The need of energy increases in industrial advancement. To meet the high energy demands with limited natural resources it is desirable to develop energy harvesting systems. This thesis deals with the design of a similar energy efficient system for sensors in production machines. The basic motivation of the system application is to avoid the use of batteries. The batteries need to be replaced after a period of time whereas an energy harvesting system produces its own electrical energy by converting available forms of energies into useful electrical energy for example solar, thermal or vibration energy of the machines into useful electrical energy.
Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION
2 ENERGY HARVESTING
2.1 Thermoelectric energy harvesting
2.2 Solar energy harvesting
2.3 Radiofrequency energy
2.4 Vibration energy
2.4.1 Variable capacitance systems
2.4.2 Piezoelectric Material Systems
2.4.3 Magnetostrictive energy harvesting
2.4.4 Electromagnetic induction
3 MAGNETIC INDUCTION SYSTEM DESIGN
3.1 Laws of electromagnetic induction
3.1.1 Geometry
3.1.2 Magnetic flux generated by the bar magnet
3.1.3 Coil inductance and resistance
3.1.4 Parameters of magnetic material and magnets
4 ENERGY HARVESTING SYSTEM DESIGN
4.1 Vibration analysis
4.2 Friction force
4.3 Electromagnetic damping force
4.4 Voltage and power generation
4.5 Coil- through- magnet induction
4.6 Magnet- through- coil induction
5 SIMULATIONS
5.1 Resistance of wire against turns of coil
5.2 Damping against turns of coil
5.3 Amplitude of vibration against turns of coil and magnetic field
5.4 Damping force against turns of coil and magnetic field density
5.5 Voltage against turns of coil and magnetic field density
5.6 Amplitude against turns of coil and the air gap
5.7 Damping force against turns of the coil and the air gap
5.8 Voltage against turns of coil and the air gap
5.9 Power against turns of coil and the air gap
6 ADJUSTABLE ENERGY HARVESTING SYSTEM
6.1 Active systems
Objectives and Core Topics
The primary objective of this thesis is to develop an energy harvesting system for sensors in production machines, effectively eliminating the need for periodic battery replacement by converting ambient vibration energy into usable electrical power. The research focuses on identifying the most efficient conversion principle among existing methods and designing a self-adjusting electromagnetic induction system to optimize energy output for specific industrial environments.
- Electromagnetic induction as an energy harvesting mechanism.
- Mathematical modeling of mechanical and electrical system components.
- System optimization through simulation (Matlab/Simulink).
- Design of active resonance control for variable frequency environments.
Extract from the Book
3.1 Laws of electromagnetic induction
Governing equations for voltage generation by a magnet translating through a coil are provided by Faraday’s law and Lenz’ law.
Faraday’s law states that the voltage induced in a coil by moving a magnet into it is directly proportional to the change in magnetic flux. Faraday’ law is described in mathematical form as follows:
U = -N dφ/dt coil through magnet induction (1a)
U = -dN/dt φ magnet through coil induction (1b)
Electromagnetic induction can be of two types: 1) coil through magnet induction (Fig 5), where coil moves in a constant magnetic flux.
Summary of Chapters
1 INTRODUCTION: Outlines the necessity of energy harvesting in production machines to avoid battery dependency and introduces electromagnetic induction as the selected method.
2 ENERGY HARVESTING: Reviews various energy harvesting techniques, including thermoelectric, solar, and RF, and justifies the selection of electromagnetic induction.
3 MAGNETIC INDUCTION SYSTEM DESIGN: Details the governing physical laws, geometric configurations, and parameters for magnetic materials and coils.
4 ENERGY HARVESTING SYSTEM DESIGN: Discusses the spring-mass-damper system modeling, including vibration analysis, friction, and electromagnetic damping.
5 SIMULATIONS: Presents the results of simulation parameters like resistance, damping, and power generation relative to coil turns, magnet fields, and air gaps.
6 ADJUSTABLE ENERGY HARVESTING SYSTEM: Explores strategies to maintain resonance and optimize energy extraction when forcing frequencies change over time.
Keywords
Energy harvesting, Electromagnetic induction, Vibration energy, Sensors, Production machines, Resonance, Mathematical modeling, Simulation, Matlab, Coil design, Magnetostriction, Voltage generation, Power output, Damping force, Active systems.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the core focus of this thesis?
This work focuses on designing an energy-efficient harvesting system that utilizes electromagnetic induction to power sensors in production machines, thereby removing the reliance on batteries.
Which energy harvesting methods are compared?
The thesis evaluates thermoelectric, solar, radiofrequency (RF), and vibration-based energy harvesting techniques (including variable capacitance, piezoelectric, and magnetostrictive) to determine the most suitable approach.
What is the primary goal of the developed system?
The goal is to convert kinetic energy from machine vibrations into useful electrical energy and to ensure maximum power output through a self-adjusting resonance system.
Which scientific methodology is employed?
The author uses analytical modeling to describe the system's mechanical and electrical components, followed by numerical simulations using Matlab to optimize variables like coil turns and magnetic flux density.
What is covered in the main body of the work?
The main part covers the fundamental physics of electromagnetic induction, the mathematical design of the coil-magnet system, the integration of friction and damping effects, and parametric simulations.
Which keywords best describe this research?
Key terms include Energy harvesting, Electromagnetic induction, Resonance, Sensor powering, and System optimization.
Why is an active system necessary?
Active systems are necessary because vibration frequencies in production machines often change over time; an adjustable system ensures that the harvester remains at resonance to extract maximum power despite these variations.
How does the author determine the optimal number of coil turns?
The optimal number is determined by simulating its influence on output voltage and power, considering the trade-offs between increased induced voltage and the resulting increase in internal resistance and damping.
- Quote paper
- Mohammad Usman Butt (Author), 2009, Energy harvesting using electromagnetic induction, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/1184439
