Future Time References: An Analysis of WILL and SHALL based on the Chemnitz Translation Corpus

Contents

Figures iii

Tables iv

1.  Introduction  1

2.  An Analysis of WILL  4

2.1  Overview  4

2.1  WILL in the Chemnitz Translation Corpus (CT)C  4

2.2.1  WILL - Werden Wird  4

2.2.2  WILL - Wollen Will  8

3.  An Analysis of SHALL  11

3.1  Overview  11

3.2  SHALL in the Chemnitz Translation Corpus  11

3.2.1  SHALL Werden  11

3.2.2  SHALL Sollen  14

4.  Conclusion  17

5.  Bibliography  19

  3  

Figures

  Figure 1: Past Present Future  1

  Figure 2: Distribution of WILL in general  5

  Figure 3: The use of shall with personal pronouns  13

  Figure 4: will and shall in questions  15

  Figure 5: Meanings of will and shall  17

  iii  

Tables

Table 1:  Distribution of WILL Wollen  8

Table 2:  Distribution of SHALL  11

  iv  

1. Introduction

“English has two tenses: PRESENT TENSE and PAST TENSE .”

(Quirk et al. 1972, quoted in Sharwood Smith 1978:57)

Linguists have discussed the area of future reference for decades. In his above-mentioned quotation Quirk points at a controversial problem of the English language: The discussion if there is a future tense in English. Illustration 1 (Cf. Quirk et al. 1985:175ff) shows past, present and future on a referential level:

Figure 1:

The Present Moment

It appears obvious that everything happening before the present moment belongs to the past and all events following now refer to the future. Additionally, Quirk points out that there is no morphological future form in English. While, for example, -ed is added to regular verbs in order to form the Simple Past and -s is added in order to form the 3 rd person singular in the Simple Present Tense, there is no such rule for the future time in English. Consequently, future time is not formed by verb inflection. Therefore, according to Quirk there is no future tense in English. However, linguists and teachers argue about this problem and thus two main views can be distinguished (Quirk 1985:176):

a) As already mentioned tense can only be achieved by verb inflection. Hence, English has no future tense.

b) A future reference can be achieved by using an auxiliary verb construction, such as will + infinitive, for example. It appears evident that despite the fact that English has no future tense, it must be capable of expressing future time, namely by the use of auxiliaries.

According to Quirk (1985:120) auxiliaries can be divided into primary verbs (be, have, do) or modal verbs (can, may, will, shall, could, might, would, should, must). The latter category is also called modal auxiliaries. As it was already indicated above, modal auxiliaries, especially will and shall,

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play an important role in terms of future time in English. For that reason, this term paper deals with an analysis of the modal auxiliaries will and shall and their future time reference.

This analysis is based on the Chemnitz Translation Corpus of the Chemnitz Internet Grammar. 1 Barnbrook (1996:168) defines a corpus as “a collection of texts, selected to represent a particular type of language and held in computer-readable form”. The Chemnitz Translation Corpus consists of four main types of texts: policy documents, academic writing, tourist brochures and of political and public speeches. All example sentences for the analysis of will and shall which appear in this paper were taken from this corpus and by that, from the above-mentioned types of text. 2 By analysing a lot of example sentences with different contexts, i. e. for example biblical, political or tourist backgrounds, the aim of this paper is to find hypotheses for future or non-future uses of will and shall and by that, to develop grammar rules.

Moreover, the distribution of will and shall across the four different text types will be analysed and will therefore be a basis for further hypotheses. Although all text types given appear to be rather formal, restricted features of will and shall concerning an oral or written and informal or formal context, respectively, will be indicated. Is the use of will and shall limited to a certain environment or to the use of particular personal pronouns? Can will only be used when expressing the future? In which contexts is shall instead of will used? Can shall be used as a synonym of will? These are just some of the questions for which this paper will try to find answers. When analysing the example sentences much attention to the German translation of each sentence will be paid. By that, interesting ideas about grammar rules can occur.

As already discussed at the beginning, the issue of future time reference is very much examined in the literature. Although future time in English not only consists of will and shall 3 , both modal auxiliaries play by far the most important role in linguistic literature. Therefore, this term paper deals exclusively with these two modal auxiliaries and will neglect the analysis of other future forms. In connection to that, will in particular gives the impression as if it is the most common future form. Together with shall there is much potential for problems and controversies and a basis for theories so that grammar rules can be developed.

1 Cf.

2 The source of all example sentences in this paper is the Chemnitz Translation Corpus: The Chemnitz Internet Grammar. TU Chemnitz Therefore, due to stylistic reasons, this term paper will not explicitly indicate the source of each example sentence. Examples taken from other sources than the Chemnitz Internet Grammar are indicated.

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