[...] Nonetheless, important changes happened on the club level. On the 6th of April 2001 Energie Cottbus was the first club in the Bundesliga that played with 11 non-German players (Kicker, 8th April 2001). This extreme case shows that significant changes have taken place after the ruling. Clubs require more players from other countries, and competition for the superstars of sport has become enormous. The aim of this paper is to identify the changes, which have come up for soccer due to the Bosman case. Therefore the main question will be the following: How did the Bosman-case affect the European football leagues, and especially the top-five leagues (England, Italy, Spain, Germany and France)?
In order to answer this question many different dimension have to be taken into consideration, since the Bosman case revolutionized football in more than one way. Thus aspects, which have to be mentioned here, include the changed number of foreign football players in the European leagues, the new transfer system, the new competitiveness situation as well as the financial development of the clubs.
Sub-questions, which need to be answered in order to support the main questions, are: What is the historical relation between the EU law and sport law? What exactly is the content of the Bosman case? Which additional sport cases where decided by the ECJ after the Bosman ruling? How did the clubs react to the changed rules? Where the players able to benefit from the Bosman ruling, and if so how exactly? Has the competitive balance situation changed after Bosman? Are there also other reasons that can explain a changed situation?
In the first part the question about the exact relation between the EU and the sport law will be answered. Sport still enjoys a certain freedom and can implement rules and laws, which are limited to the field of sport, but the EU is driving back this freedom. Thus measures and statements, which were taken by EU officials, will be examined, in order to show why the Bosman case was possible. [...]
Inhaltsverzeichnis (Table of Contents)
- 1. Introduction
- 2. EU sports politics and Sport Law
- 2.1 Council of Ministers and Sport
- 2.2 The ECJ
- 2.3 Walrave and Koch
- 2.4 The Dona Case
- 2.5 The legal situation for sport before Bosman
- 3. The Bosman Case
- 3.1 Transfer rules before Bosman
- 3.2 Jean-Marc Bosman
- 3.3 The basic of the judgement
- 3.4 Reactions of officials
- 3.5 Ideas and outlooks of scholars for the future after the judgement
- 3.6 Immediate results of the Bosman case
- 4. Cases after Bosman
- 4.1 The Lehtonen Case
- 4.2 Kolpak Case
- 4.3 Simutenkov Case
- 4.4 Summing up of the cases after Bosman
- 4.5 Politics and Sport after Bosman
- 5. Implementation of the Bosman Case
- 5.1 Direct Implementation after the ruling
- 5.2 The slow process of adjusting the teams
- 5.3 Harry van der Meer and the DEL (example 2)
- 5.4 Gentleman Agreements in Law
- 5.5 Summary of the first reactions
- 6. Changed relations between clubs and players
- 6.1 Player salaries before Bosman
- 6.3 Financial Problems in different leagues
- 6.4 Movement of players
- 6.5 Problems of the free movement of players
- 6.6 Transfer development
- 6.7 New transfer system after 2001
- 6.8 Rules restricting the free movement
- 7. Competitive balance in football
- 7.1 Methodology
- 7.2.1 Competition situation before Bosman at the European level
- 7.2.2 European competition after Bosman
- 7.3.1 Situation of national leagues before Bosman
- 7.3.2 Situation of national leagues after Bosman
- 7.4 Other statistical measures of imbalance in football leagues
- 7.5 Conclusion of the Competitive Balance section
- 8. Financial development of football clubs in Europe
- 8.1 The change in economic revenues of the clubs
- 8.2 The 20 richest clubs in Europe and their heritage
- 8.3 TV revenues and the share of the clubs
Zielsetzung und Themenschwerpunkte (Objectives and Key Themes)
This thesis aims to analyze the impact of the Bosman ruling on professional football leagues, particularly focusing on the top five leagues. It examines the legal framework surrounding the case, its immediate and long-term consequences, and its effect on various aspects of the sport.
- The legal evolution of EU sports policy and its implications for football.
- The impact of the Bosman ruling on player transfers and the balance of power between clubs and players.
- The effects of free movement of players on the competitive balance within and between leagues.
- The financial consequences of the Bosman ruling for European football clubs.
- The lasting effects of the Bosman ruling and subsequent legal cases on the structure of professional football.
Zusammenfassung der Kapitel (Chapter Summaries)
1. Introduction: This chapter provides a general introduction to the topic, outlining the scope and objectives of the thesis. It sets the stage for the subsequent analysis by highlighting the significance of the Bosman ruling and its lasting impact on European football. The introduction likely details the methodology and structure of the study, preparing the reader for a detailed examination of the case's ramifications.
2. EU sports politics and Sport Law: This chapter lays the groundwork for understanding the legal context of the Bosman ruling. It delves into the EU's involvement in sports policy and relevant case law preceding Bosman, such as Walrave v. Koch and Dona. This section likely details the evolution of EU sports law and the limitations it presented to national football associations before the Bosman ruling, establishing the legal landscape in which the case emerged.
3. The Bosman Case: This chapter provides a detailed account of the Bosman case itself. It examines the transfer rules in place before the case, the circumstances surrounding Jean-Marc Bosman's legal challenge, and the reasoning behind the European Court of Justice's landmark decision. The chapter likely analyzes the immediate reactions to the ruling from football officials and scholars, setting the scene for the analysis of subsequent developments.
4. Cases after Bosman: This chapter discusses important cases that followed the Bosman ruling, such as Lehtonen, Kolpak, and Simutenkov. This section likely analyzes how these cases built upon or modified the legal precedents established in Bosman, further shaping the legal framework for player transfers and highlighting the ongoing implications of the initial ruling. The chapter might also analyze the political and sporting reactions and adaptations to these subsequent developments.
5. Implementation of the Bosman Case: This chapter explores the implementation of the Bosman ruling across different leagues. It likely contrasts the immediate reactions with the longer-term adjustments made by clubs and leagues, illustrating the varying speeds and approaches to adapting to the new legal framework. Examples like Harry van der Meer's experiences might be presented to exemplify the challenges and strategies employed in the implementation process. The chapter would likely analyze the role of “gentleman agreements” in shaping the practical application of the ruling.
6. Changed relations between clubs and players: This chapter analyzes the impact of the Bosman ruling on the relationship between clubs and players. It likely examines the changes in player salaries, the increased mobility of players, and the financial difficulties faced by some clubs as a result. The chapter also likely addresses issues related to the free movement of players, analyzing both its benefits and drawbacks. It probably discusses how transfer systems adapted in response to the ruling, examining new rules and regulations.
7. Competitive balance in football: This chapter assesses the effect of the Bosman ruling on competitive balance in football leagues. It analyzes changes in the competitive landscape at both European and national levels, utilizing a methodology to compare the situations before and after the Bosman ruling. The chapter might explore various statistical measures and assess whether the ruling increased or decreased competitiveness within and between different leagues.
8. Financial development of football clubs in Europe: This chapter examines the impact of the Bosman ruling on the financial landscape of European football clubs. It likely analyzes changes in the economic revenues of clubs, focusing on the rise of the richest clubs and the role of television revenues in shaping financial power dynamics. The chapter provides insights into how the financial landscape of football evolved after the introduction of free movement of players.
Schlüsselwörter (Keywords)
Bosman ruling, EU sports law, player transfers, competitive balance, free movement of players, football finance, European football leagues, legal case analysis, economic impact of sports law.
Frequently Asked Questions: Analysis of the Bosman Ruling's Impact on European Football
What is the main topic of this document?
This document provides a comprehensive analysis of the Bosman ruling's impact on professional football in Europe. It examines the legal context, consequences, and effects on various aspects of the sport, including player transfers, competitive balance, and financial structures.
What aspects of the Bosman ruling are covered in this analysis?
The analysis covers the legal framework surrounding the Bosman case, including relevant EU sports policy and preceding case law (e.g., Walrave v. Koch and Dona). It explores the ruling's immediate and long-term consequences on player transfers, the balance of power between clubs and players, competitive balance within and between leagues, and the financial implications for European football clubs. The analysis also incorporates subsequent cases like Lehtonen, Kolpak, and Simutenkov, and examines the implementation of the ruling across different leagues.
What is the structure of the document?
The document is structured as follows: An introduction outlining the scope and objectives; a section on EU sports politics and relevant case law; a detailed account of the Bosman case itself; an examination of cases following Bosman; an analysis of the implementation of the ruling; a study of the changed relationship between clubs and players; an assessment of the impact on competitive balance; and finally, an analysis of the financial development of European football clubs. It also includes a table of contents, objectives and key themes, chapter summaries, and keywords.
What are the key themes explored in the analysis?
Key themes include the legal evolution of EU sports policy and its implications for football; the impact of the Bosman ruling on player transfers and the balance of power; the effects of free movement of players on competitive balance; the financial consequences of the Bosman ruling; and the lasting effects on the structure of professional football.
What methodology is used in this analysis?
The document doesn't explicitly detail the specific methodology used for all aspects of the analysis but suggests a combination of legal analysis of cases and rulings, alongside likely statistical analysis to assess changes in competitive balance and financial figures within leagues. The analysis of the competitive balance section, for example, explicitly mentions a methodology for comparing pre- and post-Bosman situations.
What are some of the key findings or conclusions (as indicated by the summaries)?
While the full conclusions are not presented here, the chapter summaries suggest that the Bosman ruling led to significant changes in the relationship between clubs and players, impacted competitive balance (though the exact impact direction isn't explicitly stated in the summaries), and significantly altered the financial landscape of European football clubs, potentially creating disparities in wealth and power between teams.
What are the key cases discussed besides the Bosman ruling itself?
The analysis discusses several key cases, including Walrave v. Koch, Dona, Lehtonen, Kolpak, and Simutenkov. These cases are analyzed to illustrate the evolution of EU sports law and its impact on player transfers in the context of the Bosman ruling's broader implications.
What are the keywords associated with this analysis?
Keywords include Bosman ruling, EU sports law, player transfers, competitive balance, free movement of players, football finance, European football leagues, legal case analysis, and economic impact of sports law.
- Quote paper
- Daniel Schmidt (Author), 2007, The effects of the Bosman-case on the professional football leagues with special regard to the top-five leagues , Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/111645
