The study's main aim was to investigate the prevailing cancer types and associated risk factors based on the geographical distribution of Hill and Terai of Nepal. Similarly, to identify the stage of cancer patients visiting the hospital and the contribution of other health care systems in cancer care and prevention.
Despite various cancer control efforts, cancer cases have been increasing in the developing world like Nepal due to low education, poverty, inadequate health services. Literature also showed that identification of risk factors of cancer, early disease diagnosis and treatment and preventive activity would help lower cancer morbidity and mortality.
This non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive and exploratory study was based on the pragmatic philosophy with concurrent mixed methods and Bio-psychosocial Model by George L. Engel. The primary quantitative data was collected from the samples of 200 admitted lung and oral cancer patients for a questionnaire survey along with qualitative data of 15 key informants of cancer and Ayurvedic hospitals along with 10 Focus Group Discussions and three case studies of cancer patients.
In the study, dependent variables include lung and oral cancer, and independent variables were controlled to the risk behaviour of tobacco smoking, tobacco chewing, including geographical area. Frequency tables and mean values were used to describe the necessary information for analysis, while qualitative data were manually interpreted and presented. Similarly, Regression and Pearson's Chi-square tests were performed to find variable's association and relationship.
The study showed more lung cancer patients than oral in Hill whereas more oral than lung cancer patients in Terai. Similarly, significantly high lung cancer cases among smokers and oral cancer in tobacco chewers. Due to less awareness of cancer risk factors, economic condition, geographical situation, health service availability, ignorance and fear of disease diagnosis, nearly 87% of patients visited the hospital at a late stage.
A significant number of the cancer patients visited or willing to visit shortly to Ayurvedic or other health systems. Respondents also suggested a research-based separate or integrated treatment approach of cancer Ayurvedic and other health care with conventional treatment. The finding suggests that commitment and services assurance at every level is necessary for cancer care.
Inhaltsverzeichnis (Table of Contents)
- CHAPTER 1
- INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Background of the Study
- 1.1.1 Cancer Burden
- 1.1.2 Cancer Health Services in Nepal
- 1.1.3 Cancer in Past and Present
- 1.1.4 General Health Status in Nepal
- 1.1.5 Cancer Problem
- 1.2 Statement of Research Problem
- 1.3 Significance of Study
- 1.4 Research Questions
- 1.5 Research Objectives
- 1.5.1 General Objective
- 1.5.2 Specific Objective
- 1.6 Research Hypothesis
- 1.7 Philosophical Basis of the Study
- 1.8 Theoretical Framework of the Study
- 1.8.1 Bio-Psychosocial Model of Health and Diseases
- 1.9 Conceptual Framework of the Study
- 1.10 Limitation of the Study
- 1.11 Delimitations of Study
- 1.12 Ethical Consideration
- 1.13 Organization of the Thesis
- 1.14 Operational Definition of Key Words or Terms
- 1.15 Assumption of the Study
- 1.16 Chapter Summary
- CHAPTER 2
- LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Theories on Cancer Genesis
- 2.1.1 Humoral Theory
- 2.1.2 Lymph Theory
- 2.1.3 Blastema Theory
- 2.1.4 Chronic Irritation Theory
- 2.1.5 Infectious Disease Theory
- 2.2 Development of Modern Knowledge about Cancer Causes
- 2.2.1 Viral and Chemical Carcinogens
- 2.2.2 Cancer Types and Stages of Interest in Study
- 2.2.3 Cancer as a Leading Cause of Death in Developed and Developing Countries
- 2.3 Cancer in Nepal
- 2.4 Prevailing Cancers and Risk Factors in Asian Region and in Nepal
- 2.4.1 Factors Related with Prevailing Cancers in Nepal
- 2.4.2 Factors associated with Increasing Cancer Risks
- 2.5 Cancer Acquiring Risk Group
- 2.6 Stage of Cancer Patients Visiting to Hospitals
- 2.6.1 History of Cancer Screening and Early Detection
- 2.6.2 Trend of Cancer Patient Visiting to Hospital at Different Stages of Disease
- 2.6.3 Delayed Diagnosis of Cancer
- 2.6.4 Cause of Cancer Patients' Delay in Hospital Visit
- 2.7 Preventive Activities
- 2.8 Role of Preventive Clinic
- 2.8.1 Component of Preventive Clinic
- 2.8.2 Role of Nutrition and Food Habit
- 2.8.3 Role of Physical Activity and other Factors Causing Various Cancers
- 2.8.4 Awareness and Screening of Cancer
- 2.9 Cancer Care Service
- 2.9.1 Tobacco Control
- 2.9.2 Packaging and Labelling of Tobacco Products
- 2.10 Cancer Management Strategy
- 2.10.1 Other System of Medicine in Cancer Care and Treatment
- 2.10.2 Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- 2.10.3 Education, Communication, Training and Public Awareness
- 2.10.4 Early Diagnosis of Lung and Oral Cancer
- 2.10.5 Research Gap and Chapter Summary
- CHAPTER 3
- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 3.1 Research Approach
- 3.2 Research Design
- 3.3 Research Method
- 3.4 Sampling Design
- 3.4.1 Universe and Sample Size
- 3.4.2 Sample Size
- 3.4.3 Study Unit
- 3.4.4 Rational of Selecting the Study Area
- 3.4.5 Qualitative Study
- 3.4.6 Selection of Respondents and its Justification
- 3.4.7 Sample Frame and Sampling Procedure
- 3.5 Data Collection Strategies
- 3.5.1 Types of Data Sources
- 3.5.2 Data Collection Process
- 3.6 Instruments Used for Data Collection:
- 3.6.1 Tools of Collecting Primary Data
- 3.6.2 Secondary Data Collection Tools
- 3.7 Formation of Questionnaires and Checklist
- 3.8 Research Variables
- 3.9 Validity and Reliability Test of Instrument
- 3.9.1 Language Translation-Back-Translation
- 3.9.2 Discussion with Experts (Panel Of Experts)
- 3.9.3 Pilot Test
- 3.10 Selection and Training of Research Assistants (Enumerators)
- 3.11 Ethical Consideration during the Study Period
- 3.12 Data Analysis and Interpretations
- 3.13 Chapter Summary
- CHAPTER 4
- FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Demographic Information of Cancer Patients
- 4.1.1 Lung and Oral Cancers Based On Geographical Distribution of Nepal
- 4.1.2 Patients Distribution by Sex
- 4.1.3 Patients Distribution Based on Caste
- 4.1.4 Patients' Distribution Based on Religion
- 4.1.5 Patients' Characteristics Based on Their Annual Income (Economic Status)
- 4.1.6 Cancer Types Based on Patients' Education
- 4.1.7 Cancer Type Distribution Based on Respondents Marital Status
- 4.1.8 Patients Distribution of Based on Occupation
- 4.1.9 Distribution of Patients Based on Age Group
- 4.2 Prevailing Cancers and Related Risk in Hill and Terai Region of Nepal
Zielsetzung und Themenschwerpunkte (Objectives and Key Themes)
This thesis aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the risk factors associated with prevalent cancers in Nepal. The study explores the burden of cancer, the state of cancer health services, and the historical and current perspectives on cancer within the Nepalese context.
- Cancer burden and health services in Nepal
- Theories on cancer genesis and the development of modern knowledge about cancer causes
- Prevailing cancers and associated risk factors in Nepal, particularly in the Hill and Terai regions
- The influence of demographics, socioeconomic factors, and lifestyle on cancer prevalence
- Strategies for cancer prevention, early detection, and management in Nepal
Zusammenfassung der Kapitel (Chapter Summaries)
Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the study, outlining its background, research problem, significance, objectives, and theoretical framework. It explores the burden of cancer in Nepal, the existing cancer health services, and the historical and current perspectives on cancer in the country. Chapter 2 presents a comprehensive literature review, exploring theories on cancer genesis, the development of modern knowledge about cancer causes, and the prevalence of cancer in Nepal and the Asian region. This chapter examines the risk factors associated with prevalent cancers, the demographic and socioeconomic factors influencing cancer, and the stage of cancer patients at hospital visits. Chapter 3 details the research methodology, including the research approach, design, sampling strategy, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques. The chapter discusses the validity and reliability of the instruments used for data collection and ethical considerations.
Schlüsselwörter (Keywords)
This study focuses on key topics such as cancer prevalence, risk factors, cancer health services, demographic factors, socioeconomic factors, and cancer prevention and management in Nepal. The study emphasizes the importance of understanding the burden of cancer, identifying key risk factors, and developing effective strategies for improving cancer prevention and care within the Nepalese context.
- Arbeit zitieren
- Pramod Bhatta (Autor:in), 2019, Study on Risk Factors Prevailing Cancers in Nepal, München, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/1169405
