the creation of the said law. This will also serve if the perceptions of the three US leaders are consonance with a certain pattern of political belief 2 , that somehow affect the thinking of other leaders as manifested in creating anti-terrorism laws worldwide.

Problem:

Are perceptions of political leaders specifically by Pres. Bush, former Sec. of State Powell and former Sec. of Defense Rumsfeld enough to influence in the process of legislating the USA PATRIOT Act during the heights of 9/11 attack?

1 As stated in Charles Doyle’s sketch on the USA PATRIOT Act.

2 Further discussed by Robert E. Lane in the book of Jeanne N. Knutson’s Handbook of Political

Psychology.

1

The study will concentrate on how these three political leaders focuses on a set of beliefs in response to the 9/11 event, which paves the way for the creation of an anti-terrorism law—the USA PATRIOT Act (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001). 3

Hypothesis:

If the perceptions of these three leaders (Pres. Bush, former Sec. of State Powell, & former Sec. of Defense Rumsfeld) have influenced in the creation of the USA PATRIOT Act after the 9/11 catastrophe.

Putative relationship of the independent and dependent variables:

IV DV

Perceptions of Pres. Bush,

Sec. of State Powell, & --- USA PATRIOT Act

Sec. of Defense Rumsfeld

What have others done within the subject area?

A number of literatures that were surveyed which resulted to take operational

code in analyzing and conceptualizing the schemata of political leaders. It suggests reliability in using content analysis as the technique for assessing these leaders and in the prediction of their leadership. 4 (Survey of Literature)

Samuel Berwyn Robison had done an empirical research on U.S. foreign policy that has largely assumed of president’s influence is subordinate to global and domestic political constraints. This idea is given further weight by the fact that, even within the political psychology literature, there is scant large-n, quantitative evidence supporting the notion that leaders

3 Also observed in Charles Doyle’s sketch on the USA PATRIOT Act.

4 Take a look on compiled articles and journals edited by Margaret G. Hermann in her book entitled:

“A Psychological Examination of Political Leaders.”

2