Synthesis and characterization of drug carrier from agriculture waste

Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation , 2022 , 257 Pages

Chemistry - Other

The uitilization of agriculture waste can serve as a most effective tool to get a better return of the entire produces, to avoid wastage at production as well as distribution centers and can be a useful factor for farmers and traders to gain more economic returns from those produces. Recycling agriculture waste in the innovative ways is an important means of utilization yielding the new products as well as meeting the requirements of an essential product for mankind and in pharmaceutical industry.

India having varied climatic zones makes farmers amenable growing an array of horticultural and agri-products. The crops comprise pulses, fruits, cereals, vegetables, tuber and root crops, cotton, ornamental plants, spices, aromatic and medical plants, condiments, mushroom, plantation crops and tobacco due to the varied climatic zones. In India agriculture sector contributes 17% of total GDP with the approx. 1/2 of total population employment. Conversely, due to the under development,
potentiality of the sector is not been tapped. In the survey it has been identified that around 30 – 40 % of the total agri-products due to handling and post-harvest infectiveness is been wasted.

Cellulose and nicotine derived from the tobacco waste can be utilized inwide-ranging at pharmaceutical industries; from which nicotine has certain negative aspects like nervousness, headache and ear pounding, but nicotine can be converted into active pharmaceutical ingredients while cellulose can be better derivative to be utilized as drug carrier in pharmaceutical industries. In present study researcher present suggested measures of tobacco-waste utilization for extraction of nicotine and cellulose followed by synthesis of nicotinic acid, nicotine picrate form extracted nicotine and extracted cellulose was converted in to sodium cellulose sulphate further which was grafted with acrylic amide to enhance its physiyo-chemical properties as drug carrier further grafted sodium cellulose sulphate was utilized in tablet formulation as drug carrier and dissolution study was carried for evolution of tablet,derived derivatives were characterized by FTIR, Mass spectra, NMR, TGA, SEM XRD, PSD.

Inhaltsverzeichnis (Table of Contents)

• Chapter 1. Introduction
• 1.0 Introduction
• 1.1 Indian agriculture - history
• 1.2 Agricultural waste
• 1.3 Tobacco
• 1.3.1 Tobacco consumption
• 1.3.2 Tobacco cultivation
• 1.3.3 Genus and species
• 1.3.4 Production in India
• 1.3.5 Types of tobacco
• 1.3.6 Tobacco production in Gujarat
• 1.3.7 Types of tobacco used and their constituent
• 1.3.8 Tobacco varieties in Gujarat
• 1.3.9 Traditional Medicinal Usage of tobacco
• 1.3.10 Tobacco in Ayurveda
• 1.3.11 Tobacco waste
• 1.3.12 Chemicals present in tobacco
• 1.4 Nicotine content in Indian tobacco
• 1.4.1 Nicotine
• 1.4.2 Other source of nicotine
• 1.4.3 Structure and properties of nicotine
• 1.4.4 Uses nicotine
• 1.4.5 Dose of nicotine
• 1.4.6 Nicotine derivatives from tobacco
• 1.4.7 Commercially important of nicotine and its derivatives
• 1.4.8 Smoking cessation products
• 1.4.9 Medicinal use of nicotine
• 1.4.10 World pesticide market and prospects for nicotine sulfate
• 1.4.11 Nicotine derivatives and its uses
• 1.4.12 Nicotinic acid (pyridine 3-carboxylic acid)
• 1.5 Cellulose from tobacco waste
• 1.5.1 Cellulose and its derivatives
• 1.5.2 Cellulose ether derivatives
• 1.5.3 Cellulose ester derivatives
• 1.5.4 Applications of cellulose and its derivatives in pharmaceutical industries
• 1.5.5 Application in bio-adhesive and muco-adhesive drug delivery systems
• 1.5.6 Application as gelling agents
• 1.5.7 Application as thickening and stabilizing agents
• 1.5.8 Application in pharmaceutical coating processes
• 1.5.9 Application as fillers in solid dosage forms
• 1.5.10 Application as binders in granulation process
• 1.5.11 Application as disintegrating agents
• 1.5.12 Application as taste masking agents
• 1.6 Extraction of nicotine and cellulose from tobacco waste
• 1.6.1 Extraction of nicotine
• 1.6.2 Extraction of cellulose
• 1.7 Extraction
• 1.7.1 Conventional techniques for extraction
• 1.7.2 Methods Purification of extracted product
• 1.8 Chemical functionalization of cellulose
• 1.8.1 Chemical modification of cellulose
• 1.9 Grafting of polymers
• 1.9.1 Pharmaceutical utilities of grafted polymers
• 1.10 Pharmaceutical chemistry
• 1.10.1 What is Drug?
• 1.10.2 What are excipients?
• 1.10.3 Pharmaceutical formulation
• 1.11 Drug delivery route
• 1.12 Drug delivery systems
• 1.12.1 Conventional drug therapy
• 1.12.2 Sustained release formulations
• 1.12.3 Advantages of sustained release dosage forms
• 1.12.4 Disadvantages of sustained release dosage forms
• 1.13 Tablets as a dosage form
• 1.13.1 Types of tablets
• 1.13.2 Tablet Ingredients
• 1.14 In-vitro Dissolution testing in pharmaceutical analysis
• 1.14.1 Dissolution testing in pharmaceutical analysis
• 1.14.2 Dissolution
• 1.14.3 Dissolution method parameters
• 1.15 In Vivo testing in pharmaceutical analysis
• 1.15.1 Phase I clinical trials
• 1.15.2 Phase II clinical trials
• 1.15.3 Phase III clinical trials
• 1.15.4 Phase IV clinical trials
• 1.15.5 Post-marketing studies
• 1.15.6 Mathematical models for drug Delivery
• 1.16 Principles of examination techniques used throughout the present study
• 1.16.1 Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy analysis (FTIR)
• 1.16.2 Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD)
• 1.16.3 Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
• 1.16.4 Thermo gravimetric analysis
• 1.16.5 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR)
• 1.16.6 Mass spectrometry
• Chapter 2.
• 2.0 Introduction
• 2.0.1 Nicotine
• 2.0.2 Chemistry of nicotine
• 2.0.3 Cellulose
• 2.0.4 Cellulose chemistry
• 2.1 Literature review extraction of nicotine and cellulose
• 2.1.1 Fundamental of extraction of solutes from plant materials
• 2.2 Objectives of the present chapter
• 2.3 Part - 1: Extraction of nicotine form tobacco waste
• 2.3.1 Method and material
• 2.3.1.1 Chemicals
• 2.3.1.2 Extraction of nicotine
• 2.3.1.3 Percentage of nicotine
• 2.3.1.4 Process for nicotine extraction
• 2.3.2 Result and discussion
• 2.3.2.1 Percentage of nicotine
• 2.3.2.2 Optimization of nicotine
• 2.3.3 Characterization of the extracted nicotine
• 2.3.3.1 Mass Spectra of Nicotine
• 2.3.3.2 FT-IR spectroscopy analysis nicotine
• 2.3.3.3 NMR of nicotine
• 2.4: Part-2: Extraction of cellulose form tobacco waste
• 2.4.1 Chemicals
• 2.4.1.1 Extraction of cellulose
• 2.4.1.2 Process for cellulose extraction
• 2.4.2 Optimization of cellulose extraction
• 2.4.3 The characterization of the extracted cellulose
• 2.4.3.1 FT-IR spectroscopy analysis of cellulose
• 2.4.3.2 Thermo gravimetric analysis of extracted cellulose
• 2.5 Conclusions
• CHAPTER 3
• Chemical modification of nicotine and cellulose
• 3.0 Introduction
• 3.1 Cellulose reactivity
• 3.2 Dissolution and regeneration of cellulose
• 3.2.1 Chemical modification of cellulose
• 3.3 Esterification of cellulose
• 3.3.1 Esters of cellulose with organic acids
• 3.3.2 Esters of cellulose with inorganic acids
• 3.4 Sodium cellulose sulfate (cellulose sulfate)
• 3.4.1 Litreture reviwe for cellulose sulphate
• 3.5 Nicotine structure and reactivity
• 3.6 Objectives of the present chapter
• 3.7. Part-1: Synthesis of nicotinic acid and nicotine picrate
• 3.7.1 Materials and Method
• 3.7.1.1 Materials

Zielsetzung und Themenschwerpunkte (Objectives and Key Themes)

The primary goal of this work is to explore the potential of utilizing agricultural waste, specifically tobacco waste, for the extraction and synthesis of valuable compounds like nicotine and cellulose. These compounds have a variety of pharmaceutical applications and can be used to create novel drug delivery systems and formulations.

• Sustainable utilization of agricultural waste
• Extraction and characterization of nicotine and cellulose from tobacco waste
• Chemical modification of nicotine and cellulose for pharmaceutical applications
• Development of drug delivery systems and formulations using extracted and modified compounds
• Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of the developed drug delivery systems

Zusammenfassung der Kapitel (Chapter Summaries)

Chapter 1 provides a comprehensive introduction to the topic, discussing the history and significance of Indian agriculture, the challenges posed by agricultural waste, and the potential of tobacco waste as a source of valuable compounds. It delves into the properties and applications of nicotine and cellulose, including their use in pharmaceutical industries.

Chapter 2 focuses on the extraction of nicotine and cellulose from tobacco waste. It presents the experimental methods used for extraction, the optimization of extraction parameters, and the characterization of the extracted compounds using various analytical techniques.

Chapter 3 explores the chemical modification of nicotine and cellulose. It discusses the reactivity of cellulose, the methods used for its chemical modification, and the synthesis of derivatives like nicotinic acid and nicotine picrate. The chapter lays the foundation for the development of novel drug delivery systems.

Schlüsselwörter (Keywords)

The primary keywords and focus topics of this work include agricultural waste, tobacco waste, nicotine, cellulose, extraction, chemical modification, drug delivery systems, pharmaceutical applications, sustainable utilization.

• Authors: Prof. (Dr.) Nirmal K. Patel (Author), Dr. Yogesh M. Baj (Author)
• Publication Year: 2022
• Pages: 257
• Catalog Number: V1311182
• ISBN (PDF): 9783346788238
• ISBN (Book): 9783346788245
• Language: English
• Tags: Drug carrier, Nicotine, cellulose, nicotinic acid, cellulose derivatives, in vitro drug release study