Foreign Direct Investment in Hungary

  FDI in Hungary  

  Content  

1.  Preface  4

2.  Overview of the Hungarian Economy  4

2.1  Historical Background of Hungary  4

2.2.  Important business law in Hungary  8

  Branches of foreign companies  11

  Commercial representations  12

3.  Theoretical considerations and evidence form the EU  18

3.1.  Motivation for going international  18

3.2.  Mode of FDI  20

3.3.  Investment in the EU since 1992  21

4.  FDI in Hungary  24

4.1.  Reasons for investing in Hungary:  24

4.4.  The Repartition of FDI between the different industry’s sectors and countries  30

5.  Conclusion  33

  SOURCES  34

  Illustrations:  

  Illustration 1: Exports by countries  6

  Illustration 2: Imports by Countries  6

  Illustration 3: Cross monthly wages  7

  Illustration 4: GDP per employee  8

  Illustration 5: Cumulated FDI in Hungary 1990 2004 in million euros  26

  Illustration 6: Changes in FDI in the world from 1980 to 2000  28

  Illustration 7: The Position Of Hungary among the other Eastern countries  29

  Illustration 8: FDI Stock in Hungary by Sectors  30

  Illustration 9: Global competitiveness in Biotech Industry  31

  Illustration 10: FDI Stock by Countries  32

  Illustration 11: Overview about foreign firms in Hungary  33

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FDI in Hungary

1. Prefa ce

For Hungary and the European Union, the 01. May 2004 is one of the most important dates of the history of Hungary, because they and 9 other countries joined the EU. Finally now the very long time of the separation between Eastern and Western Europe is over. It is now the first time in Europe that all countries of this big continent could life together in peace and can create an economical and political union.

For Hungary it was like for the other new members a very long and hard way to transform the economy to the rules of the market economic system, but they have some advantages because they have started the reform process already before the political change. So as a reason now Hungary has received 31 billion euros as foreign direct investment until 2003. This means they have about 3.100 Euro FDI per inhabitant, only the Czech Republic has received more FDI per inhabitant.

In the assay the authors want to concentrate to the historical background, the business law, the motivation for invest in Hungary and give some data about the FDI in Hungary.

2. Overview of the Hungarian Economy

2.1 Historical Background of Hungary

In contrast to the neighbour countries the economic reforms in Hungary have already started before the political movement in 1989. In the 60s the reform program of Janos Kadar started. Hungary has established a consumption orientated communistic economical system which makes Hungary one of the most liberal economic countries in the eastern Europe region. Hungary is a member of the international currency fond and a member of the World Bank.

With the political changes Hungary started the movement to Western Europe immediately. In 1994 Hungary was the first Central- and Eastern Europe country which applied for a membership in the European Unio n and finally in May 2004 it was accepted finally.

The consequent economic openness after the end of the communism caused first a lot of economic problems, which could be solved at the end of 1993. But the offensive budget-policy leads the Hungary economic in difficulties of balance sheet soon. These problems would finally be solved by the former financial minister in 1995 when he introduced a new fiscal po4

FDI in Hungary

litical stabilisation program and also a change in the currency politics. The transparent system of the so calls “crawling peg”, which means the slowly devaluation against other currencies, was included. This stabilisation methods leads the Hungarian economic soon to a solid grow of the economic. Furthermore Hungary started a dynamic economic catch up process against the Western Europe countries. The gross domestic product (GDP) was in 2003 already at about 73.1 billions of Euros. With this GDP the purchasing power of the consumer increases per unit to about 13.400 Euros, this means an increase of 60% of the average of the EU-25. Among the new EU- members only Slovenia and the Czech Republic had over dropped Hungary.

During this development there was also a massive change in the structure of the Hungarian economic. The part of the agriculture has decreased of less then 4% after the political changes in 1989. In contrast to the other Eastern European economies, the Hungarian service sector has increased to about 65%. The reason was that in Hungary the relatively liberal economic system has already existed since the beginning of the change. The economic increase was to be linked with the success of the industry. Because of the support of foreign investors this sector grew at lot after the recession and has a share of about 30% nowadays.

Hungary has also a very interesting economic framework that the authors want to explain in the next section.

The active trade policy, which leads to different co-operations and trade agreements, brings Hungary to a very opened economic with a lot of international relationships. The export quote is about 65%

Since the first of May 2004 Hungary is a member of the European Union and takes part in the common European market. Because of the many economic links and political relationships the biggest Hungarian trade partners are the EU-15 countries (75% export; 55% import with those countries). As Hungary is centrally situated, it has been an important partner for the transit trade between the East and the West.

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Illustration 1: Exports by countries

Illustration 2: Imports by Countries

Because of the good central situation Hungary has become one of the most important trade actors and a transit country in Eastern Europe. The infrastructure in the Western part of the country and around Budapest is already well developed. Lacks in the infrastructure still exist in the eastern part, but there are already some programs of the government to improve the situation.

Building of new routes has been a high priority and Hungary has already a well-developed domestic network. With a global length of 500 kilometres, seven of the eight highways start in Budapest and are connected with all important cities.

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FDI in Hungary

The railways system has a total length of nearly 7900 kilometres and is highly developed because it is the lowest cost way of transport for goods and people. Although Hungary is an interior, it has connections to the Black Sea (via Donau) and to the North Sea (via Rhein-Main- Donau).

In Hungary only one international airport in Budapest exist, but the government is thinking about to convert some old military airbases into public airports. In contrast to other Eastern Europe countries, the Hungarian telecommunication system is very well developed and so about 40 % of the inhabitants have a phone in their flat. 50% of the inhabitants are using mobile phones and there are more and more people using the Internet.

An investor in Hungary can also fall back on a well-educated working force. The Hungarian workers know how to deal with the conditions of a market economy better than the workers from other Central and Eastern Europe countries and know also how to manage a company. Also the computer and foreign- language skills are very good.

With its monthly average wage of around 530 Euros, Hungary is in competition with the other reformed countries, but has lost a part of its leading position because of an increase of the wages in the last years.

Illustration 3: Cross monthly wages

With a GDP per worker of almost 19,000 Euros per year, Hungary has a very good productivity, which is better than the other comparative countries (only Slovenia has a better one).

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Illustration 4: GDP per employee

But it has to be pointed out that in some areas of Hungary, especially in the Western part and in Budapest there is a shortage of well-educated workers and so the salaries are higher than the Hungarian average.

The bad economic situation, which has badly influenced the circumstances in the last two years, is going to get better. The economic growth has become more dynamic. The inflation will grow because of a decrease of the taxes but it will be under the level of 7%. The government has started some reforms to control the deficit of the budget, but the reduction of the debts will slowly decrease and the introduction of the Euro won’t be predicted until 2010. The trust of the investors in the stability of the economic in Hungary is growing slowly, a result of this is the very strong currency.

2.2. Important business law in Hungary

For doing business in foreign country it is very important to know the legal and law frame-work of this specific country. Firms must inform themselves very good, because every country has its specific law and working conditions. If you don’t do this you could be at variance with the law and you can loose a lot of your profit.

Therefore we will describe in the next part our work some important section of the Hungarian business, labour and tax law.

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FDI in Hungary

Corporate Law

If a company wants to go abroad it is very important to know the different business types, which can choose to found a firm. So in the following part the authors will describe the most common business types in Hungary. It is also important to know that as part of harmonisation of Hungarian law with the law in the European Union, company law in Hungary is now trans-formed in the „law on economic entities”.

General partnership (kkt : Közkereseti tarsasag)

The general partnership is as in the German law a non juristic person. In the name of the company there must be the shortage “kkt” included.

The partners must bring in the capital and they are liable for the debts of the company with there whole private properties, if the company can not pay the debts. Everybody could lead the bus iness of the company, but in the contract of the company the partners can announce one or more person to run the business; in this case the others are not allowed to do this.

The profit or loss of the company will be shared by the value of their share if there is no other arrangement in the contract of the company.

Limited partnership (BT : Betéti Tarsasag)

The limited partnership is as the general partnership a non-juridical person. Like in Germany on the one hand there are partners who are liable with all their private properties and on the other hand some partners are liable only on their company’s shares. As in Germany there must be one partner who is liable with all his private property and one only with his share. The law for the general partnerships are also valid for the limited partnerships, if there are no other special regulations.

The partner who is not liable with his private property has no right to run the business. The limited partnership is ended, if all partners are leaving the company and no new partners are taking their shares.

Stock cooperation (RT : Reszvenytarsasag)

The stock cooperation is a juristic person with minimum of initial capital of 20 millions of Hungarian Forint (77.500 Euro). This capital is shared in stocks. The liability of the shareholders is only the payment of the value of the stock. They are not liable for any debts of the stock cooperation.

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FDI in Hungary

One year after the registration the shareholders must pay the whole value of the share and they have a right of a part of the profit, which is fixed by the general meeting. In a stock cooperation there exist three organs:

The highest organ of the stock corporation is the shareholder meeting, which consist of all shareholders. On this meeting the shareholders can decide if they want to increase or decrease the capital of the company. Furthermore they can decide what to do with the profits and of course what is very important they can choose the members of the supervisory board. Normally the meeting has to be one time per year, if the company has some important issues it can be more often.

The second organ is the management board, which consists of 3 members at the latest (maximum 11 members). They are elected for 5 years, but they can be fired at any time. They choose the chairman.

The management board is the executive organ of the company, which represents the company in relation to third parties and exercises the rights of employer. The main jobs of them are:

- making all decisions which are not settled by the shareholder meeting - writing the annual final statements and the proposal for the distribution of the profit - making decisions on taking up loans, etc.

The supervisory board controls the management board and has the right to get all information’s from the management board to check the situation of the company. Without a written report the shareholder meeting cannot decide what to do with the profit. The supervisory board consist of minimum 3 and maximum 15 members, which are chosen by the shareholder meeting. The main jobs of the m are:

- appoint or dismiss the members of the management board - approve certain legal transactions

Limited liability company (kft : Koralatolt Felelossegu Tarasasaga)

The limited liability company is a legal person with the minimum original share capital of 3 million Hungarian Forint (11.600 Euro). The capital of every partner must be 100.000 HUF at the latest and is at the same time the share of the company which shows how many rights each partner has. This capital must be paid within one year after the registration. The profit of the company will be shared by the capital if there is no other arrangement in the contract of the company.

The limited liability company consist of three organs.

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