The objective of this study is to assess the major factors affecting the sustainable livelihood of Borana pastoralist. This study specially focuses on drought, bush encroachment, resource base shrinkage, customary institution and development intervention policy. A qualitative survey research design was used. The purposive sampling technique was employed to select a sample from the population. Data was gathered through semi-structure interview and focused group discussion, and the collected data was analyzed through a descriptive method. This study found that recurrent drought, expansion in bush encroachment, resource base shrinkage, erosion in customary institution and current state development intervention policy has negatively affected the sustainable livelihood of Borana pastoralist.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1 Back Ground of the study
1.2. Statement of the problems
1.3. Objective of the study
1.3.1. General objective
1.3.2. Specific Objective
1.4. Research Question
1.5. Significance of the study
1.6. Scope and Limitation of the Study
1.7. Research Design and Methodology
1.7.1. Research Design
1.7.2. Data source and collection
1.7.3. Sample Population and sampling Techniques
1.7.4. Method of data analysis
1.8. Organization of the study
2. Literature Review
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Conceptual Literature Review
2.2.1. Definition of Pastoralist and Pastoralism
2.2.2. Type of Pastoralist
2.3. Characteristics of Pastoralism and Pastoralists
2.3.1. Dependence on Livestock
2.3.2. Geographical Location
2.3.3. Change and Adaptation
2.4. Pastoral livelihood
2.5. Sustainable livelihoods Framework
2.1 The Sustainable Livelihoods model
2.6. Empirical Literature Review
3. Data Analysis and Presentation
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Respondents profile
3.3. Frequency and Extent of Drought Occurrence
3.4. Effect Drought on livelihood
3.5. Increase in Bush-encroachment
3.6. Decline in Resource base and it Elements
3.6.1. Rangeland and Its Products
3.6.2. Indigenous water source (Tula) or Deep Water well
3.6.3. Mineral soil ( Aya)
3.7. Declining in capacity of customary institution
3.8. Effect of state policy on the livelihood
4. Conclusion and Recommendation
4.1. Conclusion
4.2. Recommendation
Research Objectives and Themes
The primary objective of this research is to evaluate the major factors challenging the sustainable livelihood of Borana pastoralists in Southern Ethiopia. The study rigorously examines how ecological instability, resource degradation, and government policies impact the pastoral system.
- The impact of recurrent droughts and increasing frequency of climate-related shocks.
- The proliferation of bush encroachment and its effect on grazing land productivity.
- Territorial resource shrinkage resulting from administrative boundary changes.
- The erosion of traditional natural resource management institutions.
- Evaluation of state development policies and their compatibility with pastoral ways of life.
Excerpt from the Book
3.6.2. Indigenous water source (Tula) or Deep Water well
Among Borena pastoralist, being the most crucial physical asset, water is one means of securing livelihood .In addition, it also serve as a base for establishment of management entity for other element of livelihood such as pasture, herd mobility and social network for mutual help. The essentiality of water demonstrated through high value that the society ascribes to it even in the everyday conversion. For instance, what we commonly find in Borena pastoralist swear the name of their resource base saying “Maraa – Bisaan” literally “Water and Pasture”
The importance of deep water well (Tula) for Borena pastoralist was unique among all other kind of water source such as ponds and shallow well. The respondent and FGD participants, traced two major importance of Tula (deep water well) for Borena pastoralist. It was mainly used for the productivity and health improvement of their animals, and its existence at the center of south eastern part of Borana rangeland also helps people to graze the associate pasture.
According to the respondents from Gofa, Melbana , Raro and Tile Mado location the milk productivity of cattle drinking Tula water is higher than that of cattle drinking other kind of water. The animal drinking this water also free from intestinal warms (Raammo) which affect their health and later deduced its productivity. The calves of cattle drinking Tula water immediately reach at reproductive stage than the calves drinking other kind of water. Because of its better healthiness and internal strength the cow reared around deep water well can live long and give fifteen to twenty calves in its life span. Additionally, animal drinking this kind of water usually resist and withstand recurrent drought shock despite of weight loss and in its body
Summary of Chapters
Chapter – One: Introduction: Provides an overview of pastoralism in Ethiopia and establishes the research problem regarding the factors affecting the sustainable livelihood of the Borana community.
Chapter Two: Literature Review: Conceptualizes pastoralism, livelihood frameworks, and reviews empirical evidence regarding resource management and the challenges faced by pastoral groups.
Chapter Three: Data Analysis and Presentation: Analyzes survey data on drought, bush encroachment, resource base decline, and the impact of institutional and policy changes on Borana livelihoods.
Chapter Four: Conclusion and Recommendation: Summarizes the study’s findings and suggests policy implications, including developing contingency plans and incorporating indigenous knowledge.
Keywords
Borana pastoralists, Sustainable livelihood, Rangeland management, Drought, Bush encroachment, Deep water well, Tula, Customary institutions, Pastoralism, Resource degradation, Ethiopia, Oromia region, Government policy, Sedentarization, Livestock production
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary focus of this research?
The research focuses on assessing the major factors that adversely affect the sustainable livelihoods of the Borana pastoralist community in Southern Ethiopia.
What are the central themes of the work?
The central themes include the impact of recurrent environmental shocks like drought, the degradation of grazing land due to bush encroachment, the loss of communal resource access, and the influence of government state policies.
What is the core research question?
The study aims to answer how various ecological and anthropogenic factors, such as resource shrinkage and policy changes, collectively challenge the resilience and sustainability of the Borana pastoral system.
Which scientific method was employed?
The study utilized a qualitative survey research design, incorporating semi-structured interviews with 95 pastoral households and focus group discussions with knowledgeable elders.
What does the main body of the work cover?
The main body provides an in-depth analysis of drought frequencies, the expansion of unwanted bush species, the decline in resource bases like 'Tula' wells, the erosion of customary institutions, and the impact of government sedentarization policies.
Which keywords best characterize the study?
Key terms include Borana pastoralists, drought, sustainable livelihood, rangeland, bush encroachment, Tula, customary institutions, and pastoral policy.
How does the loss of 'Tula' wells affect the Borana community?
The loss of access to 'Tula' (deep water wells) due to regional boundary changes is significant because it reduces livestock milk productivity, hinders herd health, and diminishes the community's ability to withstand drought shocks.
What is the role of 'Aya' soil in Borana livelihood?
'Aya' soil is a critical mineral supplement that enhances livestock growth, milk production, and disease resistance. The loss of access to these deposits hampers the overall productivity and market value of Borana livestock.
Why are customaray institutions considered essential in this study?
These institutions are essential because they traditionally managed settlement patterns and grazing cycles through systems like the 'Jarsa Dheeda' (grazing council), which are now being disrupted by rigid modern administrative structures.
What is the author's recommended approach for future government interventions?
The author recommends that future development interventions must be pre-assessed, researched for social-economic compatibility, and involve local consultation, rather than imposing generic highland-based agricultural models on pastoralist lowlanders.
- Arbeit zitieren
- Godana Huka Godana (Autor:in), 2013, Assessment of Major Factors Affecting Pastoral Sustainable Livelihood. The Case of Borana, Southern Ethiopia, München, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/1399796
