The change in the economy in the 20th century is more towards an economy based on ideas, away from the matter based economy of earlier times. The emphasis has shifted from natural resources to thought, ideas, design and organization11 Services replaced the importance of manufacturing. Contractor 2001,
names this overall change as a de-materialization of the economy and quantifies the significance of the change by pointing out that by the end of the twentieth century 79 percent of jobs and 76 percent of the GNP in the United States were in the service sector. This change wasn't visible only in the US.
European and Emerging nations did also portray similar trends.
In 1969 Tobin introduced a new ratio called Tobin's q Ratio12, which have been a great influence on the valuation/measure of intangible components of enterprises. Having a look at the example of Microsoft's
ratio between its market value and its book value, which in 1999 25 to 1 was, reveals the fact that most of the value is in the form of knowledge capital, in its employees, organization, patents, copyrights, brand value, etc. This ratio is bound to increase as the importance of intangible assets rises over the
course of years. Though this increase is certain and expected, the valuation of these assets is still not clarified nor agreed upon. The value of the intangible assets is of importance to different audiences such as academicians, scholars, accountants, consultants, etc. and they haven't been able to come up
with one single approach to solving the problem. This thesis will focus on a particular subset of intangible assets, namely patents, and demonstrate how to value them.
Inhaltsverzeichnis (Table of Contents)
- 1 Intangible Assets
- 1.1 Definition
- 1.2 Goodwill
- 1.3 Classification of Intangible Assets
- 1.4 Valuation of Intangible Assets
- 1.5 When to Value Intangible Assets
- 1.6 Valuation Methods
- 1.7 Value of an Intangible Asset
- 2 Options
- 2.1 Stock Options
- 2.1.1 Call Options
- 2.1.2 Put Options
- 2.1.3 Positions in Options
- 2.2 Real Options
- 2.3 Classification of Real Options
- 2.2.1 Variables in Option Valuation
- 2.2.2 An Anecdote: The first ever Real Option in History
- 2.4 Figures in Real Options
- 2.5 Comparison of Valuation Methods
- 2.5.1 NPV method
- 2.5.2 Decision Tree Analysis
- 2.5.3 Real Options Analysis
- 2.5.4 The Marketed Asset Disclaimer(MAD)
- 2.5.5 Risk-Neutral Probability Approach
- 2.5.6 Black Scholes Approach
- 2.1 Stock Options
- 3 Patents & Real Options in Valuation of Patents
- 3.1 What's a patent?
- 3.2 Why value patents?
- 3.3 When value patents?
- 3.4 The Value of a Patent
- 3.5 Patent Valuation Methods
- 3.5.1 Cost Based Approaches
- 3.5.2 Market Based Approaches
- 3.5.3 Income based methods
- 3.5.4 Time and Uncertainty - DCF based approaches
- 3.5.5 DTA based methods
- 3.5.6 OPT based methods
- 4 Case Study
- 4.1 The Background
- 4.2 Calculation
- 4.2.1 Value without Flexibility
- 4.2.2 Implementing the Options
- 4.2.3 ROA Calculations
- 4.2.4 Optimal Decisions
Zielsetzung und Themenschwerpunkte (Objectives and Key Themes)
This master's thesis aims to explore the valuation of intangible assets, particularly focusing on the application of the real options approach. It investigates various valuation methods and their applicability to different types of intangible assets, such as patents. A case study is included to illustrate the practical application of the real options approach.
- Valuation of Intangible Assets
- Real Options Theory and its Application
- Patent Valuation
- Comparison of Valuation Methods
- Case Study Application
Zusammenfassung der Kapitel (Chapter Summaries)
1 Intangible Assets: This chapter provides a foundational understanding of intangible assets, defining them, discussing goodwill, and exploring their classification and valuation. It delves into the complexities of determining when to value these assets and presents an overview of various valuation methods. The chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding the inherent value of intangible assets for accurate business valuation and decision-making. It lays the groundwork for subsequent chapters by establishing the context and challenges of valuing these non-physical assets.
2 Options: This chapter introduces the concept of options, differentiating between stock options (call and put) and real options. It explores the classification of real options, examining key variables and illustrating the historical context of real options. A crucial aspect of this chapter is its detailed comparison of various valuation methods, including NPV, Decision Tree Analysis, and Real Options Analysis, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses in the context of intangible asset valuation. The chapter prepares the reader for the application of real options in subsequent sections.
3 Patents & Real Options in Valuation of Patents: This chapter focuses on patents as a specific type of intangible asset. It explores the reasons for valuing patents, when such valuation is necessary, and how to determine their value. The core of the chapter lies in its thorough examination of various patent valuation methods, ranging from cost-based and market-based approaches to income-based and time/uncertainty-focused methods. The inclusion of option pricing theory (OPT)-based methods highlights the thesis's central focus on real options analysis. This chapter directly applies the theoretical framework established in earlier chapters to a tangible example of intangible assets.
4 Case Study: This chapter presents a detailed case study applying the concepts and methods discussed in previous chapters. It walks through a real-world scenario, demonstrating the process of valuing an asset using both traditional methods and the real options approach. The case study contrasts valuations with and without considering flexibility, providing a practical demonstration of how real options analysis can significantly alter valuation results. The comparison of different decision-making approaches illuminates the advantages and implications of incorporating real options into business valuation strategies.
Schlüsselwörter (Keywords)
Intangible assets, valuation, real options analysis, patent valuation, decision tree analysis, net present value (NPV), discounted cash flow (DCF), option pricing theory (OPT), business valuation, case study.
Frequently Asked Questions: A Comprehensive Language Preview on Intangible Asset Valuation
What is the main topic of this document?
This document is a comprehensive preview of a master's thesis exploring the valuation of intangible assets, with a particular focus on the application of real options analysis. It covers various valuation methods and their application to different intangible assets, notably patents. A case study illustrates the practical use of the real options approach.
What are the key themes covered in this document?
The key themes include the valuation of intangible assets, real options theory and its application, patent valuation, a comparison of different valuation methods (including NPV, Decision Tree Analysis, and Real Options Analysis), and a detailed case study application.
What types of intangible assets are discussed?
The document primarily focuses on intangible assets in general, providing a foundational understanding of their definition, classification, and valuation. It then delves into a specific type of intangible asset: patents. Goodwill is also mentioned as a type of intangible asset.
What valuation methods are compared and contrasted?
The document compares and contrasts several valuation methods, including:
- Net Present Value (NPV)
- Decision Tree Analysis
- Real Options Analysis
- Cost-based approaches (for patents)
- Market-based approaches (for patents)
- Income-based methods (for patents)
- Time and Uncertainty – DCF based approaches (for patents)
- DTA based methods (for patents)
- OPT based methods (for patents)
- Black Scholes Approach
- Risk-Neutral Probability Approach
What is the purpose of the case study?
The case study demonstrates the practical application of the concepts and methods discussed throughout the document. It shows how to value an asset using traditional methods and the real options approach, highlighting the differences in valuation results and the advantages of incorporating real options into business valuation strategies.
What are the key chapters and their content?
The document is structured into four main chapters:
- Chapter 1: Intangible Assets: Provides a foundational understanding of intangible assets, including definitions, goodwill, classification, and valuation methods.
- Chapter 2: Options: Introduces stock and real options, their classification, and compares various valuation methods (NPV, Decision Tree Analysis, Real Options Analysis).
- Chapter 3: Patents & Real Options in Valuation of Patents: Focuses on patent valuation, exploring reasons for valuation, timing, and various valuation methods (cost-based, market-based, income-based, and option-pricing-based).
- Chapter 4: Case Study: Presents a detailed case study applying the discussed concepts and methods to a real-world scenario, comparing valuations with and without flexibility.
What are the key takeaways from this document?
This document provides a comprehensive overview of intangible asset valuation, emphasizing the importance and application of real options analysis. It highlights the complexities involved in valuing intangible assets and offers a practical guide to employing various valuation methods. The case study underscores the significant impact real options analysis can have on valuation results and subsequent decision-making.
What are the keywords associated with this document?
Intangible assets, valuation, real options analysis, patent valuation, decision tree analysis, net present value (NPV), discounted cash flow (DCF), option pricing theory (OPT), business valuation, case study.
- Quote paper
- Selcuk Kocak (Author), 2005, Intangible assets in business valuation, with emphasis on real options approach, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/112308
