Box-NOM cave-LOC float-BY entered/ went

The box entered/went in(to) the cave floating.

Caused Motion:

*Dahlia pulled the box under the table.

4. Dahlia-0 Dibbee-koo khii.nchkar meez-kee

Dahlia-NOM box-ACC pull-BY

Dahlia brought the box under the table by pulling [it].

However, there are some verbs (e.g. Dhakeelanaa – 'shove/dislodge', lu.Dhakaanaa – 'roll'; N98:5)

that are more acceptable in constructions that encode change-of-location (as in (5)). Generally, a

MANNER-verb combined with a locative PP or a NP marked with the LOC-case (forth NP-LOC)

cannot describe [directed] motion (6) and (7) or caused motion (9) (N98:6, corrected for typos):

5. The boy went/ran/hobbled/riggled under the brigde.

6. La.Dkaa pul-kee niichee gayaa/?bhaagaa/*langa.Daayaa/kulbulaayaa. Boy-NOM brigde-GEN under went/?ran/*hobbled/*wriggled

The boy went/?ran/*hobbled/*wriggled under the bridge.

7. *LaD.kaa-0 kamree-mee langa.Daayaa.

*Boy-NOM room-LOC hobble-SG.MASC.PST

*The boy hobbled into the room.

8. Agatha dragged/kicked/slid the box inside the room.

9. Agatha-nee Dibbee-koo kamree-kee andar ?ghasiitaa/*laTh maaraa/??sarakaayaa Agatha-ERG box-ACC room-GEN inside ?dragged/*foot hit/??slid

Agatha ?dragged/*kicked/??slid the box inside the room.

Note, that examples (7) and (9) are OK with a locative reading 2 (i.e. the kicking/etc. takes place

inside the room). These examples seem to suggest that PATH is (primarily) encoded in the verb

(i.e. by verbs like ghusnaa – 'enter', jaanaa – 'go'). Unlike LOCATION, PATH cannot be evoked

by a locative PP or a NP-LOC.

D Stanford Hindi

To check the data and to clarify how PATH and MANNER can be encoded in Hindi, I consulted

an additional informant, a.k.a. Ashwini Deo (some credits also go to Veronica Gerassimova who

provided useful examples, too). Unless otherwise mentioned, the following examples are not

taken from N98.

Whereas (10) and (11) unambiguously describe a directed motion event with a GOAL (by NP-

case or PP), (12) unambiguously describes a non-directed motion. In (12), the LOC-phrase

denotes the location where the activity takes place. The analysis of (13) is more complicated.

Hindi seems to have a (small) set of MANNER-verbs that can also be used with DIRECTED-

2 This is N98's terminology for a non-directional reading of a motion verb (pure MANNER reading).

MOTION-verbs (in the construction in (13)). The DIRECTED-MOTION-use is compatible with a

PP that specifies the GOAL of the motion. Thus (13), unlike most MANNER-verbs, has two

readings. First, (13) can be interpreted as directed motion. In that case, the PP 'shop-GEN inside'

denotes the GOAL. Secondly, (13) can be understood as non-directed motion. In that case, the PP

'shop-GEN inside' denotes the LOCATION of the 'running'.

10. Vo-0 (do.D-kar)

He.NOM (running) shop.LOC go.SG.MASC.PST

He went into the shop, (running).

11. Vo-0 (do.D-kar) dukaan-kee andar gayaa.

He.NOM (running)

He went into the shop,(running).

12. Vo-0

He NOM shop.LOC run.SG.MASC.PST

He ran inside the shop. (non-directed: as opposed to 'into the shop')

13. Vo-0

He. NOM shop.GEN inside run.SG.MASC.PST

He ran into the shop.

However, most Hindi MANNER-verbs cannot have the directed motion reading in a construction

like (13). Each of the examples in (14) can only be understood as non-directed motion that takes

place 'inside of the house':

14. Vo-0 ghar-kee andar u.Daa / kudaa / la.Dkhadaayaa.

He-NOM house.GEN inside {fly/jump/stumble}.SG.MASC.PST

He flew/jumped/stumbled inside the house. (non-directional)

In the above-mentioned examples, I used the LOC-case marker or the postposition andar –

'in(side)' to denote the GOAL or the LOCATION of the motion event. English can use

prepositions (e.g. into, out of, to, under, from, through, onto, etc.) and NPs (e.g. in Maria will

marked NPs (as in (15)) and postpositions (as in (16) - (17)). The status of the LOC- and ABL-

case markers seems to be controversial. LOC probably is best translated as a postposition meaning

'in' and ABL as a postposition meaning 'from'. Though N98 treats ABL and LOC as case markers

(without discussing it), the status of the NOM-marked NP in (15) is different from the status of

the ABL-marked NP in (16). Whereas the former clearly is a complement of the verb, the latter is

more like an adjunct.

15. Banchiyon-nee (u.D-kar)

bird.PL.ERG (flying) SELF nest.PL.NOM leave.SG.MASC.PST

The birds left their nests, (flying).

16. Banchi-0 (u.D-kar) apnee ghonslee-see gayee/niklee

bird.PL.NOM (flying) SELF nest.PL.ABL {go/come out}.PL.MASC.PST

The birds went/came out of/from their nests, (flying).

17. Hawaaijahag-0 rockies-kee

plane.SG.NOM Rockies-GEN above (flying)

The plane flew over the Rockies to Denver.