Excerpt
1.) Handout: Devolution in Scotland
Introduction
A pact between scoundrels in the nation that sold their fellow citizens for English gold, wrote the great Scottish poet Robert Burns. The scoundrels he is speaking of are those noblemen who gave way to the English occupants because of bribery. Despite protests from the public, Scotland was united with England in 1707.
However, since the uniting of Scotland with England also had very positive aspects - for example, in the form of economic growth - the Scots initially accepted their fate. But later, when oil was found off the Scottish coast and Margaret Thatcher implemented her social policies that went against the grain of Scottish community spirit - the calls for more sovereignty became ever louder.
Since the late 1970s, devolution for Scotland and Wales has been under discussion. As promised in the Labour Party’s manifesto, referendums over the introduction of a certain level of self-government were held on September 11, 1997. The Scottish referendum produced a strong majority for a separate parliament (74%) with limited tax-raising powers (63% majority) on a turnout of over 60%. Scotland was expected to have a parliament within 12 months. In Wales, the result was a narrow majority, on a low poll, for a Welsh parliament. Unlike the House of Commons, the regional parliaments are to be elected by proportional representation.
The Scottish Parliament
On 1 July, 1999 the Scottish Parliament took control of Scotland's domestic affairs - including health, education, local government, economic development, transport, the environment, rural affairs and law and order. The Parliament now has a historic responsibility to meet the domestic aspirations of the people of Scotland.
Many Premiers have promised the Scots more rights - Tony Blair is the first who has kept his promise. In 1999, the Scots have elected their own Parliament. And this Parliament, sitting in Edinburgh, also has many powers. The most important is the right to levy a separate income tax and law-making powers in areas that do not affect the interests of the UK as a whole. There are 129 representatives in the Parliament elected under an additional member system which ensures a strong degree of proportionality. 73 of those 129 Members are directly elected via a proportional system using eight electoral regions that coincide with the eight pre-1999 European Parliament seats and 56 are drawn from the existing European Parliament constituencies in Scotland. The single member constituencies are the same as the Westminster parliamentary constituencies except that 'Orkney & Shetland' has been split into 'Orkney Islands' and 'Shetland Islands'. The political party with the most MSPs makes the government.
The first elections were held on May 6, 1999 and, as no party secured an outright majority, the Scottish Labour Party and Scottish Liberal Democrats have formed a Partnership Government. The Scottish Executive will be responsible to the Parliament for the discharge of Ministerial functions in respect of devolved matters.
The Scottish Parliament has the power to make some of its own laws. These are called "Acts of the Scottish Parliament". The Executive is in turn accountable to the Parliament. It can make laws about any areas except reserved matters – areas that only the UK Parliament can decide.
Thus the parliament controls:
- health
- education and training
- local government
- economic development
- the law and home affairs
- the environment
- agriculture, fisheries and forestry
- sport and the arts
- research and statistics
- any number of smaller issues
- The control of local authority expenditure, non-domestic rates and other local taxation is devolved to the Scottish Parliament, which also has the power to increase or decrease the basic rate of income tax by up to 3p in the pound
However, certain powers will be reserved for the UK parliament; these are:
- the constitution of the UK
- UK foreign policy, including relations with Europe
- UK defence and national security
- the stability of the UK's fiscal, economic and monetary system
- common markets for UK goods and services
- employment legislation
- social security
- most aspects of transport safety and regulation.
Timeline - Recent implementations of Scotland's quest for self-governance
1997
May 1 New Labour government formed by Tony Blair
July 24 The White Paper, "Scotland's Parliament"
July 31 The Referendum's Act 1997
Sept. 11 Referendum in Scotland (and Wales on September 18) on the day of the 700th anniversary of the Battle of Stirling Bridge and 4 days after the trauma of Lady Diana's funeral resulted in a 3 to 1 decision
Dec. 18 The Scotland Bill: Donald Dewar presents a Bill to implement Scotland's first parliament in 300 years, which passes due to a large majority in the House of Commons. This Bill was the 34th attempt at legislating for Home Rule since 1889. The Bill opened with a clause drafted in refreshingly unlegalistic language: "There shall be a Scottish Parliament."
1998
Jan. Scotland Bill was introduced in Parliament
Nov. The Scotland Bill receives Royal Assent and becomes The Scotland Act 1998 (as well as The Government of Wales Act and The Northern Ireland Act at the same time)
1999
May 6 First Scottish Parliament Elections
May 12 David Steel elected Presiding Officer. The Parliament first met in Edinburgh.
May 13 Donald Dewar elected First Minister with 71 votes out of 127
May 17 John Reid succeeds Donald Dewar as Secretary of State
July 1 The Scottish Parliament assumes its powers granted under The Scotland Act 1998 by being officially opened by the Queen
2000
Feb. 10 Budget (Scotland) Bill passes all parliamentary stages
March 10 Tony Blair, Prime Minister, addresses the Scottish Parliament
March 20 Budget (Scotland) Act receives Royal Assent
Oct. 11 Death of First Minister Donald Dewar (after a heart operation on May 8, 2000 he returned to work on August 14, 2000)
Oct. 26 Scottish Parliament elects Henry McLeish as First Minister
Oct. 27 Henry McLeish formally appointed First Minister by the Queen
2001
Jan. 9 Tom McCabe, Parliament Minister, suggests that Executive should be called 'Scottish Government' what meets with immediate hostile response from London ministers
Nov. 8 Henry McLeish resigns as first minister over a finance scandal and is replaced by Jack McConnell (Scottish labour party)
Sources
Oakland, John – British Civilization. An Introduction. 4th Edition. London: Routledge, 2000.
Sieper, Roswitha (Ed.) – The Student's Companion to Britain. British History, Geography, Life, Institutions, Arts and Thoughts. 8th Edition. Dillingen: Max Hueber Verlag, 1993.
Trench, Alan (Ed.) – In Search of Stability. In: The State of the Nations 2001. Imprint Academic.
http://britannia.com/history/nar20hist8.html - History of England, The 20th Century
http://www.britannia.com/celtic/scotland/history_scotland.html - GO BRITANNIA! Scotland A Brief History
http://www.citizensconnection.net/home-page/how-society-works/national-government/scottish-government.vdf - Scottish government
http://www.debatabase.org/details.asp?topicID=130 - IDEA Debatabase Topic Page
http://www.guardian.co.uk - The Guardian online
http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1998/19980046.htm - Scotland Act 1998
http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/page155.asp - Devolution
http://www.scotland.gov.uk - The Scottish Executive
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk - The Scottish Parliament
http://www.scottishelections.co.uk - election scotsman com - UK General Election 2001 coverage from scotsman.com
http://www.scottishsecretary.gov.uk - Scotland Office
http://www.statistics.gov.uk/geography/devolved.asp#sp - National Statistics - geography - electoral – devolution
http://www.ulibauer.de/sen/devolutionfornet.htm - Devolution for Net
http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1997/1997061.htm#aofs - Referendums (Scotland and Wales) Act 1997
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3.) Transparencies:
People's opinions on Devolution
Is devolution (in Scotland and Wales) to be regretted? (UK specific)
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Source: http://www.debatabase.org/details.asp?topicID=130
- Kirsteen Macleod
4.) Notes for the Oral Presentation:
Introduction
A pact between scoundrels in the nation that sold their fellow citizens for English gold, wrote the great Scottish poet Robert Burns. Despite protests from the public, Scotland was united with England in 1707.
However, since the uniting of Scotland with England also had very positive aspects - for example, in the form of economic growth - the Scots initially accepted their fate. But later, when oil was found off the Scottish coast and Margaret Thatcher implemented her social policies that went against the grain of Scottish community spirit - the calls for more sovereignty became ever louder.
Also, "Braveheart", the Hollywood movie had reminded the Scots of their past glories as an independent nation and of the bravery of those who had fought to ensure independence against almost insurmountable odds. The fortuitous arrival of "Braveheart" was good for business, tourism especially. More and more Scots began to look at William Wallace as a role model and proclaim: "We're not free. We need a William Wallace."
Hollywood movie star, Scotsman Sean Connery (who did not appear in "Braveheart") campaigned hard and contributed a great deal of cash to the campaign, invoking the 1370 Declaration of Arbroath, "It is not for glory, riches or honours we fight, but only for liberty, which no good man loses but with his life."
In 1996, the English returned the "Stone of Scone" to the Scots - a stone on which Scottish kings had been crowned and which the English King Edward I had confiscated in the 13th century. Although - or perhaps because - a Regional Parliament gives the Scots a lot of liberty and self-determination, it could be the first step towards complete independence from England. The revenue from the oil off the Scottish coast is drawing the attention of some Scottish politicians, who would prefer to see it going into Scottish pockets.
Since the late 1970s, devolution for Scotland and Wales has been under discussion. As promised in the Labour Party’s manifesto, referendums over the introduction of a certain level of self-government were held on September 11, 1997. The Scottish referendum produced a strong majority for a separate parliament (74%) with limited tax-raising powers (63% majority) on a turnout of over 60%. Scotland was expected to have a parliament within 12 months. In Wales, the result was a narrow majority, on a low poll, for a Welsh parliament. Unlike the House of Commons, the regional parliaments are to be elected by proportional representation.
The Scottish Parliament
On 1 July, 1999 the Scottish Parliament took control of Scotland's domestic affairs - including health, education, local government, economic development, transport, the environment, rural affairs and law and order. The Parliament now has a historic responsibility to meet the domestic aspirations of the people of Scotland.
Many Premiers have promised the Scots more rights - Tony Blair is the first who has kept his promise. In 1999, the Scots have elected their own Parliament. And this Parliament, sitting in Edinburgh, also has many powers. The most important is the right to levy a separate income tax and law-making powers in areas that do not affect the interests of the UK as a whole. There are 129 representatives in the Parliament elected under an additional member system which ensures a strong degree of proportionality. 73 of those 129 Members are directly elected via a proportional system using eight electoral regions that coincide with the eight pre-1999 European Parliament seats and 56 are drawn from the existing European Parliament constituencies in Scotland. The single member constituencies are the same as the Westminster parliamentary constituencies except that 'Orkney & Shetland' has been split into 'Orkney Islands' and 'Shetland Islands'. The political party with the most MSPs makes the government. As no party at present has a majority, two have come together to form a coalition.
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