The whole world is constantly evolving. Before the 17th century, mechanics and electricity were not invented for mankind. Many discoveries and inventions have been an enrichment for the human life in the last 300 years, but also many are gratuitous or even endangered. New technologies are not only available to assist people's activities or to produce commodities, but they are and will be of much more value in the future. For the first ten years of the 21st century, the masses had been guaranteed unimaginable technical advances and the continuing possibilities of self thinking processes in metal. It is named Artificial Intelligence, in short AI. But this engineering marvel is not yet fully functional. The machine cannot think on its own so an ethnic decision comes from the developer. However “Artificial Intelligence is the key for autonomous driving" and revolutionized the transport sector in all aspects. This journey to a complete automated infrastructure, whose development is beyond all questions, will affect our lives. An enormous number of experts will be required for the designing and upkeeping of the new cars.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. History of Vehicles
2.1 Technical Classifications
2.2 The Next Generation
3. Technical Specifications for Autonomous Driving
4. Handling of Hindrances
5. The Future of Transport
Research Objectives and Key Topics
The primary objective of this work is to explore the technological evolution and transformation of the automotive industry, specifically focusing on the transition toward autonomous driving, electrification, and its role as a creative industry. The research examines how technical systems, such as sensor technologies, enable autonomy while addressing the ethical dilemmas associated with AI decision-making in critical traffic situations.
- Historical evolution of internal combustion engine vehicles.
- Technical classification of autonomous driving levels (0 to 5).
- Core sensor technologies: Radar, LiDAR, Ultrasonic, and Camera systems.
- Ethical implications of AI-controlled vehicles via the Trolley Problem.
- Future trends in transportation, including smart technology and sustainability.
Excerpt from the Book
Technical Specifications for Autonomous Driving
There are different and significant specifications (in this coursework there are Radar, LiDAR, Ultrasonic Sensor and Cameras explained) for the functional autonomous vehicle in sensing the enviroment. And nearly all of them make use of the technic of the “Doppler-effect“ shown in Illustration 8 (Chai, Nie and Beckder 2020: 17).
How does the Doppler-Effect work?
“The Doppler effect, or Doppler shift, describes the changes in frequency of any kind of sound or light wave produced by a moving source with respect to an observer.“ (Bettex 2010) In addition to sound or light waves, it also works with water waves (Henderson 2015). If the source approaches the observer, waves get compressed by object traveling toward an observer which causes a higher frequency. In contrast, waves emitted by a source traveling away from an observer gets stretched out. (Bettex 2010)
Summary of Chapters
1. Introduction: Discusses the global evolution of technology, the emergence of Artificial Intelligence, and the author's motivation as an aspiring IT-Specialist.
2. History of Vehicles: Traces the mobility history from early human travel to the invention of the steam car, the motorwagon, and the mass production of iconic automobiles.
2.1 Technical Classifications: Outlines the six stages of autonomous driving, ranging from manual control (Level 0) to full system automation (Level 5).
2.2 The Next Generation: Explores the transformation of the automotive industry into a creative and service-oriented sector fueled by connectivity and electrification.
3. Technical Specifications for Autonomous Driving: Details the sensors required for environmental perception, specifically the role of Doppler-effect-based technologies.
4. Handling of Hindrances: Connects autonomous decision-making in adverse scenarios to the philosophical foundations of the Trolley Problem.
5. The Future of Transport: Highlights the necessity of a transition toward smart, electrified, and autonomous systems to mitigate ecological damage and urban congestion.
Keywords
Autonomous Driving, Artificial Intelligence, Automotive Industry, Doppler-Effect, LiDAR, Radar, Ultrasonic Sensors, Computer Vision, Trolley Problem, Electrification, Creative Industry, Smart Technology, Mobility, Industrial Evolution, Sensor Technology.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary focus of this paper?
The paper focuses on the technological transformation of the automobile industry, analyzing how past inventions, current sensor technologies, and future trends shape the development of autonomous driving.
What are the central themes of the work?
The core themes include the historical development of vehicles, the technical specifications for autonomous navigation, ethical dilemmas involved in AI decision-making, and the impact of creative industries on automotive design.
What is the core objective of the research?
The goal is to explain how autonomous vehicles function and to assess the challenges, both technical and ethical, that arise during the industry's shift toward fully automated systems.
Which scientific methods are primarily utilized?
The work employs a literature-based analysis of technical specifications for sensor technologies and philosophical frameworks for addressing ethical dilemmas in automated transport.
What content is covered in the main body?
The main body covers the classification of autonomous driving levels, the physical principles (Doppler-effect) behind sensors like Radar and LiDAR, and the connection between moral dilemmas (Trolley Problem) and AI programming.
Which keywords characterize this work?
Important keywords include Autonomous Driving, AI, Sensor Technology, LiDAR, Radar, Trolley Problem, Electrification, and Future Transport.
How does the Doppler-effect benefit autonomous vehicles?
The Doppler-effect is essential for sensors like Radar to determine the velocity of objects by detecting frequency shifts, allowing the vehicle to accurately sense its surrounding environment.
What is the significance of the Trolley Problem in this context?
It serves as a philosophical framework to highlight the complex ethical decisions that automated systems must make when confronted with unavoidable fatal accidents.
How is the automotive industry changing according to the author?
The author argues that the industry is evolving from a manufacturing-focused business into a service-oriented and creative industry driven by smart technologies and electrification.
- Arbeit zitieren
- Stefanie Öllerer (Autor:in), 2023, Autonomous Driving. History Vehicles, Technical Specifications/Classifications and the Trolley Effect, München, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/1363671
