Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) and human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infections are two major public health problems in many parts of the world, particularly in many developing countries. TB is the most common opportunistic disease and cause of the death for those infected with HIV. Diagnosis of TB in HIV infected patients may be delayed because of atypical clinical presentation and involvement of inaccessible sites and low sputum smear positivity. Further, there has been an increase in rates of drug resistant tuberculosis, including multi-drug (MDR-TB) and extensively drug resistant TB (XDR-TB), which are difficult to treat and contribute to increased morbidity and mortality.
TB is the most common serious opportunistic infection in HIV positive patients and is the manifestation of AIDS in more than 50% of cases in developing countries. TB shortens the survival of patients afflicted with HIV infection, may accelerate the progression of HIV, and is the cause of death in one third of people with AIDS worldwide. While HIV and TB can individually be the major causes for public health threats, the combination of the two has proven to have a far greater impact on the epidemiologic progression and consequently on the global health scene.
Although the increased access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has led to a reduction in HIV-associated opportunistic infections and hence mortality, but the concurrent management of HIV/TB co-infection remains a serious challenge to the health care delivery system. Discussion on the mechanisms produced by infectious cofactors with impact on disease pathology could shed light on how to design potential interventions that could decelerate disease progression. It is the need of the hour to design strategies against HIV-TB co-infection.
This book is based on my PG thesis work in Medical Microbiology written long bank, but in the current scenario the topic of TB-HIV co-infections holds relevance and is currently a burning issue. This has motivated me to convert my thesis in the form of a Book. The knowledge particularly in the field of medical sciences should not be restricted just to earn a University degree but should be disseminated in the entire scientific community so that medical fraternity including teachers, students, doctors, paramedics, researchers and above all the patients are benefitted. I am thankful to publications for giving me an opportunity to fulfil this dream.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Aims and Objectives
3. Review of Literature
4. Materials and Methods
5. Results
7. Summary and Conclusion
8. Bibliography
9. Abbreviations
10. Author Biosketch
Objectives and Research Themes
The primary objective of this work is to evaluate the incidence of HIV positivity among patients attending a Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) center in Jhansi through clinical examination and laboratory diagnosis using sputum analysis for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and ELISA methods for HIV detection.
- Epidemiology of parallel Tuberculosis and HIV co-infection rates.
- Clinical diagnostic methodologies for M. tuberculosis.
- Immunological diagnostic strategies for HIV detection.
- Assessment of patient demographics and TB-HIV clinical correlations.
Excerpt from the Book
Introduction
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic contagious disease caused by infection with certain species of acid-fast bacteria belonging to the genus mycobacterium such as (M. tuberculosis). The two most important members of the M. tuberculosis complex are M.bovis and M. tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis is a classical human Mycobacterial disease. The disease has been described by different names like King’s evil, phthisis, tapedic, white plague, consumption disease, etc. Antoin Villemin was the first to demonstrate the contagiousness of tuberculosis in 1865 but it was Robert Koch (1882) who isolated the mammalian tubercle bacillus and proved its causative role in tuberculosis by satisfying Koch’s postulates. This organism spreads easily and pulmonary infection usually results from the inhalation of small droplets of respiratory secretion containing a few bacilli.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that more than 80% of TB patients are between the age of 15-54 years with the male being disproportionately affected. The male/female ratio among newly detected cases is 2:1. About 30% of tuberculosis patients were reported from India and 33% from south-East Asia. The region as a whole achieved a case detection rate of 68% in 2006 and the treatment success rate during 2005 was 87% (WHO 2008).
Summary of Chapters
1. Introduction: Provides an overview of tuberculosis, its historical context, causative organisms, and the burden of the disease globally and in India.
2. Aims and Objectives: Outlines the specific goals of the clinical study, focusing on TB and HIV prevalence at a regional medical center.
3. Review of Literature: Details the historical background, classification, biology, and pathological description of mycobacterial species and the HIV virus.
4. Materials and Methods: Describes the clinical procedures, site-specific diagnostic protocols, and laboratory techniques used for detecting TB and HIV.
5. Results: Presents the statistical findings and distribution of patients based on clinical suspicion, TB types, and HIV positivity.
7. Summary and Conclusion: Synthesizes the clinical findings observed during the study and highlights the complex relationship between TB and HIV co-infection.
8. Bibliography: Lists the academic resources, research papers, and guidelines cited throughout the document.
9. Abbreviations: Defines the medical abbreviations and acronyms used in the text.
10. Author Biosketch: Offers professional profiles and research background of the authors.
Keywords
Tuberculosis, HIV, Co-infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, DOTS, ELISA, Rapid methods, Epidemiology, AIDS, Medical microbiology, Antiretroviral therapy, Public health, Clinical diagnosis, Drug resistance, Opportunistic infections.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary focus of this publication?
The work primarily focuses on the clinical investigation of TB-HIV co-infection rates among patients at a specific DOTS center and the laboratory-based differential diagnosis of both pathogens.
What key themes are addressed in this book?
The book covers the pathophysiology of both TB and HIV, their syndemic interaction, diagnostic methodologies, current treatment regimens, and the epidemiology of these comorbid conditions.
What is the main objective of the research conducted?
The objective is to study the incidence of HIV among patients attending a DOTS center and to apply specific diagnostic markers, such as sputum smear and ELISA, to confirm co-infection.
Which scientific methods are utilized for detection?
The work details Ziehl-Neelsen staining for Mycobacterium tuberculosis identification and the ELISA method for the qualitative detection of HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies, supplemented by rapid test cards.
What information is covered in the main body of the work?
The main body treats the biological structure of both bacteria and viruses, the clinical features of infection, strategies for control programs like DOTS/HAART, and statistical analyses of clinical cases.
Which keywords characterize this book?
Key terms include Mycobacterium tuberculosis, HIV, co-infection, DOTS, ELISA, epidemiology, and antiretroviral therapy.
What is the clinical significance of CD4+ cell counts identified in the study?
CD4+ cell counts are crucial for understanding the immunosuppression level in HIV-positive patients, which in turn influences the susceptibility to active tuberculosis development.
How does the author explain the difference between HIV-1 and HIV-2 antigens?
The text provides a breakdown of antigen differences, noting specific glycoprotein variations (such as Gp120 vs Gp140 for envelope antigens and p24 vs p26 for core antigens).
- Arbeit zitieren
- Hirdesh Kumari Gupta (Autor:in), Abhishek Mehta (Autor:in), 2015, Concomitant Tuberculosis Infection in HIV-positive Patients, München, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/1306132
