Excerpt
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS
ABSTRACT
List oftables
CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH
1.3.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE
1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1.5 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT
CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. CONCEPT OF COVID-19
2.2 CONCEPT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND PHYSICAL EXERCISE
2.3. PE, SEDENTARY LIFE AND COVID-19
2.4. SEDENTARY LIFE AND CONSEQUENCE
2.5. HOME BASED PHYSICAL EXERCISE
2.5.1 HOW TO PARTICIPATE IN INDOOR ACTIVITIES
2.5.2. OUTDOORACTIVITIES DURING COVID-19
2.6 Planned Physical Activity prescribed during self-isolation
2.7 Immunity and Physical Exercise
CHAPTER THREE
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 STUDY AREA
3.2 STUDY DESIGN AND METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
3.3 DATA COLLECTION
3.3.1 QUESTIONNAIRE
3.4 STUDY POPULATION
3.5 SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
3.6. Study variables
3.6.1. Dependent variables
3.6.1. Independent variable
3.7 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS
3.8 ETHICAL ISSUE
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1. Demographic characteristics of the respondents
4.2. Engagement in Physical Exercise during the period of COVID-19 pandemic
4.3 Engagement in PEP re and during State of emergency due to COVID 19
4.4 Pattem of engaging in physical exercise before the state of emergency due to COVID-19 in terms of the number of days per week
4.5 Pattem of engaging in physical exercise during the state of emergency due to COVID-19 in terms of the number of days per week
4.6 Pattem of engaging in physical exercise before the state of emergency due to COVID-19 in terms of the number of hours per week
4.7 Pattem of engaging in physical exercise during the state of emergency due to COVID-19 in terms of the number of hours per week
4.8 Type of disease diagnosed among Jimma university academic staffs during a time of COVID 19.
4.9 Types of Physical exercisejoined During COVID 19
4.10 Challenges that have been tackled During COVID 19 to participate in physical exercise
4.11 Correlation between days and the hours spent on physical exercise pre and during period of pandemic (COVID 19)
4.12. How the university and staffs could minimized the challenges that seen in the pandemic period.
4.13 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 SUMMARY
5.2 CONCLUSION
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all, I would like to thank Almighty God who assists me in the overall dimension of my success. Secondly, I would like to express my genuine gratefulness and thanks to my advisor Mr. Merera Negassa (ME d.) for his guidance and active advice throughout my study.
I cannot found words powerful enough to express my profound feeling to my friends for their financial and material support as well as constant encouragement to mold me as what I am in the present state. Moreover, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my intimate friends who were helping me in collecting the data without asking me any payment.
ABBREVIATIONS
COVID-19:- is a disease caused by a new strain of corona virus. 'CO' stands for corona, 'VT for virus, and 'D' for disease.
JU:- Jimma University
PE: - Physical Exercise
PE:- PE
SE:- State of emergency
WHO: - World Health Organization
ABSTRACT
World health organization (WHO) set up a routine to be active every day, by planning a Physical Exercise(PE)or exercise break either by yourself, by joining an online class, or by setting up a time to be active online with your friends or colleagues. Jimma UniversityfJU) staff were adapted to perform physical activities at the Fitness center, Stadium, and Gymnasium; these all were closed by government decree because of COVID-19 Pandemic. The major objective of this study was to describe the impacts of CO VID-19 on PE amongJU academic staff.
The descriptive cross-sectional study design was applied to research by using a convenience sampling technique to colled data from 333 academic staffs of JU and the analysis was conducted with descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage) and inferential statistics (correlation (Bivariate).
Out of 333 Participants enrolled a majority of them were male with 75.7%. 58.3 % were masters’ holders. 66.7% were fallen in the age category of 66.7%; (55.3%) of the site of PE that the staffs were doing on/in their PE was prohibited during the corona virus period ;(92.2%) of the staffs are in the world of PE at this moment; 46.8% of the respondents have decreased their Participation in PE by hours and days per week. The Participation in PE for 2 days /week is decreased from 84% to 74.5%> of the respondents. Similarly, the Participation in PE according to WHO prescription is decreased from 50.4% to 31.5%, and aerobics exercise was performed only by 57%. In the Pandemic period, 55.3% of respondents were not developing any disease and disease symptoms but others were developed 20.4% were develop exercise injuries. In a period of corona virus 306 out of333 are not infavor of conditions to perform PE as COVID 19, state of emergency, lack of place, and lack of an instructor. Days and hours spent on PE in the periods before and during the coronavirus have aposilive correlation with each other.
The University had better reduce the challenges faced in the Pandemic period by facilitating the fitness area and guidance to the staff and staff can maintain their health in good conditions by keeping their Participation in PE in good condition according to WHOprescription.
Keyword: COVID-19, PE
List of tables
Table 1: Demographics characteristics of the study participants, Jimma University academic staffs, 2020(N=333)
Table 2: Engagement in physical exercise pre and during state of emergency due to COVID-19 18 Table 3: Pattern of engaging in a physical exercise before the state of emergency because of COVID-19 among JU academic staff, in terms of the number of days per week. 2020
Table 4: Pattern of engaging in a physical exercise during the state of emergency because of COVID-19 among JU academic staffs, in terms of the number of days per week 2020:
Table 5: Pattern of engaging in a physical exercise during the state of emergency because of COVID-19 among JU academic staffs, in terms of total hours per week 2020
Table 6:Pattern of engaging in a physical exercise during the state of emergency because of COVID-19 among JU academic staffs, in terms of total hours per week 2020
Table 7: Type of Disease diagnosed Among Jimma University Academic Staffs during a time of COVID 19, 2020
Table 8: Exercise joined in during Period COVID 19 among Jimma University Academic Staffs,2020
Table 9: Correlation between days and the hours spent on physical exercise pre and during period of pandemic (COVID 19), Jimma University, 2020
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) began in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. On 30th January 2020, the World health organization(WHO) director-general determined that the outbreak of COVID-19 constitutes a Public Health Emergency of International concern and Pandemic on 11 March '.As of 2nd May 2020, more than 3.34 million cases of COVID-19 have been reported in 187 countries and territories, resulting in more than 238,000 deaths. More than 1.05 million people have recovered.
COVID-19 is spread via sneezing or coughing into the air or onto a surface, and then the virus enters and infects a new person through their mouth, nose, or eyes.2Many states are using emergency powers to impose “lockdowns”, for instance. This is not a technical legal term but the status seems to include measures like new powers of detention, closing non-essential businesses, limiting public gatherings and limiting people’s movement, monitoring the streets to ensure they remain inside.3Since its onset, the COVID-19 Pandemic has spread to almost all countries of the world. Social and physical distancing, lockdowns of businesses, schools, and overall social life, which have become common place to curtail the spread of the disease; have also disrupted many regular aspects of life, including sport and Physical exercise (PE). These policy brief highlights the challenges COVID-19 has posed to both the sporting world and to PE and well-being, including for marginalized or vulnerable groups. There is likely to be very limited opportunity to practice PE outdoors during this period, with most people forced to stay at home or adopt isolation protocols to prevent transmission of the virus4.
WHO recommends 150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity PE per week, or a combination of both; these recommendations can still be achieved even at home, with no special equipment and with limited space. WHO Set up a routine to be active every day, by planning a PE or exercise break either by yourself, by joining an online class, or by setting up a time to be active online with your friends or colleagues. Making a specific time to be active helps ensure you get your daily PE.
On March 13, 2020, the Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health has confirmed a coronavirus disease (COVID-19) case in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. And also the country declared a state of emergency (SoE) April 8, 2020. The decree has closed land borders and schools, freed thousands of prisoners to ease overcrowding, sprayed main streets in the capital with disinfectant, and discouraged large gatherings (Market, gymnasium, premier league competition church and mosque, etc)5. According to the Oromia regional sports commission Facebook Page, the communities are engaged in physical activities with the assist of sport scholars during this Pandemic.6
Therefore the study was aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 on physical exercise among Jimma university academic staff and its consequence in terms of body weight.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
As new COVID-19 cases continue to emerge in the WHO European region, many healthy individuals are being requested to stay at home in self-quarantine.7 In some countries, fitness centers, and other locations where individuals are normally active will remain temporarily closed8. Staying at home for prolonged periods can pose a significant challenge for remaining physically active8. Sedentary behavior and low levels of PE can have negative effects on the health, well-being, and quality of life of individual10. Self-quarantine can also cause additional stress and challenge the mental health of citizens8. PE and relaxation techniques can be valuable tools to help you remain calm and continue to protect your health during this time8. The COVID- 19 Pandemic has upended all areas oflife - and a sport is no exception.11
The federal government of Ethiopia declared a state of emergency on April 8, 2020. The decree has closed land borders and schools, freed thousands of prisoners to ease overcrowding, sprayed main streets in the capital with disinfectant, and discouraged large gatherings (Market, gymnasium, premier league competition, stadium, fitness center church, and mosque, etc). There is evidence to support that low fitness and PE, excess body weight, and excess abdominal fatness are associated with increased health risk12. According to Ethiopia state of emergency that was declared April 2020 every sports field has been closed by the Government. WHO recommended that each individual who is at quarantine at any place whether home or other places should engage in regular exercise9. JU employers were adapted to perform physical activities at the Fitness center, Stadium, and Gymnasium; all of which were closed by government order. By taking these all in concern studying the impact of COVID-19 on PE among Jimma University Academic staff is mandatory.
Therefore this research was designed to answer the following questions.
1. Do university academic staff are participating in PE during this state of emergency time?
2. How SE because of COVID-19 affects the Participations of the University’s Academic staff in physical exercise?
3. How SE during this COVID-19 is disturbing physical health (exposed university community to hypokinetic disease and others) because of unexercised or Exercise?
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH
1.3.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE
To describe the impacts of COVID-19 on PE, in the case of Jimma university’s academic staff
1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
- To determine whether the academic staff of the University is participating in physical exercises during this Pandemic.
- To assess how COVID-19 affects the University's academic staff Participation in physical exercises.
- To describe the effect of COVID-19 on the physical health of JU academic staff
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The main significance of this study was to investigate the impacts of COVID-19 on physical activities among JU academic staff. Besides, the results of the study would have the possibility to grant the following importance.
- It decreases the difficulties which are affecting the academic staffs of JU's concerning Participating in physical exercises.
- Increase the employers’ awareness about their health and help them to participate in PE at a moderate level.
The results of the study will also be used as baseline data for future researchers.
1.5 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The study was conducted at the time of COVID- 19 Pandemic and when its fear was the peak.
1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The study was conducted in a very challenging time. Because of this, the researchers faced many limitations. These were:-
Most of the respondents were not ok to fill the questionnaire on hard copy.
The questionnaires were sent through email and telegram for numbers of respondents and the internet was disconnected for more than a month and the researcher didn’t get the feedback on time.
- Most academic staffs were not on their regular teaching and learning process and this was asked additional cost and time to get the full sample of the population.
1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
- Participation is a condition of sharing or takes part in something in common with other fellows or partners etc.
- Physical Exercise: - It is defined as a subclass of physical activity which is structured, repetitive, and purposeful.
- Regular Physical inactivity lack ofPE
1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT
This report has five sections each of which dealt with their respective themes. Section one was the introduction part which consisted background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the studies, the significance of the study, and operational definition of key terms Section two was a literature review, section three methodology of the study, section four was the analysis and discussion part, while summary, conclusions, and recommendations of the study were included in section five of the report.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. CONCEPT OF COVID-19
Corona virus is a microorganism that is spherical or pleomorphic, single-stranded, enveloped RNA, and covered with club-shaped glycoprotein. Corona viruses are four subtypes such as alpha, beta, gamma, and delta corona virus. Each of subtype corona viruses has many serotypes. Some of them were affected humans of other affected animals such as pigs, birds, cats, mice, and dog13.
COVID-19 was first identified and isolated from pneumonia belongs to Wuhan, china11.
2.2 CONCEPT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND PHYSICAL EXERCISE
Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that require energy expenditure. The term “Physical activity” is not equal to “exercise”. Exercise is a subcategory of physical activity which is structured, repetitive, and purposeful14. “A sound body has a sound mind” It means that if a person is weak, dull, and sick, he is not able to do his work efficiently and quickly. It is very important to have a fresh mind before any work, like office work, study or some creative work. The people who make exercise as essential part of their routine are more happy and efficient than others. Exercise does not mean to go to gym or some club for daily activity; it only means to do some physical activity no matter how and where. Exercise is useful in preventing or treating coronary heart disease, osteoporosis, weakness, diabetes, obesity, and depression. Strengthening exercises provide appropriate resistance to the muscles to increase endurance and strength. Cardiac rehabilitation exercises are developed and individualized to improve the cardiovascular system for prevention and rehabilitation of cardiac disorders and diseases. A well-balanced exercise program can improve general health, build endurance, and slow many of the effects of aging. The benefits of exercise not only improve physical health, but also enhance emotional well-being. Regular PA remains an essential behavior for endorsing health, postponing or preventing predominant musculoskeletal disorders such as mechanical low back pain, neck and shoulder pain and decreasing the risk of increasing coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, osteoporosis, obesity and colon cancers 32> 33.
2.3. PE, SEDENTARY LIFE AND COVID-19
The benefits of regular PE have been set out across the lifespan. For adults, engaging in PE helps to prevent and manage over 20 chronic conditions, including coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, cancer, obesity, mental health problems, and musculoskeletal conditions; and they should minimize the amount of time being sedentary.15'16
As the COVID-19 Pandemic continues to develop in almost all territories and regions, various protective measures have been introduced by the authorities, including the closing of schools and universities, and bans on travel, cultural and sporting events, and social gatherings17.
The novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) seems to be having a major impacts on PE behaviors globally. The Pandemic has forced many people around the world to stay at home and self-isolate for a while. WHO recommends 75 min/wk of vigorous or 150 min/wk of moderate PE for adults and elderly, including 3 and 2 days/wk, respectively, with muscle and bone strengthening. In some countries, fitness centers, and other locations where individuals are normally active will remain temporarily closed. Staying at home for prolonged periods can pose a significant challenge for remaining physically active. Sedentary behavior and low levels of PE can have negative effects on the health, well-being, and quality of life of individuals.
Recommended levels ofPhysical exercise for adults aged 18-64 years
In adults aged 18-64, PE includes leisure time Exercise(walking, dancing, gardening, hiking, swimming), transportation (walking or cycling), occupational (i.e. work), household chores, play, games, sports, or planned exercise, in the context of daily, family, and community activities. To improve cardio respiratory and muscular fitness, bone health, reduce the risk of non-communicable disease (NCDs) and depression:
1. Adults aged 18-64 should do at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic PE throughout the week or do at least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic PE throughout the week or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity Exercise.
2. Aerobic Exercise should be performed in bouts of at least 10 minutes duration.
3. For additional health benefits, adults should increase their moderate-intensity aerobic PE to 300 minutes per week, or engage in 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic PE per week, or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity Exercise.
4. Muscle-strengthening activities should be done involving major muscle groups on 2 or more days a week.17
It is likely for limited opportunity to practice PE outdoors during this period, with most people forced to stay at home or adopt isolation protocols to prevent transmission of the virus. It is thus recommended that people should stay active by exercising at home. For this purpose, multiple exercise modes can be applied, including aerobic exercise using stationary bikes or rowing ergo meters, bodyweight strength training, dance-based exercise, and active gaming.18
2.4. SEDENTARY LIFE AND CONSEQUENCE
Recent epidemiological studies utilizing valid measures of PE and have demonstrated stronger associations between PE and health benefits than have been observed previously and helped to clarify dose-response relationships between Exercise and specific health outcomes. Physical unexercised and obesity is leading risk factors for global mortality accounting for 6% and 5% respectively19.An increase in PE might produce a disproportionately larger body weight change than for a normal-weight individual since physiological adaptations to the negative energy challenge would be expected to help maintain weight in the lean individual20'21' Thus, PE can be an important intervention to achieve the desired body-weight regulation.26
Subsequently, physical unexercised, sedentary lifestyle, and an ever-increasing rate of obesity have become prevalent in Saudi society 27.
Sedentary behavior is not simply a lack of PE but is a cluster of individual behaviors where sitting or lying is the dominant mode of posture and energy expenditure is very low; it is a multifaceted behavior that might take place at work, school, or home ,28 For adults, engaging in 30 minutes of moderate-intensity PE on at least 5 days a week helps to prevent and manage over 20 chronic conditions, including coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, cancer, obesity, mental health problems, and musculoskeletal conditions 27. The strength of the relationship between PE and health outcomes persists throughout people's lives, highlighting the potential health gains that could be achieved if people become more active during childhood and throughout their lifespan28.
2.5. HOME BASED PHYSICAL EXERCISE
PE has the potential to improve health outcomes in people at home. Home-based PE seem safe and effective in delaying cognitive function decline and improving changes in behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, activities of daily living, health-related physical fitness, and career’s burden in people with dementia living at home.
WHO recommends on March 25 through its official Face book Page as people should be active and stay healthy at home!
Exercise in a private environment with good ventilation; by using personal equipment is recommended by WHO. As per WHO; physical activities you can do at home during the COVID-19 outbreak were:
- Try exercise classes online
- Dance to music
- Play active video games
- Try skipping rope
- Do some muscle strength & balance training22
This figure has been removed for copyright reasons.
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Figi. Being active at home
2.5.1 HOW TO PARTICIPATE IN INDOOR ACTIVITIES
- Put some music on and walk briskly around the house or up and down the stairs for 1015 minutes, 2-3 times per day.
- Dance to your favorite music.
- Jump rope (if yourjoints can handle it).
- Do an exercise video.
- Use home cardio machines if you have them.23
2.5.2. OUTDOORACTIVITIES DURING COVID-19
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic forced the world’s population to alter daily routines, including exercise habits. This unusual situation has physical, psychological, and behavioral consequences to all individuals, including elite and recreational athletes. Life in lockdown has been difficult because everyone has to stay safe and healthy, while at the same time abiding by new norms. Currently, mitigation strategies have been widely implemented to contain the spread of COVID-19. These measures include lockdown, social distancing, personal protective measures, and environmental and surface cleaning .Furthermore, the practice of physically active lifestyles is recommended to counteract health and mental consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. By concerning these performing PE by keeping these criteria.
- Stay 6 feet away from others.
- Walk orjog around your neighborhood
- Be active in a local Park. Spending time in nature may enhance immune function.
- Wash your hands when you get home.
- Go for a bicycle ride.
- Do gardening and lawn work (spring is around the corner!).
Play active games with your family.23
2.6 Planned Physical Activity prescribed during self-isolation
If Patients are physically inactive and have no previous experience with exercise programs, they should engage in less intensive exercise regimes and progress slowly. If Patients’ are already physically active, then they can either maintain their exercise routine, if viable (for example walking) or adapt their activities to be performed at home. A flexible clinical guide for PE promotion during the COVID-19 Pandemic that can be downloaded as an electronic practitioner resource or shared with Patients’ as a printed Pamphlets, electronic document, or wall poster is provided as Supplementary.29
Dance-based aerobic exercise, and if possible, aerobic high-intensity exercise using stationary bikes or rowing ergometers, also with self-Paced protocols. These activities can be combined with, but not substituted by, stretching and active gaming. The great importance of a healthy diet during this self-isolation period also cannot be underestimated.18
2.7 Immunity and Physical Exercise
Dr. Jeffrey said “Back in the 2000s, we performed a series of studies in mice and people to understand how individual bouts of exercise and exercise training affect influenza infection and vaccination, respectively. In our animal studies, we found that moderate endurance exercise (30 min/day) could protect mice from death due to influenza. Mice that exercised for longer durations (»2.5 h/day) exhibited an increase in some illness symptoms, but there was no statistically significant difference in mortality when compared to sedentary mice.”30
CHAPTER THREE
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 STUDYAREA
This study was conducted in Jimma University which is located in Jimma town, on the distance of 346km from the capital city ofEthiopia Addis Ababa.
3.2 STUDY DESIGN AND METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
A cross-sectional descriptive study was employed. The source of this study was drawn from primary and secondary information sources; by preparing a questionnaire to assess the problem consulted and reading different materials. The reason to use this data collection system was to simplify complex answers and enable them to collect detailed information.
3.3 DATA COLLECTION
3.3.1 QUESTIONNAIRE
The data used in this research was collected by using a structured questionnaire and modified to enables the researcher to gather many within a short period as compared to the other data collection instruments. It was adopted by reviewing previous literature.
3.4 STUDY POPULATION
The study population (N) in this study was all academic staff of Jimma University. The total number of academic staff at Jimma University was 2016.
3.5 SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
The sample size of this study was determined to be 333 from target populations. This sample size was determined by using the formula of Kothari; accordingly, 333represent the right sample size 31 This means that the primary data was collected among 333 people by using a questionnaire by convenience sampling technique.
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3.6. Study variables
3.6.1. Dependent variables
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3.6.1. Independent variable
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3.7 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS
Data processing is a vital Part of the whole survey operation. The raw data that was gathered from respondents was edited, coded, classified, and tabulated. Then analyzed, and interpreted by using descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Data were analyzed by using statistical Packages for social science (SPSS) software version 23. The result of the analysis was presented with descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage) and inferential statistics (correlation (Bivariate).
3.8 ETHICAL ISSUE
The study was dealt with ethical concerns; it can protect the privacy of research Participants and make grants and confidentiality at risk of harm as a result of their Participation. Therefore, the study was conducted according to JU rules, policies, and codes relating to research ethics. The protocol was approved by the university guidelines, and verbal consent had taken from the Participants after informing the risks and benefits associated with Participating in the research. Anyone who will not be willing to take Part in the study had fill right to do so.
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