Porous coordination polymers, also known as metal organic frameworks are a new type of hybrid material constructed via self-assembly of metal ions/metal clusters which function as nodes and organic ligands which act as bridges or linkers. They are one of the earliest developed classes of metal containing polymers. They extend infinitely one, two or three dimensional framework through coordination bonding, hydrogen bonding, π–π stacking, C-H-π interactions as well as van der Waal forces. These weaker non-covalent interactions, are important for the packing of the one dimensional chains, two-dimensional nets and three-dimensional frameworks.
In view of the tunable structures and promising properties shown by these systems various complexities have been prepared and thoroughly investigated over last decade. MOFs are currently flourishing fields of research owing to their intriguing structural motifs and various potential applications, in the field of gas storage, gas separation, catalysis, ion exchange, microelectronics, non linear optics, sensors, medicine and molecular magnetism etc. They possess structural regularity, high porosity, high surface area resulting in greater potential applications than conventional zeolites or activated carbons and mesoporous silica. For the construction of porous coordination polymers with diverse structures and properties selection of the special inorganic and organic building blocks is one of the important factors.
Multicarboxylate organic ligands have proved to be an excellent choice for the construction of MOFs of higher nuclearity due to their different coordination modes with the metals, molecular flexibilities and structural stabilities. Metal carboxylate linker in combination with cross linked or pillered polypyridine have generated many interesting coordination architecture. Making use of transition metal carboxylate and linear bridging auxiliary ligands it is possible to construct 1-D, 2-D and 3-D porous coordination polymer of different pore structures and porosities. Aside from coordination bonding interactions, various non-covalent bonding or some weak intra- or intermolecular interactions, such as hydrogen-bonding, π–π stacking and C–H–π interactions or van der Waals interactions also influence the formation of final architectures.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Metal Organic Frameworks
1.1 Supramolecular Chemistry
1.1.1 Non-covalent Interactions in Supramolecular System
1.1.1.1 Hydrogen bonding
1.1.1.2 π–π and C–H···π interactions
1.2 Graph Set Analysis for Hydrogen Bonding
1.2.1 Terms and Notations
1.3 Porous Coordination Polymer or Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
1.3.1 One-Dimensional Motifs
1.3.2 Two-Dimensional Motifs
1.3.3 Three-Dimensional Motifs
CHAPTER 2: Applications of porous coordination polymers(PCPs)/MOFs
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Gas Adsorption and Separation
2.3 Catalysis
2.4 Sensing applications
2.5 Biomedical Applications
Objectives and Research Fields
This work aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to the field of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), explaining their fundamental structural assembly through non-covalent interactions and exploring their versatile applications in modern science, including gas storage, catalysis, sensing, and biomedicine.
- Principles of supramolecular chemistry and non-covalent bonding in MOFs.
- Classification of MOF structural motifs (1D, 2D, and 3D).
- Applications in gas adsorption, separation, and heterogeneous catalysis.
- Potential of MOFs as chemical sensors for environmental and industrial monitoring.
- Advancements in biomedical applications, specifically in drug delivery systems.
Excerpt from the Book
1.1 Supramolecular Chemistry
Supramolecular chemistry is concerned with the study of structure and function of molecular entities of greater complexity which result from the association of multiple chemical components, in an organised way. It focuses on the molecular assemblies in which a number of discrete molecular components are reversibly held and organised by means of weak intermolecular (non covalent) bonding interactions. The non covalent interactions that involve in the formation and stabilization of supramolecular system have been identified as hydrogen bondings, metal–ligand coordinations, van der Waals interactions, Cation-π interactions, π-π interactions, ion-dipole interactions, dipole-dipole interactions, hydrophobic interactions and so on.
In 1978 Lehn first proposed the term supramolecular chemistry. Lehn defines supramolecular chemistry as the ‘chemistry beyond the molecule’ and ‘chemistry of molecular assemblies and the intermolecular bond’. Supramolecular chemistry has become a truly interdisciplinary field of science covering the chemical, physical and biological features of chemical species of higher complexity that are held together through non covalent interactions. In the past several decades, it has been greately developed owing to their potential applications in various fields such as gas storage, gas separations, catalysis, non-linear optics, electrical conductivity etc. Although several types of non covalent interactions are important in this respect, the appropriate selection of ligands may guide the design of supramolecular compounds with diverse architectures and topologies. Some of the above properties are expected from the binuclear or multinuclear transition metal complexes involving two or more metal centres bridged by multidentate ligand systems (Scheme 1.1)
Summary of Chapters
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Metal Organic Frameworks: This chapter introduces the fundamental concepts of supramolecular chemistry, specifically focusing on non-covalent interactions and the classification of 1D, 2D, and 3D structural motifs found in MOFs.
CHAPTER 2: Applications of porous coordination polymers(PCPs)/MOFs: This chapter details the industrial and scientific applications of MOFs, emphasizing their utility in gas storage, selective catalysis, sensing technologies, and controlled drug delivery in biomedical research.
Keywords
Metal-Organic Frameworks, MOFs, Supramolecular Chemistry, Hydrogen Bonding, Gas Adsorption, Heterogeneous Catalysis, Chemical Sensors, Biomedical Applications, Drug Delivery, Porous Coordination Polymers, Nanocomposites, Crystal Engineering, Luminescent MOFs, VOC Detection, Gas Separation.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the core subject of this publication?
The book provides a foundational overview of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), covering their structural design principles and their wide range of functional applications in chemistry and material science.
What are the primary themes discussed in this work?
The main themes include supramolecular chemistry, the structural classifications of MOFs (1D to 3D), application in gas adsorption and separation, catalysis, chemical sensing, and the potential for biomedical drug delivery.
What is the primary objective of this research?
The primary objective is to present a systematic introduction to how chemical building blocks are assembled into MOFs and how these structures are effectively utilized for various practical, real-world technological and medical applications.
What scientific methods are highlighted in the book?
The book discusses various synthesis methods like solvothermal and hydrothermal synthesis, alongside analytical approaches such as graph set theory for hydrogen bonding analysis and gas sorption measurements.
What is covered in the main section of the book?
The main section covers the theoretical basis of supramolecular interactions (hydrogen, π–π, C–H···π), the classification of MOF frameworks, and a detailed examination of their applications in catalysis, gas storage, and biomedical fields.
Which keywords best characterize this work?
Key terms include Metal-Organic Frameworks, Porous Coordination Polymers, gas storage, heterogeneous catalysis, sensing, and biomedical drug delivery.
How do MOFs function as chemical sensors?
MOFs act as sensors through chemical, physical, or structural changes upon guest adsorption, often utilizing tunable luminescent properties to signal the detection of specific analytes via "turn-off" or "turn-on" mechanisms.
What makes MOFs effective for drug delivery?
MOFs are effective due to their high surface area, large pore volumes, and tunable pore sizes, which allow for the regulated encapsulation and controlled release of therapeutic agents in biological systems.
- Quote paper
- Hemanta Kalita (Author), Anamika Talukdar (Author), 2022, Applications of Porous Coordination Polymers and Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs), Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/1254133
