The inhabitants of Abesan Area, Southwestern Nigeria depend on groundwater for their daily domestic consumption and irrigation purposes. Thirty groundwater samples were collected from selected shallow hand-dug wells hosted in the Coastal Plain Sands aquifer for groundwater quality assessment.
The samples collected were analyzed for pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), and dissolved ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, and NO3-) for water quality assessment as well as their suitability for irrigation.
Results of chemical analyses of groundwater showed that the relative concentration of cations and anions are in the order of Ca2+>Mg2+>Na+>K+ and HCO3>Cl−->SO42-−>NO3−, respectively. The plots in all the locations indicated that the bicarbonate ions dominate other anions while calcium ions dominate other cations. The predominance of bicarbonate ions suggests a continental origin for the groundwater of the study area. The chemical quality of the water samples is within the acceptable limit of the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking, domestic, and irrigation purposes in all the wells studied.
Five water irrigation quality parameters were employed for this study which include the Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), Residual Sodium Carbonates (RSC), and Kelly's Ratio. Based on the irrigation parameters calculated, all the samples were classified as suitable for agriculture purposes. Most of the sampled groundwater in the Abesan Area from this study is found suitable for domestic and irrigation purposes.
Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Statement
1.2 Aim and Objectives
1.3 Study Area
1.3.1 Location of Study Area
1.3.2 Climate and Vegetation
1.3.3 Topography
1.3.4 Local Geology of Abesan Area
1.3.4.1 Regional Geological Setting
1.3.4.1.1 Stratigraphy of Dahomey
1.3.1.1.1 Abeokuta Group
1.3.1.1.1.1 Ise Formation
1.3.1.1.1.2 Afowo Formation
1.3.1.1.1.3 Araromi Formation
1.3.1.1.1.4 Ewekoro Formation
1.3.1.1.1.5 Akinbo Shale
1.3.1.1.1.6 Oshosun and Ilaro Formations
1.3.2 Hydrogeology of the study Area
1.4 Common Chemical Constituents in Groundwater
1.5 Literature Review
2.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Materials
2.1.1 Field Materials and Equipment
2.1.2 Laboratory Materials and Equipment
2.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.2.1 Desk Study
2.2.2 Well Selection
2.2.3 Water Table Measurement
2.2.4 Field Measurement
2.2.5 Field Analysis
2.3 Method of Chemical / Laboratory Analysis
2.3.1 Titrimetric and Turbidimetric Method
2.3.1.1 Determination of Concentration Chloride (Mohr’s method)
2.3.1.2 Determination of Concentration of Bicarbonate
2.3.2 Ultraviolet / Visible Spectrophotometric Method
2.3.2.1 Determination of Concentration of Sulphate (Turbidimetric Method)
2.3.2.2 Determination of Concentration of Nitrate (Sodium Salicylate Method)
2.3.3 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Method
2.4 Irrigation Water Quality
3.0 DATA PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION
3.1 Data Presentation
3.2 Physicochemical Data Interpretation
3.2.1 Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)
3.1.2 Electrical Conductivity
3.1.3 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
3.2 Geochemical Data Constituents Interpretation
3.2.1 Major Cations
3.2.2 Major Anions
3.3 Irrigation Parameters
3.3.1 Sodium Hazard
3.3.2 Bicarbonate Hazard
3.3.3 Magnesium Hazard
3.3.4 Kelly’s Ratio
4.0 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
4.1 Discussion
4.1.1 Physical Chemistry
4.1.2 Groundwater Chemistry
4.1.3 Irrigation Purposes
4.2 Conclusion
4.3 Recommendation
Research Objectives and Topics
The research aims to evaluate the physicochemical properties of groundwater within the Coastal Plain Sands aquifer system in the Abesan Area of Lagos, Nigeria, to determine its suitability for both domestic consumption and agricultural irrigation purposes.
- Physicochemical characterization of groundwater quality.
- Assessment of major ion concentrations in groundwater samples.
- Evaluation of groundwater suitability for human consumption using Water Quality Indices.
- Analysis of irrigation quality parameters including SAR, SSP, and Magnesium Hazard.
- Geological and hydrogeological analysis of the study environment.
Excerpt from the Book
1.1 GENERAL STATEMENT
Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms. It is vital for all known forms of life, even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients.
Its chemical formula is water, meaning that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, connected by covalent bonds. Water is the name of the liquid state of water at standard ambient temperature and pressure. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fog. Clouds are formed from suspended droplets of water and ice, its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow. The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor. Water moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea (Baroni et al., 2007).
Groundwater remains a major source of water supply for drinking, recreation, agricultural and Industrial purposes in most part of Nigeria. Lagos state provides about 220 million liters of water daily for domestic and industrial purposes for about 37 % of its population. About 8.3 million residents in Lagos (62.0% of the population) and some industries have no access to pipe borne water, thus depend solely on groundwater through privately dug bore holes and shallow wells.
Summary of Chapters
1.0 INTRODUCTION: This chapter introduces the importance of water and groundwater, the specific challenges in the Abesan area, and the research objectives.
2.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Describes the tools, equipment, and analytical scientific procedures used for field data collection and laboratory analysis of groundwater.
3.0 DATA PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION: Presents the collected samples, physicochemical data, geochemical characteristics, and irrigation parameters, interpreted against WHO standards.
4.0 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Discusses the findings regarding the physical and chemical water quality and concludes on the suitability of the water for consumption and irrigation.
Keywords
Groundwater, Abesan Area, Coastal Plain Sands, Physicochemical properties, Water quality, Irrigation parameters, Hydrogeology, Sodium Adsorption Ratio, SAR, TDS, pH, Lagos, Nigeria, Water analysis, Aquifer
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the core focus of this research?
The research is a comprehensive study focused on assessing the physicochemical attributes and the overall quality of groundwater in the Abesan area of Lagos, Nigeria.
What are the primary themes of this study?
The themes include hydrogeological characterization, chemical water quality analysis for drinking safety, and the evaluation of irrigation indices to determine suitability for agriculture.
What is the main research objective?
The primary objective is to determine the concentration of major ions and assess whether the groundwater meets established standards for human consumption and agricultural applications.
Which scientific methods are employed in this work?
The study utilizes field mapping, sampling, titrimetric methods for chloride and bicarbonate determination, spectrophotometric analysis for nitrates and sulphates, and atomic absorption for cation analysis.
What topics are discussed in the main chapters?
The main chapters cover the introduction to local geology and water issues, detailed materials and methodology, a results presentation with geochemical interpretation, and a final discussion with conclusions and recommendations.
Which keywords categorize this work?
Key terms include groundwater, aquifer, physicochemical analysis, irrigation water quality, Abesan Area, and hydrogeology.
What significance do irrigation quality parameters like SAR and MAR possess?
These parameters are crucial for predicting how groundwater usage might affect soil structure, specifically regarding salt accumulation and permeability, which directly impacts crop yields.
What does the study conclude regarding the groundwater quality in the Abesan area?
The study generally classifies the sampled groundwater as suitable for both domestic and agricultural purposes, though it notes that localized treatment might be necessary where ion concentrations (like K+ or Cl-) are elevated.
- Citar trabajo
- Daniel Owodunni (Autor), 2019, Physico-chemical properties of groundwater in shallow coastal plain aquifer, Múnich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/1403059
