By applying Newtonian physics, it can be shown that a singularity cannot form inside a Black Hole (BH) or anywhere in the universe. Currently, BHs are theorized inside BHs; however, these theories ignore Newton's Shell Theorem. By applying General Relativity and an incorrect maths model wherein all mass is treated as being at the centre of a mass, the gravitational field approaches infinity. Treating the mass as being at the centre of a spherical mass is only correct outside the mass body. Newton's second theorem describes the gravitational field inside a spherical mass, which is zero at its centre rather than approaching infinity.
BHs with a singularity is predicted to trap photons; however, photons can escape a BH with an increase in wavelength. Radio stars may be the result wherein all visible photon wavelengths have been shifted outside the visible region, making the BH appear black. The gravitational mass does bend the photon's path, causing some oblique photons to orbit a BH.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1. Theory for Singularities
1.2. Concept Errors
1.3. BH Radiation
1.4. Gravitational Field vs EM Fields
1.5. Pressure & Particle Strength vs EM Fields
1.6. Gravitational Attraction vs EM Fields
Objectives and Research Focus
This paper examines the physical theories predicting the formation of singularities within black holes and challenges these models by applying Newton's shell theorem, arguing that such singularities are theoretically impossible based on gravitational principles.
- Analysis of the validity of black hole singularity theories.
- Application of Newton’s shell theorem to gravitational fields.
- Evaluation of photon behavior and radiation in the vicinity of black holes.
- Comparison of gravitational forces against electromagnetic (EM) fields.
- Investigation into the conditions required for nuclear fusion.
Excerpt from the Book
1.2. Concept Errors
A major error to this concept is failing to apply Newton's Shell Theorem. Newton showed that the gravitational force inside of spherical body generated by the body linearly decreases with radius and is zero at the center of the body. Easily verified by charging a sphere and measuring the zero value charge anywhere inside the sphere. BH singularities are in the realm of fantasy and faulty mathematical models. Figure 4 shows the center of the BH as a red dot on top of the gravitational field map which is at the BH's center. The gravitational force inside a sphere varies linearly with distance from the center, wherein the masses gravitational contribution to the center becomes zero. Conceptually understood by taking a point on the radius inside of the sphere and noting the mass shell at a greater radius cancels the gravitational force at any point inside of the sphere. For a derivation perform a google search on “Shell Theorem”. Thus the mass outside of the radius decreases the total mass that can be used in the gravitational force calculation. The total mass of the sphere can only be calculated as being at the center of the mass if calculated outside of the sphere Per Newton's first law.
Summary of Chapters
1. Introduction: This chapter introduces the core argument that black hole singularities are inconsistent with Newtonian physics, specifically Newton's shell theorem.
1.1. Theory for Singularities: This section explains the standard conceptual model of a black hole and the mathematical derivation, specifically the Schwarzschild radius, used to predict event horizons and singularities.
1.2. Concept Errors: This section identifies the failure to apply Newton's shell theorem as the primary flaw in current singularity models, demonstrating that gravitational force reaches zero at the center of a mass.
1.3. BH Radiation: This section discusses the behavior of photons leaving a black hole and argues that they are not trapped by a singularity, but rather undergo wavelength shifting.
1.4. Gravitational Field vs EM Fields: This section compares the strength of gravity and electromagnetic forces at quantum versus cosmological scales, highlighting conditions where EM forces may dominate.
1.5. Pressure & Particle Strength vs EM Fields: This section explains the necessity of temperature and velocity in overcoming electromagnetic repulsion between atoms during fusion.
1.6. Gravitational Attraction vs EM Fields: This section provides a comparative analysis regarding whether gravitational forces can match electromagnetic repulsion, concluding that comparing two individual particles is insufficient.
Keywords
Black Hole, Singularity, Newton's Shell Theorem, Gravitational Field, Schwarzschild Radius, Photons, Wavelength, Electromagnetic Fields, Fusion, Event Horizon, Spacetime, Mass Density, Physics, Gravitation, Quasars
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the fundamental premise of this paper?
The paper argues that the concept of a singularity inside a black hole is physically impossible and fundamentally flawed, primarily due to the neglect of Newton's shell theorem in standard models.
What are the primary themes discussed?
The core themes include gravitational theory, the physical impossibility of singularities, the interaction of photons near mass bodies, and a comparison between gravitational and electromagnetic forces.
What is the overarching research goal?
The goal is to disprove the existence of singularities by demonstrating that the gravitational force within a spherical mass body cannot approach infinity at the center.
Which scientific methodology is employed?
The author primarily utilizes theoretical physics and classical mechanics, specifically applying Newton's shell theorem to existing black hole models to highlight mathematical and conceptual inconsistencies.
What topics are covered in the main body?
The main body examines the mathematical modeling of black holes, the behavior of escaping photons, the dynamics of gravitational fields versus EM fields, and the environmental conditions required for nuclear fusion.
Which keywords define this research?
Key terms include Black Hole, Singularity, Newton’s Shell Theorem, Gravitational Field, and Electromagnetic Fields.
How does the author challenge the Penrose-Hawking prediction?
The author argues that because the singularity formation is predicated on incorrect mathematical models of mass distribution, the subsequent predictions regarding spacetime collapse are effectively fantasies.
Why are photons able to escape a black hole according to this paper?
The paper posits that photons are incorrectly treated as mass particles; in reality, they escape with shifted wavelengths rather than being trapped in a singularity.
How does the author explain the difference between EM and gravitational forces?
It is explained that while gravity dominates at the cosmological scale, electromagnetic forces are vastly stronger at the atomic level, which is a critical consideration for understanding fusion.
What is the significance of the iron cube comparison in section 1.6?
The comparison serves to demonstrate the extreme differences in scale between electric repulsion and gravitational attraction, illustrating that comparing isolated particles does not capture the full physical reality of large mass bodies.
- Quote paper
- Daniel Stark (Author), 2022, Shell Theorem Precludes Singularities Forming, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/1273018
