Table of Contents

Table of  Contents  I

  List of Figures  I

1  Preface  1

2  Renewable energy  2

3  Biofuel  4

3.1  Biodiesel  5

3.2  Vegetable oil  7

3.3  Bioethanol  8

3.4  Biofuel in the future  11

3.4.1  BtL  11

3.4.2  Biomethane  12

3.5  Summary of the comparison of Biofuel  14

4  Summary and Outlook on biofuels  16

  List of literature  i

  List of Figures  

  Figure 1: Renewable energy sources BMU 2006  3

  Figure 2: CO2 Emission source in Germany in 2008 UBA 2008  4

  Figure 3: Biofuels consumption in Germany, 2007 FNR 01  5

  Figure 4: Comparison of Biofuel  15

I

1 Preface

This documentation will be the first of a trilogy in which each part constitutes an independent document leaving the other parts as additional information sources.

Due to the logical development of the themes, however, all of them are interconnected, displaying the reason and history of climate changes, the biofuel and the positive aspect of the climate protection and an outlook on the biofuel in the future. The last part will be a microeconomic discussion if the production of biofuel in Germany is still profitable.

The trilogy will be as described above:

• Climate Changes and Fossil Fuel [Kleinschmidt 01]

• Renewable Energy and Biofuel (this document)

• Rentability of Biodiesel Plant (will be issued around March 09)

Quality assurance of the literature sources trough Internet and E-Books: Some literature sources have been retrieved from the Internet home pages. Due to the fact that the quality of the source is difficult to check on the Internet, this is normally not a proper way of getting secured, good quality information. Therefore, all information from the home pages is retrieved from secured well-known providers, such as governmental home pages or officially incorporated or registered societies. The download date of the retrieved information is registered in the list of literature sources.

E-books are to be treated as normal books. Due to the fact that an increasing amount of books is distributed electronically, the quality will be the same as normal hard copy books. Whenever E-books are downloaded, the URL will be listed in the literature index, entailing which sources the documents were downloaded from. I would like to emphasize that E-books should not be seen as Internet home pages but as normal books.

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2 Renewable energy

Regenerative energy discloses primary energy sources from the natural systems of the Earth, sun and moon. Energy streams are caused by releasing energy from the rays of the sun or from solar radiation, the planet gravity and planetary motion, as well as the released warmth stored in the Earth. On the base of energy streams, these energy donators can provide final energy or useful energy. In this case one can also speak of secondary energy. The result is an extensive offer of power production, which is shown in Figure 1: Renewable energy sources, page 3. Secondary energy encloses heat, power and fuel [Kaltschmitt a.o. 2006].

Regenerative energy shows the only reliable possibility to guarantee the energy supply of the earth with lasting effect and a low level of emission, as well as the execution taken from the Federal Ministry of environment, nature conservation and reactor security ¹ [BMU 2006]. On a global scale, around sixfold of the whole energy consumption could already be covered by technically usable regenerative energy today [Puls 2006].

For states dependent on raw material or on energy like Germany, regenerative energy means more independence from energy used by fossil oil and natural gas [BMVEL 2005].

¹ Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit

2

Renewable energy obtain the power from solar radiation, the isotope disaggregation

in the interior of the earth and the gravity of the moon.

Figure 1: Renewable energy sources [BMU 2006]

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3 Biofuel

Biofuels are renewable energy sources derived from biomass. The source materials for biofuels are so-called renewable raw materials. These can be planted roughly everywhere. Therefore, there is less import dependence on suppliers for fossil energy sources [BMU 2006]. Beside technical changes in automobiles for the reduction of the fuel consumption and better exhaust gases, biofuels are the only option to substitute the fossil energy and to reduce the output of greenhouse gases, particularly CO2 [FNR 2006/236]. As illustrated in Figure 2 the portion of CO2 caused by automobiles in Germany is approx. 18 percent and therefore reveals a big potential in CO2-reduction.

Figure 2: CO2 - Emission source in Germany in 2008 [UBA 2008]

Biofuels release only as much CO2 as the plant itself takes to grow. Therefore, biofuels are CO2 neutral. The CO2 balance of biofuels is considered more advantageous in comparison to fossil fuels, because mere factors like production or transport of raw materials or biofuels play a role in terms of causing CO2.

A range of liquid and gaseous bioenergy sources belong to the biofuels [BMU 2006]. In the following chapter some well-chosen biofuels will be described in more detail. Apart from the described biofuels, there are other quite promising biogenic fuels. In order not to expand the frame of this work, only those contemporary fuels, which are most promising, will be depicted in detail.

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3.1 Biodiesel

Biodiesel or Fatty Acid methyl Ester (FAME) belongs to the first generation of biofuels [BMU 2006]. Biodiesel is used as a fuel substitute for diesel engine vehicles. It is currently the best-known alternative fuel for the fossil diesel in Germany [BMU 2006]. In 2007, around 72 percent of the total biofuels in Germany was biodiesel.

Figure 3: Biofuels consumption in Germany, 2007 [FNR 01]

In Germany, rapeseed oil normally is the source product for biodiesel; through chemical processing the end product is rape methyl ester. For the processing, the socalled transesterification, approx. 10 percent of methanol is needed [FNR 2006/236]. For the production of biodiesel, other vegetable oils can also be used such as sunflowers, Soya beam, and Palm and Jatropha oils as well as old fat from food and animal fat.

The annual yield of biodiesel in Germany is approximately 1,550 l / hectare.

About 0.91 litres of normal diesel can be substituted for 1 litre of biodiesel. Therefore biodiesel has about 10 percent lower energy portion per litre than normal diesel. The annual yield of biodiesel per hectare corresponds to 1,408 l of diesel [FNR 2006/236].

If we compare the CO2 balance of normal diesel and biodiesel, we find that - through the additional consumption by the use of biodiesel and CO2 neutrality of the biodiesel

- the CO2 output was reduced by about 70 percent compared with normal diesel [BTL 1999]. For example, a soot particle emission of biodiesel is approx. 30 percent

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and hydrocarbon emissions are about 90 percent lower than normal diesel [Geitmann 2004]. In comparison with normal diesel, no sulphur is released through the combustion of biodiesel. Biodiesel contains no benzene, no other aromatic constituents and is biodegradable [Puls 2006].

Biodiesel can be used in pure form in specially equipped engines. For standard diesel engines, a biodiesel portion of 5 percent in the normal diesel does not require any adaptation for the engine [FNR 02]. Since the 1st of January 2004, this admixture portion is also legally allowed by the oil industry [Puls 2006]. With the implementation of the legal constraint BioKraftQuG (1st of January 2007), at least 4.4 percent of biodiesel must be mixed into normal diesel. A further increase of the biodiesel quota mixed into normal diesel is expected to occur in the future [BioKraftQuoG 200601].

According to the association of German biodiesel manufacturer’s inc. society ² , the biodiesel sales in Germany increased from approx. 0.10 million tons in 1998 to 2.88 million tons in the year of 2006 [VDB 01]. In 2007, the biodiesel portion already amounts to more than 5.4 percent of the primary fuel consumption in Germany [FNR 03].

The positive development of the biodiesel among others is a result of its low sales price. Through the tax exemption of biodiesel in pure form until August 2006, the price per litre in the same year was below the price range of normal diesel [UFOP 200611]. Since August 2006, a tax of 9 ct. / l is imposed on biodiesel. From 2008 onwards, the tax will be increased yearly. Biodiesel, which will be mixed through the legal constraint of the BioKraftQuG, underlies the normal taxation for fossil fuel [BioKraftQuoG 200602].

Another reason for the positive development of the biodiesel sale manifests itself in the distinctive infrastructure with more than 1,900 filling stations all over Germany [FNR 04].

² Verband Deutscher Biodieselhersteller e.V.

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3.2 Vegetable oil

Vegetable oil like biodiesel can be assigned to the first generation of biofuels. It can be used as a fuel substitute for diesel vehicles and can be added to diesel [FNR 05].

We refer to vegetable oil in the form of rape or similar non drying vegetable oils as for example sunflower oil [Geitmann 2004]. The annual yield of vegetable oil is approx. 1,480 l / hectare.

0.96 litres of normal diesel can be substituted for 1 litre of rapeseed oil. The annual yield of vegetable oil per hectare corresponds to 1420 l of diesel. The energy portion of rapeseed oil therefore roughly corresponds to that of normal diesel. The CO2 decrease induced by vegetable oil amounts to about 80 percent compared with normal diesel and it displays a better CO2 balance than biodiesel [FNR 05]. The combustion of vegetable oil does not release any sulphur and the pollutant emissions are kept low [Geitmann 2004].

Vegetable oil does not pose any threat to nature because of its quick biodegradability [FNR 06]. In comparison to biodiesel, retrofitting of the engine is basically necessary with vegetable oil. The costs for the retrofitting can amount up to 3,500 EUR [Geitmann 2004].

In 2007, approx. 838,000 tons of vegetable oil was used in Germany as a primary fuel. This corresponds to a quantity of approx. 1.4 percent of the total fuel consumption in Germany [FNR 07]. As with biodiesel, a clear increase is also to be recognised here.

The trend towards more alternative fuels is supported by the low price of vegetable oil (rape oil), from 0.75 to 1.05 EUR/l (marked price September/2008) [FNR 05]. Taxation for vegetable oil remains until the end of 2007. From 2008 onwards, the tax amount will be increased yearly [FNR 08].

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In Germany, pure vegetable oil has been used up to now primarily in the heavy load traffic, for agriculture and construction machines. Vegetable oil is used only sparsely for normal cars [FNR 2006/236].

3.3 Bioethanol

Bioethanol serves as a substitute for petrol and belongs to the first generation of biofuels [Geitmann 2004]. Beside the use of bioethanol in the oil industry, synthetic Ethanol is used in the food- and chemical-technical industry. Approx. 66 percent of the total global bioethanol production is used as fuel [Schmitz 2003].

Bioethanol can be used as fuel in its pure form. So-called Flexible-Fuel-Vehicles (FFV `s) can consume up to 85 percent (E85) of bioethanol and the rest with normal petrol. Engines must meet special requirements in order to be able to use the E85 fuel. The modification of a normal petrol engine based on FFV technology is only possible with certain engines along with the implementation of special metals and alloys. Since 2005, such vehicles are also permitted in Germany [BDBE 01].

An increasing number of vehicle manufacturers are willing to offer their vehicles with FFV technology. Saab, Volvo and Ford are already actively involved with the implementation of the FFV technology in the German market. The installing of the filling station network for E85 in Germany has gradually developed since 2006. In Brazil, USA and Sweden the FFV technology has already been in use for several years [BDBE 01].

An admixture to normal petrol is also possible. In compliance with the European norm EN German Institute for Standardization 228 for petrol, bioethanol may be added up to 5 percent. The so-called E5 fuel can be used with every petrol engine without causing any changes in the engine. Normal combustion engines can take up to 10 percent bioethanol admixture [FNR 2006/236]. An admixture with biodiesel is also possible. In adapted diesel engines, a lowering of the soot particle emissions can be reached by the bioethanol admixture up to approx. 40 percent. In practice, such an admixture has not been applied yet [BDBE 01].

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Furthermore, bioethanol can serve as a pre-product for the synthetic production of fuel components. Ethyl-Tertiary-Butyl-Ether (ETBE) is an example for this [Schmitz 2003]. ETBE is a combination with 47 percent of bioethanol and petrol. ETBE can be a substitute for the fossil antiknock Methyl-t-Butyl-Ether (MTBE). In this form, ETBE can be mixed into normal petrol up to 15 percent according to the regulation Norm DIN EN 228 [BDBE 01].

In 2007, bioethanol has reached a portion of 0.5 percent in the total primary fuel consumption in Germany. This corresponds to about 10 percent of the total biofuel consumption [FNR 03]. Due to the BioKraftQuG, this portion will increase further. Through the legal constraint of the BioKraftQuG since January 2007, a bioethanoladmixture quote of 1.2 percent is to be accomplished. Over the course of the following years, the quote should be increased to 0.8 percent on a yearly basis. The amount of the bioethanol -admixture quote should increase up to at least 3.6 percent by 2010 [BioKraftQuoG 200603].

If the FFV can assert itself in the market, the required amount of bioethanol will increase in addition to the increase caused by the BioKraftQuG. If Germany used the allowed 5 percent of bioethanol admixture, the demand would amount to approximately 1.3 million t per year without the E85 quantity [FNR 09]. However, these quantities would be much higher than the 700,000 tons of production capacity for bioethanol, which was forecasted in Germany for the year 2006. In 2005, about 226.000 tons of bioethanol were used as fuel in Germany [FNR 10]. The total petrol consumption amounts to approx. 21.3 million tons (53 million tons Fuel, 40.1% petrol) in Germany; at least 0.3 million tons of bioethanol as admixture quantity has to be used to fulfill the legal constraint of the BioKraftQuG from the year 2007. In 2007, 0.5 million tons of bioethanol was produced [FNR 03].

The market price of bioethanol was between 500 €/m3 and 650€/m3 in Europe in 2008 [BDBE 02].

Bioethanol can be extracted from a range of different raw materials. Sugar-containing plants can be fermented directly. Sugarcane and sugar beets belong to the group of sugar-containing plants. Sugarcane is used particularly in Brazil for the production of

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bioethanol. In Germany, this raw material cannot be grown due to the unfavourable climate. The sugar beet serves as a sugar-containing bioethanol raw material.

Starchy plants can also be used for the bioethanol production. In this case, firstly the strength of the grain body must be enzymatically converted into sugar in order to be usable in the next production process. A subsequent treatment of bioethanol is only possible with sugar [FNR 2006/236]. The most important starchy plants in Germany are wheat, potatoes, maize and peas [FNR 11].

Beside the varieties of grain wheat and Triticale (author's note: Triticale is a type of corn gained through hybridization of wheat and rye.), the Rye, a very starchy plant, belongs to the cereal plants as well [Piorr 01].

Beside starchy- and sugar plants, bioethanol can also be extracted from cellulosecontaining raw materials and waste products such as plant leftovers, straw or wood [Puls 2006]. On this occasion, modified enzymes are used genetic-technically to convert the cellulose of the plant into starch. Therefore an entire use of the plant is possible. Before bringing up the above-mentioned method, merely the use of the sugar-containing and starchy parts of the plant, the so-called fruit body, was possible [Puls 2006]. The milled grain, however, releases plant residues, the by-product 1 used for the fuel production, while same was useless before for the bioethanol production. This leads to higher bioethanol yields. However, currently no methods are ready on the market for the production of bioethanol based on cellulosecontaining plants [BDBE 03].

During the distillation process, the so-called mash is produced. The substrate can be used for biogas plants. If the mash is pressed and dried out, the produced will become the by-product 2, the so-called Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS), which can be used as animal food [FNR 12]. By-product 1, the so-called Bran, is a waste material and must be decontaminated.

The possible cultivation of agricultural surfaces and the production potential considerably raise a vast number of different raw materials for the bioethanol production. Nevertheless, not all raw materials are always usable with low costs [Henke a.o. 2003].

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The bioethanol annual yield per hectare of grain is approx. 2,560 l / hectare. 1 litre of bioethanol substitutes 0.66 litres of normal petrol [FNR 13]. The lower energy portion of bioethanol in comparison to normal petrol therefore entails an additional consumption in bioethanol by approx. 35 percent compared with normal petrol. The annual bioethanol yield per hectare corresponds to 1,690 l of petrol.

The CO2 decrease of bioethanol compared with normal petrol amounts to approx. 30 to 70 percent [FNR 13]. The extent of the CO2 decrease by bioethanol depends above all on the origin of the process energy, on the use of the by-product (mash) and the used raw material or on production. Basically the CO2 balance of bioethanol, which is produced with regenerative energy, is better. If the required energy is produced by coal power stations, for instance, this will have a negative impact on the CO2 balance of bioethanol on the basis of fossil energy sources. In this case, the CO2 emissions can be considerably higher than in the production exclusively using fossil energy sources or regenerative energy. Furthermore, through the indirect or immediate combustion of the plant just as much CO2 emission can take place as the plant has taken up during her growth [Puls 2006].

Bioethanol has an advantage compared with normal petrol insofar as it is no danger for grounds and waters on account of its biological degradability [FNR 06].

3.4 Biofuel in the future

3.4.1 BtL

The biofuels of the future are also called the biofuels of the second generation. The aim of the development of these fuels and technique is going to be employed for many new raw materials. Another target is to use the total energy of the whole plant, i.e. of the fruiting body and the plant residues. Through cultivation of the agricultural surface, the energy efficiency per hectare can be increased and production costs can be reduced owing to higher efficiency of the techniques [Geitmann 2004].

Some techniques are based on the gasification of biomass. In this particular case, a synthesis gas is generated by a multistage thermochemical transformation of the plant material [Puls 2006]. Through the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis wood, straw or

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energy plants, what is transformed into gas can afterwards be converted into a liquid fuel. Besides, the whole energy of the plant or the biomass is used. The originating synthetic fuel is called biomass, - to - Liquid, BtL or Sunfuel [Geitmann 2004]. Until now this technology is still in the testing phase. Therefore, the ecological and economic aspects of the BtL use are not yet sufficiently balanceable [Geitmann 2004]. Basically, BtL is a very pure fuel with high energy content [Puls 2006].

The production of BtL fuel does not pose a threat to the environment. Used energy is mainly moved into the product and is not emitted into the air. Other emerging emissions, such as those emitted by the intensive gas cleaning, are eliminated during the production process to a great extent. At the end, only low emissions are left, such as nitrogen oxide and CO2. The CO2 resulting from this production is biogenic and therefore climate neutral [FNR 14]. Through BtL a decrease of the CO2 emissions of at least 90 percent can be reached compared with normal diesel [FNR 15].

One assumes that a yield of approx. 4,000 l BtL hectare per year with 4-6 million hectare result could lead to a production of 16-24 million of BtL fuel in Germany on a yearly basis. This volume could substitute the forecasted fuel consumption in Germany between 20 to 25 percent. Throughout Europe the potential is estimated at 40 percent of the total fuel demand [FNR 14].

Due to the high-energy efficiency of the raw materials, 1 l BtL fuel substitutes about 0.97 l of diesel [FNR 15].

3.4.2 Biomethane

Methane of biogas belongs to the second generation of biofuels like BTL. Biomethane can be used as a fuel substitute for fossil natural gas. An advantage of this fuel is that natural gas vehicles do not need to be adapted for the use of biomethane. The technology of the methane production of biogas is new and technically and economically still in development. For biomethane, raw materials can be energy plants, liquid manure and organic rest materials [FNR 16].

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Biogas originates from the fermentation of these biomasses. Biogas contains approx. 55 percent of methane. Methane chemically corresponds to the fossil natural gas and can therefore be used as a fuel substitute. The separation of the methane from the other biogases is of vital importance for the biomethane production. The separation is carried out by implementing new methods, which are still in development. One possibility for the separation of the biogas methane is the low-temperature rectification. With this method, the components of biogas are disassembled at temperatures of at least minus 100 degrees Celsius resulting in the separation of methane [FNR 17].

Storage and transportation of biomethane is more extensive in comparison to the liquid biofuels mentioned so far. In contrast to liquid biofuels, more space is required for the biomethane storage due to its considerably lower energy density. Like natural gas, biomethane must also be stored in special pressure tanks, same as in natural gas vehicles [FNR 18].

The pollutant emissions can be significantly reduced with biomethane compared with normal petrol and diesel. Nitric oxide and coal hydrogen emissions can be reduced up to 80 percent. Just the amount of CO2 emissions can be ejected as contained in the biomass. CO2-neutrality is therefore granted [FNR 18].

The annual yield of biomethane amounts to around 3560 kg / hectare depending on the raw material. The energy efficiency per hectare is due to the fact that 1 kg of methane can replace about 1.4 l of petrol and this is substantial. The annual yields of biomethane therefore correspond to about 4.984 l / hectare of equivalent petrol fuel [FNR 16]. The biomethane has therefore the highest raw material efficiency per hectare in comparison to other biofuels. The fuel yield through the cultivation of agricultural surfaces and the total biofuel production in Germany using biomethane could be considerably increased.

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3.5 Summary of the comparison of Biofuel

Biodiesel:

• The annual yield of biodiesel in Germany is 1,550 l / hectare.

• About 0.91 litres of normal diesel is equivalent to 1 litre of biodiesel.

• The annual yield of biodiesel per hectare corresponds to 1,408 l of diesel.

Vegetable oil:

• The annual yield of vegetable oil in Germany is. 1,480 l / hectare.

• 0.96 litres of normal diesel is equivalent to 1 litre of rapeseed oil.

• The annual yield of vegetable oil per hectare corresponds to 1420 l of diesel.

Bioethanol:

• The bioethanol annual yield per hectare of grain is 2,560 l / hectare.

• 1 litre of bioethanol substitutes 0.66 litres of normal petrol.

• The annual yield of bioethanol per hectare corresponds to 1,690 l of petrol.

BtL:

• The BtL annual yield per hectare is 4,000 l BtL hectare.

• 1 litre of BtL substitutes 0.97 litres of diesel.

• The annual yield of bioethanol per hectare corresponds to 3,880 l of diesel.

Biomethane:

• The annual yield of biomethane amounts to around 3560 kg / hectare depending on the raw material.

• 1 Kg of biomethane substitutes 1.4 litres of petrol.

• The annual yields of biomethane therefore correspond to about 4.984 l / hectare of equivalent petrol fuel.

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Figure 4: Comparison of Biofuel

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4 Summary and Outlook on biofuels

Competition between diesel/petrol engines and fossil fuels will remain. Beside the legal support for biofuels, the purchasing behaviour of the customer plays an essential role with regard to the success or failure of biofuels. On the one hand, the customer has to consider acquisition costs, maintenance and fuel when purchasing a car. On the other hand, the performance of the fuels and the environmental awareness of the customers play a crucial role. However, it can be assumed that, after all, the costs are a determining factor [Puls 2006].

From an ecological point of view, biofuels - compared to fossil fuels - have the advantage of revealing clearly better environmental balances. Hence they win, particularly with regard to the present discussion about CO2. Ecologically seen, biofuels are therefore permanently sustainable as a system [Puls 2006].

On a macroeconomic level, the long-term supply of fuels plays a big role. On the one hand, stocks are limited in fossil energy sources like oil and natural gas. On the other hand, Germany is depending on the oil and natural gas producing countries. These countries are often located in crisis regions and can therefore be considered as problematic suppliers [Puls 2006]. The rising crude oil prices have to be taken into consideration as well [BMVEL 2005]. It is possible to reduce the dependence through the use of biofuels. This potential became clear in the present chapters.

From a macroeconomic point of view, costs required for changes in order to use the new energy sources also play an important role. The creation of infrastructures, for example filling station nets, is necessary. However, the biofuel quantity regulations gradually allow an increase of biofuels without changing the existing filling station infrastructure [Puls 2006].

Only biofuels, which are also efficient, will remain sustainable in the oil market. On the basis of limited cultivation of agricultural surfaces for renewable raw materials, it must be guaranteed that there is no alternative use of the renewable raw materials in other areas of the regenerative energy. A more favourable cost-value ratio is

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necessary for the sustainability of biofuels and for the sake of the economy [Puls 2006].

The trend towards renewable energy and away from fossil energy sources is clearly recognizable. It can be assumed that the biofuels market is set for stronger growth in the future.

Aid programmes of the latest past, like 6.25 percent quota of biofuel for Germany up to 2009, are a reason for this development [BioKraftQuoG 200604]. Even though fossil energy sources will keep playing an important role during the following years, fossil fuels are gradually substituted with alternative fuel quota. Biodiesel already substitutes a large part of the fossil diesel. The production of bioethanol will strongly rise during the following years. The use of natural gas vehicles will also increase. Natural gas is a fossil fuel; however, it is probably going to be substituted with biomethane in the long term. Therefore, the sustainability of the biofuel supply is guaranteed.

Like biodiesel, bioethanol is currently also valid as a feasible technically interim solution [Geitmann 2004]. The sustainability of fuels is guaranteed by the fact that - in the long term - the biofuels of the first generation are extended by the biofuels of the second generation. As an example BTL could be mentioned. This fuel could cover about 22 percent of today’s fuel consumption in Germany [DENA 01].

Due to the advancement of the technologies, operating costs for biofuels are going to decline. The Federal Ministry of consumer protection, food and agriculture (Bundesministerium für Verbraucherschutz, Ernährung und Landwirtschaft) is forecasting an improvement of the competitiveness for biofuels in the future [BMVEL 2005].

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List of literature

[BDBE 01] Bundesverband der deutschen Bioethanolwirtschaft e.V. (BDB ^e ), Berlin URL: http://www.lab-biokraftstoffe.de/Einsatzmoeglichkeiten.html (08.01.2009)

[BDBE 02] Bundesverband der deutschen Bioethanolwirtschaft e.V. (BDB ^e ), Berlin URL: http://www.lab-biokraftstoffe.de/Zahlen_2008.html (08.01.2009)

[BDBE 03] Bundesverband der deutschen Bioethanolwirtschaft e.V. (BDB ^e ), Berlin URL: httphttp://www.lab-biokraftstoffe.de/produktion.html (08.01.2009)

[BioKraftQuoG 200601] Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang 2006 Teil I Nr. 62, Art. 3 § 30 Abs. 3 Satz 1 BioKraftQuoG

[BioKraftQuoG 200602] Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang 2006 Teil 1 Nr. 62, Art. 1 § 57 Abs. 5 Nr. 2a BioKraftQuoG

[BioKraftQuoG 200603] Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang 2006 Teil I Nr. 62, Art. 3 § 30 Abs. 3 S. 2 BioKraftQuoG

[BioKraftQuoG 200604] Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang 2006 Teil I Nr. 62, Art. 3 § 30 Abs. 3 S. 3 BioKraftQuoG.

[BMU 2006] Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (BMU), in: ERNEUERBARE ENERGIEN - Innovationen für die Zukunft, Berlin, 2006 URL: http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/inhalt/36983/35338/

[BMVEL 2005] Bundesministerium für Verbraucherschutz, Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (BMVEL) , in: Biokraftstoffe - Strategie für Mobilität von morgen, Referat 535, Berlin, Juli 2005

URL: http://www.bmelv.de/cln_045/nn_1081138/SharedDocs/downloads/ 081-NaWaRo/Biokraftstoffe-Strategie.html

[BTL 1999] Bundesanstalt für Landtechnik, Wieselburg, in: Studie „Ökobilanz Biodiesel“, 1999

[DENA 01] Deutsche Energie-Agentur GmbH (dena), in: Biomass to Liquid - BtL Realisierungsstudie - Zusammenfassung, Berlin

URL:http://www.dena.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Download/Dokumente/Publikationen/ mobilitaet/BtL_Realisierungsstudie.pdf (08.01.2008)

[FNR 2006/236] Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. (FNR) , in: Biokraftstoffe - eine vergleichende Analyse, Gülzow, 2006 URL: http://www.bio-kraftstoffe.info/cms35/Literatur-Downloads.920.0.html

[FNR 01] Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. (FNR) , in: Primärkraftstoffverbrauch Deutschland 2007 (Quelle: BAFA/ FNR), Gülzow URL: http://www.bio-kraftstoffe.info/cms35/Mengen-und-Potenziale.1851.0.html (05.01.2009)

[FNR 02] Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. (FNR), Gülzow URL: http://www.fnr-server.de/cms35/Biodiesel.831.0.html (05.01.2009)

[FNR 03] Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. (FNR), Gülzow URL: www.fnr-server.de/cms35/Biokraftstoffe.817.0.html (05.01.2009)

[FNR 04] Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. (FNR), Gülzow URL: http://www.fnr-server.de/cms35/Verbreitung_Tankstell.848.0.html (05.01.2009)

[FNR 05] Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. (FNR), Gülzow URL: http://www.bio-kraftstoffe.info/cms35/Pflanzenoel.821.0.html (05.01.2009)

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[FNR 06] Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. (FNR), Gülzow URL: http://www.bio-kraftstoffe.info/cms35/%20Umweltaspekte.1433.0.html (05.01.2009)

[FNR 07] Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. (FNR), in: Biokraftstoffe Basisdaten Deutschland, Gülzow, October 2008

URL: http://www.fnr-server.de/ftp/pdf/literatur/pdf_174-basisdaten_biokraftstofffreigabe.pdf (05.01.2009)

[FNR 08] Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. (FNR), Gülzow URL: http://www.fnr-server.de/cms35/Rahmenbedingungen.762.0.html (05.01.2009)

[FNR 09] Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. (FNR), Gülzow URL: http://www.fnr-server.de/cms35/FFV.1386.0.html (08.01.2009)

[FNR 10] Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. (FNR), in: Bioethanol als Kraftstoff, Gülzow

URL: http://www.nachwachsende-rohstoffe.de/cms35/index.php?id=21 (08.01.2009)

[FNR 11] Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. (FNR), Gülzow URL: http://www.fnr-server.de/cms35/Staerke_Zucker.74.0.html (08.01.2009)

[FNR 12] Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. (FNR), Gülzow URL: http://www.fnr-server.de/cms35/Herstellung.839.0.html (08.01.2009)

[FNR 13] Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. (FNR), Gülzow URL: http://www.bio-kraftstoffe.info/cms35/Bioethanol.837.0.html (08.01.2009)

[FNR 14] Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. (FNR), Gülzow URL: http://www.btl-plattform.de/cms35/Herstellung.741.0.html (08.01.2009)

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[FNR 15] Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. (FNR), Gülzow URL: http://www.btl-plattform.de/cms35/Eigenschaften.732.0.html (08.01.2009)

[FNR 16] Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. (FNR), Gülzow URL: http://www.bio-kraftstoffe.info/cms35/Methan-aus-Biogas.841.0.html (08.01.2009)

[FNR 17] Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. (FNR), Gülzow URL: http://www.bio-kraftstoffe.info/cms35/Herstellung.843.0.html (08.01.2009)

[FNR 18] Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. (FNR), Gülzow URL: http://www.bio-kraftstoffe.info/cms35/Eigenschaft-und-Qualit.844.0.html (08.01.2009)

[Geitmann 2004] Geitmann, S.: Erneuerbare Energien und Alternative Kraftstoffe -Mit neuer Energie in die Zukunft, in: 1st edition, Hydrogeit Verlag, 2004, ISBN 978-3-937863-00-9

[Henke a.o. 2003] Henke, J.M. a.o..: Tax Exemption for Biofuels in Germany: Is bio-Ethanol Really an Option for Climate Policy?, Kiel Institute for World Economics, Kiel, in: Kiel Working Paper No. 1184, 2003 URL: http://opus.zbw-kiel.de/volltexte/2003/1212/

[Kaltschmitt a.o. 2006] Kaltschmitt, M a.o.: Erneuerbare Energien: Systemtechnik, Wirtschaftlichkeit, Umweltaspekte, in: 4th edition, Springer-Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3540282041, 9783540282044

[Kleinschmidt 01] Kleinschmidt, P.M.: Climate Changes and Fossil Fuel, Grin-Verlag, 2009, ISBN (E-Book): 978-3-640-24342-6 http://www.grin.com/e-book/120821/

[Piorr 01] Piorr, Hans-Peter, in: Nachhaltige Erzeugung und Qualitätssicherung des Rohstoffes Roggen, FH-Eberswalde, Projekt Nachhaltiger Roggenanbau für Bio-Ethanol,

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URL: http://www.fh-eberswalde.de/de/Forschung/Projekte/bioethanol/ potenzialanalyse_bioethanol/E2229.htm (08.01.2009)

[Puls 2006] Puls, Th., Alternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe: Was bewegt das Auto von morgen?, in: IW-Analysen 15, Forschungsberichte aus dem Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft Köln, 2006, ISBN 978-3-602-14718-2

[Schmitz 2003] Schmitz, N.: Bio ethanol in Deutschland, Verwendung von Ethanol und Methanol aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffenim chemisch-technischen und im Kraftstoffsektor unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Agraralkohol, in: Schriftenreihe „Nachwachsende Rohstoffe“ Band 21, Landwirtschaftsverlag GmbH, Münster, 2003, ISBN 3-7843-3217-X

[UBA 2008] Das Umweltbundesamt (UBA), Dessau-Roßlau, 2008 URL: http://www.env-it.de/umweltdaten/public/theme.do?nodeIdent=2842 (05.01.2009)

[UFOP 200611] UFOP Union zur Förderung von Oel- und Proteinpflanzen e.V., Berlin, in: UFOP-Markt-Information November 2006 URL: www.ufop.de

[VDB 01] Verband der Deutschen Biokraftstoffindustrie e.V. (VDB), Berlin URL: http://www.biokraftstoffverband.de/vdb/biodiesel/marktdaten.html (05.01.2009)

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