Process of Globalisation and its affects. How new communication technologies have influenced the Asian culture

but we shall save a great deal more than if we had never tried.”

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Table of Contents

1.  Introduction  3

2.  Globalisation  3

2.1.  The Meanings of Globalisation  3

2.2.  The Engines of Globalisation  4

2.3.  The Dimension of Globalisation  6

3.  The Effects of Globalisation  6

3.1.  Benefits  6

3.2.  Drawbacks  8

4.  Conclusion  9

  References  11

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1. Introduction

Globalisation describes the major changes our society is going through, including the revolution in transport and new t echnology. All those points go along with each other, therefore a separation of economy and media is not advisable. These changes have contributed towards the expansion of the world economy, caused major changes in the composition and location of productio n and consumption activities, and reduced the ability of national and local governments to act independently and unobserved. As a result, globalisation has reshaped the way millions of people earn their living and the way societies are orga nised. This is not at last a result ¹ of the globalisation of the media. The media must be seen as an economical product. Globalisation is a multilateral process influencing everyone. The difference is just the way e.g. Asia deals with it.

This paper will first describe the various meanings of globalisation and their indicators, fo llowed by an analysis of the engines as well as dimensions of globalisation. Next, the effects of globalisation are highlighted. Finally, this paper ² ends with a conclusion.

2. Globalisation

2.1. The Meanings of Globalisation

There is a wide range of definitions for globalisation. Norris (2000) understands globalisation as a process that erodes national boundaries, while integrating national economies, cultures, technologies, and governance, as well as producing complex relations of mutual interdependence.

The World Trade Organisation (WTO) defines globalisation as the unity of industrialised, developing, least-developed and transition economies. Mr. Renato Ruggiero (1999), Director of the WTO, states that “the process of global integration is moving on rapidly, and has indeed gone past the point of no return”. He says that the meaning of globalisation can be seen everywhere in our daily lives, and describes information, know- how, and ideas as new forces that are diving the new economy forward. This new economy, he argues, will be different from the old one. This also counts for the media. Knowledge ³ , the new capital of economic growth which can be made accessible to all (e.g. via internet), becomes both a

¹ …and has not at last a result on…

² This paper may be a bit more economical than necessary but as media management student in the 5 ^th semester back home I will try to provide some economical facts as the media is a good (information) producing industry.

³ The media is a provider and carrier of information and knowledge.

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resource and a product. In the economy of the twenty- first century, knowledge, like water, will be an essential resource. The challenge of the WTO would be “to extend and widen the global aqueducts to help to irrigate parched soil”.

Allison (2000) describes globalisation as an “identifiable network, connecting points and people around the global on some specified dimension or medium”, and Griswold (2000) defines globalisation as “the growing liberalisation of international trade and investment, and the resulting increase in the integration of national economies”.

Henderson (2000) expands Griswold’s definition into five related parts:

• The increasing tendency for firms to think, plan, operate, and invest for the future with reference to markets and opportunities across the world as a whole

• The growing ease and cheapness of international communications, where the Internet is the leading aspect

• The trend toward closer international economic integration, resulting in the diminished importance of political boundaries. This trend is influenced partly by the first two trends, but even more powerfully by official policies aimed at trade and investment liberalisation

• The apparently growing significance of issues and problems extending beyond national boundaries and the resulting impetus to deal with them through some form of internationally concerted action

• The tendency toward uniformity (or “harmonisation”), by which norms, standards, rules, and practices are defined and enforced with respect to regions, or the world as a whole, rather than within the bounds of nation-states

2.2. The Engines of Globalisation

Globalisation has been driven by two main forces of economic globalisation. Frankel (2000) identifies, these as, first, reduced costs to transportation and communication in the private sector due to technological progress and innovation, and second, reduced policy barriers to trade and investment on the part of the public sector.

According to Mayer-Schoenberger and Hurley (2000), the first factor is the attributed to four important, unique qualities of new information and communication networks. The most important quality is digitisation. It means that by translating information into a universal

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