It has been observed that direct use of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) formulation for the inland ships will not provide the correct result. The prime reason is the effect of shallow water on the ship resistance. In addition to that, cargo availability and fuel quality issues for the inland vessels of Bangladesh forbid the use of IMO guidelines. Again, a generalized formulation is not possible for inland ships. Therefore, the EEDI formulation needs to be modified to be useful for an individual country.
To find out the necessary modification of EEDI by IMO to be useful for inland ships of Bangladesh, several field visits, investigations, and laboratory tests have been conducted. The results of these visits, investigations and tests have been used to quantify the hydrodynamic effect of shallow water on ship resistance, actual average operational condition, cargo availability and actual carbon content in fuel. These corrections have been integrated with EEDI by IMO which has been used for the inland ships of Bangladesh.
To quantify and set up the CO2 emission level of the Inland Maritime sector of Bangladesh, verified ship data and operational profiles are necessary. Using a good number of verified inland ship data, EEDI baselines for Bangladeshi inland cargo, oil tanker and passenger ships were established. These baselines are one of the first steps in the world for inland ships using verified ship data and are termed as EEDIBD.
A ship design method that will ensure the reduction of CO2 emission, sensitivity analysis has been carried out. Three existing ships (cargo, oil tanker and passenger) of Bangladesh have been analysed and EEDIBD was calculated. To do that IMO provides several guidelines, which are most appropriate for seagoing ships. To assess the possibility of CO2 emission reduction, a sensitivity analysis was carried out on the inland ship design parameters of Bangladesh.
The outcome of the sensitivity analysis is a set of inland ship design suggestions that will lower the EEDIBD value from the current stage. These ship design suggestions have been implemented on three existing inland ships. These existing ships resistance have been examined using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Those ships’ designs have been improved based on the ship design suggestions. It has been found that remodelled ship designs have 10-15% less resistance in comparison with the parent hull.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background study
1.2 Development of EEDI: Historical Background
1.3 The need for energy efficiency in shipping
1.3.1 Reduction of GHG emissions: Environmental point of view
1.3.2 Economic point of view
1.4 Importance of Inland Shipping
1.4.1 The need for energy efficiency in inland shipping
1.4.2 Major Challenges
1.5 Motivation
1.6 Objectives of the Study
1.7 Outline of Methodology/Experimental Design
1.7.1 Revising EEDI formulation- methodology to incorporate the shallow water effect
1.7.2 Revising EEDI formulation- fixing Maximum Continuous Rating (MCR)
1.7.3 Revising EEDI formulation- fixing capacity
1.7.4 Revising EEDI formulation- fixing carbon content
1.7.5 Methodology of Sensitivity Analysis
1.7.6 Methodology for design modification based on EEDI
1.8 Literature Review
1.8.1 The energy efficiency of inland waterway self-propelled cargo ships
1.8.2 Use of alternative fuel: inland water transport in Bangladesh
1.8.3 The CO2 reduction potential of EEDI from the world shipping industry.
1.8.4 Comparison of inland shipping emission to other modes of transport
1.8.5 Use of marginal abatement cost to assess CO2 emission
1.8.6 Problems with the available fuel-saving options for ships
1.8.7 Improving the energy efficiency
1.8.8 Ship design for sea versus ship design for EEDI
1.8.9 Impact of power reduction on sustained speed and reliability
1.8.10 Establishment of link among population growth, technology, resources, and CO2 emission
1.8.11 Environmentally friendly inland waterway ship design- Danube‐Carpathian program
1.8.12 Third IMO Green House Gas (GHG) study
1.8.13 Fourth IMO Green House Gas Study
1.8.14 A green and economic future of inland waterway shipping
1.8.15 Improving the efficiency of small inland vessels
1.8.16 Ship emissions study
1.8.17 Estimation of emissions from shipping in the Netherlands
1.8.18 Environmental performance of inland shipping
1.8.19 European Union activities in controlling CO2 emission from shipping
1.8.20 Life cycle assessment
1.8.21 Environmental ship index (ESI)
Chapter 2: Revising EEDI Formulation Applicable For Inland Ships of Bangladesh
2.1 Brief description of EEDI by IMO
2.1.1 Attained EEDI
2.1.2 EEDI Baseline/Reference line
2.2 Reasons for revised EEDI for inland ships
2.2.1 Inclusion of speed drop due to shallow water effect in EEDIBD
2.2.2 Hydrodynamic effects of confined waters on ship resistance
2.2.3 Characterization of channel restriction
2.2.4 Ship speed loss prediction (Schlichting’s method)
2.2.5 Ship speed loss prediction (Barras method)
2.2.6 Speed correction due to lateral restriction of the channel in shallow water
2.2.7 International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC) guideline
2.2.7.1 Ship speed loss prediction (Lackenby’s method)
2.2.7.2 Ship speed loss prediction (Raven’s method)
2.2.8 Chosen method to incorporate shallow water effect
2.2.9 Assumptions on the considerations of the effects of confined waters on ship resistance
2.2.10 Investigated results on shallow water effect for the inland ships of Bangladesh
2.2.11 Incorporation of shallow water effect to the EEDIBD formulation
2.3 Fixing the main engine MCR and PME considering shallow water effect.
2.4 Fixing Deadweight capacity
2.5 Fixing Carbon content of fuel used in Bangladesh
2.6 Corrected EEDI parameters by IMO for inland ships of Bangladesh
2.7 Sample Calculation based on EEDIBD parameters
Chapter 3: Establishment of EEDIBD Baselines For Inland Ships of Bangladesh
3.1. Establishment of EEDIBD Baselines
3.2. Methodology to establish EEDIBD Baselines.
3.2.1. Stoichiometric method (Energy-based approach)
3.2.2. Carbon Balance method
3.2.3. Activity-based approach
3.2.4. The methodology used to estimate the status of CO2 emission per Tonne mile for the inland ships of Bangladesh
3.2.5. Assumptions to estimate the status of CO2 emission per Tonne mile for the inland ships of Bangladesh
3.3. Required physical data and verification
3.3.1. Fuel consumption per hour (Ch)
3.3.2. Deadweight/Gross Tonnage and ship data verification
3.3.3. Service speed of the ship
3.3.4. Summary of the ship data verification
3.3.5. EEDIBD baselines for Inland General Cargo, Oil Tanker and Passenger Ships of Bangladesh
3.3.6. General discussions on results
Chapter 4: Energy-Efficient Hydrodynamic Design of Ship Based on Fuel Consumption and Emission Control
4.1 Hydrodynamics of Ship Design
4.1.1 Shallow water effect on ship resistance and potential flow
4.1.2 Viscous flow using RANS solver
4.1.3 Hydrodynamics and EEDI
4.2 Energy-efficient hydrodynamic design of Ship
4.2.1 Sensitivity analysis of inland cargo ships of Bangladesh
4.2.2 Sensitivity analysis of inland oil tanker of Bangladesh
4.2.3 Sensitivity analysis of inland passenger ships of Bangladesh
4.2.4 Ship design suggestions for Inland Ships of Bangladesh based on sensitivity analysis
4.3 Ship design suggestion validation
4.3.1 CFD analysis assumptions
4.3.2 Implementing design suggestion on MV Madina-5 (cargo vessel)
4.3.3 Implementing design suggestions on MT. Saima-1 (Oil Tanker)
4.3.4 Implementing design MV Takwa-1 (Passenger Ship)
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Future Works
5.1 Concluding Remarks
5.2 Future works and recommendations
5.2.1 Economic analysis
5.2.2 Practical implementation of suggestion
5.2.3 Implementation of other improved efficiency enhancement measures
5.2.4 Implementation of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
5.2.5 Restricted channel effects for future consideration
Research Objective and Focus
The primary objective of this research is to develop energy-efficient hydrodynamic ship designs for inland vessels in Bangladesh by reducing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions, addressing the lack of localized benchmarks and navigational constraints.
- Modification of the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) EEDI formulation for inland conditions.
- Establishment of verified EEDIBD baselines for cargo ships, oil tankers, and passenger vessels.
- Conducting sensitivity analyses to identify optimal design parameters for energy efficiency.
- Validation of design improvements using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis.
Excerpt from the Book
1.1 Background study
Seaborne trade has become the foundation of the present economy, as 90% of global trade depends upon the shipping industry. (Baldi, 2016). Our daily life and all basic needs are made cheaper and more reliable because of the seaborne transportation around the globe.
However, in recent years, the shipping sector has been challenged by factors such as rising fuel prices and stringent environmental laws. Though the share of shipping to the global anthropogenic emissions (2.89% as estimated in 2018) (IMO GHG study, 2020) it has been under scrutiny to achieve more energy efficiency and participate in the sustainable economy. Therefore, the necessity of the reduction of greenhouse gases from shipping has become a global agenda.
Summary of Key Chapters
Chapter 1: Introduction: Provides the global context of shipping emissions, the development of EEDI, and identifies the motivation for creating country-specific benchmarks for Bangladesh's inland fleet.
Chapter 2: Revising EEDI Formulation Applicable For Inland Ships of Bangladesh: Outlines the technical adjustments required to adapt IMO's EEDI for inland waterway conditions, including shallow water effects and fuel carbon content.
Chapter 3: Establishment of EEDIBD Baselines For Inland Ships of Bangladesh: Details the data collection, verification, and baseline estimation process for cargo vessels, oil tankers, and passenger ships.
Chapter 4: Energy-Efficient Hydrodynamic Design of Ship Based on Fuel Consumption and Emission Control: Describes the sensitivity analysis performed on ship parameters and the validation of suggested design improvements using CFD tools.
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Future Works: Summarizes the research findings regarding resistance reduction and points toward further research in economic analysis and full-scale implementation.
Keywords
Energy Efficiency Design Index, EEDI for Bangladesh, Inland shipping, CO2 emission reduction, Hydrodynamic design, Shallow water effect, Ship resistance, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Fuel consumption, Sensitivity analysis, Inland waterways, Vessel design modification, Marine engineering, Bangladesh maritime sector
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the core focus of this doctoral thesis?
This research focuses on reducing CO2 emissions from inland shipping in Bangladesh by establishing custom energy-efficiency baselines (EEDIBD) and proposing hydrodynamic ship design improvements.
Why is the standard EEDI inappropriate for Bangladesh's inland fleet?
The standard EEDI formulated by the IMO is designed for ocean-going vessels. It fails to account for critical inland factors such as severe shallow water effects, varying fuel quality, and specific cargo availability constraints prevalent in Bangladesh.
What is the primary objective of this research?
The prime objective is to develop energy-efficient hydrodynamic ship designs that lower fuel consumption and emissions while maintaining operational and stability requirements.
Which scientific methods are applied in this work?
The research combines field investigations (measuring speed and fuel consumption), regression analysis to establish baselines, and advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling to validate hull design modifications.
What is covered in the main body of this study?
The main body systematically corrects the EEDI formulation variables, creates statistical baselines for three ship categories (cargo, oil tanker, passenger), performs sensitivity analyses on design parameters, and validates these on specific existing vessels.
What are the characterizing keywords for this work?
Key terms include Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), inland shipping, shallow water effect, CFD analysis, CO2 reduction, and hydrodynamic hull design optimization.
How does the shallow water effect alter ship design requirements?
Shallow water significantly increases ship resistance and causes speed loss. This necessitates adjustments in the engine's Maximum Continuous Rating (MCR) and requires hull forms that are optimized for restricted depths.
What specific design modifications are suggested to improve efficiency?
The study suggests increasing the Length-to-Breadth (LWL/B) ratio to create more slender hull forms and decreasing the block coefficient, which helps reduce wave-making resistance, provided stability criteria are maintained.
- Quote paper
- S. M. Rashidul Hasan (Author), 2022, Energy-Efficient Hydrodynamic Design of Ships for Inland Waterways of Bangladesh based on Fuel Consumption and Emission Control, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/1282609
