In this study, our primary objective was to enhance the nutritive value of ruminant feed through the supplementation of improved forages, grasses, and legumes in the basal diets. Specifically, we aimed to evaluate the impact of different levels of Napier's grass (Pennisetum pupareum) and Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) hay supplementation on feed intake, digestibility, and body weight changes in Hadero Tunto Zuria Woreda local sheep fed on urea-treated wheat straw.
The forage legumes and wheat straw were meticulously prepared before the experiment, with urea-treated wheat straw undergoing a 21-day ensiling process. Using a completely randomized block design, we selected ten non-castrated male sheep aged nine to eleven months, each with an initial live weight of 16-18kg, and implemented five treatments. Throughout the 90-day feeding trial, we recorded daily feed intake and body weight changes, collecting and analyzing feces and feed samples for a comprehensive assessment.
Treatment groups included varying levels of Urea treated wheat straw and a combination of Napier grass and alfalfa hay. Statistical analysis using STATA 10 and SPSS 20 revealed notable differences in total dry matter, organic matter, and metabolizable energy intake among treatments. Treatment five (T5) showed the highest intake, while treatment one (T1) had the lowest. Additionally, T5 demonstrated the highest (P<0.05) digestibility of dry matter and organic matter.
Notably, treatment five (T5) and treatment four (T4) exhibited higher crude protein intake and digestibility compared to other treatments. Average daily gain (ADG) for T5 and T4 surpassed other treatments significantly, indicating superior animal performance. Feed conversion efficiency varied significantly among treatments, with T2 and T3 showing similar values.
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION
1.2 Statements of the problem
1.3 Objectives
1.3.1 General objective
1.3.2 Specific objectives
1.4 Significance of the study
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Small ruminant production in Ethiopia
2.2. Livestock Feeds in Ethiopia
2.2.1 Natural Pasture
2.2.2. Crop residues
2.3. Improved forage
2.3.1. Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum)
2.3.2. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
2.4. Nutritive Value of Straw
2.4.1. Restriction of Straws
2.4.2. Treatments to improve nutritive value of crop residues
2.4.3. Urea Treatment of Straws
2.4.4. Advantages of urea treatment
2.4.5 Problem of urea supplementation
2.4.6 Response of animals to urea treated wheat straws
2.5. Feeding Value of Forage Legumes
2.5.1. Supplementation of forage legumes to low quality basal roughage Feeds
2.6 Nutrient Requirement of Sheep
2.6.1. Feed intake
2.7. Live weight change
2.8. Effect of Forage Legumes Supplementation on Treated Straw Based Diets
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1. Description of the Study Area
3.2. Experimental Procedures and Methods of Data Collection
3.2.1 Experimental Feeds Preparation
3.2.1.1 Preparation of feed
3.2.1.2. Urea treatment of wheat straws
3.3. Animal Management, Feeding and Experimental Design
3.3.1. Live weight changes
3.3.2. Digestibility Trial
3.4. Data management & Statistical Analysis
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Results
4.1.1. Chemical Composition of Experimental Feeds
4.1.2 Dry matter and Nutrient Intake ,digestibility
4.1.3 Nutrient digestibility and digestibility trail
4.1.3.1 Dry Matter and Nutrients Digestibility
4.1.4 Live Weight change and Feed conversion efficiency
4.1.5. Partial budget analysis
4.2 DISCUSSION
4.2.1 On-farm Feeding and Digestibility Experiment
4.2.1.1 Chemical Composition of Treatment Feeds
4.2.1.2 Dry matter and Nutrient Intake ,digestibility
4.2.1.3 Dry Matter and Nutrient Digestibility
4.2.1.4 Body Weight Gain and feed conversion efficiency
4.2.1.5 Partial budget analysis
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendation
Research Objectives and Themes
The primary goal of this research is to evaluate how supplementing basal diets of urea-treated wheat straw with improved forages—specifically Napier grass and Alfalfa hay—affects the feed intake, digestibility, and growth performance of local yearling sheep in the Hadero Tunto Zuria Woreda, Ethiopia.
- Nutritional improvement of crop residues through urea treatment.
- The impact of supplementing leguminous and grass forage on ruminant digestibility.
- Economic efficiency and cost-benefit analysis of different feed supplementation regimes for smallholder sheep production.
- Comparative performance analysis of sheep fed on urea-treated straw versus those receiving additional specific levels of Alfalfa and Napier grass.
Excerpt from the Thesis
3.2.1.2. Urea treatment of wheat straws
The straw of wheat used for the experiment was collected and stored from seed multiplication site and wheat farms of Homa kebele. Before urea-ensiling, the long wheat straw was chopped for ease of handling and uniform distribution of urea. Two ensiling pits with dimensions of 2 m x 2 m x 2 m (length, width and height) was prepared and used for ensiling the straw alternatively in such a way that the pretreated straw was entirely consumed until the second pit was ready to open. Straw was treated with 5 kg of urea, to be dissolve in 100 liter of water and to apply on 100 kg DM of wheat straw. The wall of the pit was covered in all directions with polyethylene sheet. The straw had weighed and ammoniated by uniformly mixing with urea. Then it was well trampled and compacted until the pit is full, and finally sealed and loaded by mass of soil on the top to make it airtight. The ensiled straw was left to stand unopened for twenty-one days as recommended by Sundstøl et al. (1978). The stack was allowed to aerate for two days to eliminate volatile ammonia and the pungent odor of ammonia to disappear before animal feeding commenced (Shuang et.al., 1995) as showed in figure 3&4.
Summary of Chapters
1. INTRODUCTION: Outlines the significance of small ruminant production in Ethiopia and the necessity of improving crop residue quality through supplementation.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW: Discusses the nutritional challenges of livestock in Ethiopia and the role of improved forages like Napier grass and Alfalfa in enhancing productivity.
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Describes the study area, the preparation of urea-treated wheat straw, and the experimental design used to evaluate sheep performance.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Presents the chemical composition of experimental feeds and the findings regarding dry matter intake, digestibility, growth performance, and economic analysis.
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Summarizes the key findings, noting the improvement in sheep performance with specific supplementation, and suggests future feeding strategies.
Keywords
Alfalfa, Napier grass, Sheep, Supplementation, Urea-treated wheat straw, UTWS, Ruminant nutrition, Digestibility, Feed intake, Average daily gain, Smallholder production, Ethiopia, Forage legumes, Crop residues.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary focus of this study?
The study investigates the nutritional potential and growth performance effects of supplementing urea-treated wheat straw with different levels of Napier grass and Alfalfa hay in local Ethiopian sheep.
What are the central themes covered in the research?
The central themes include the pre-treatment of agricultural crop residues, the use of improved forages for supplementation, and the resulting biological and economic outcomes for sheep production.
What is the core research objective?
The goal is to assess how substitution and supplementation of specific forages influence the nutrient intake, weight gain, and digestibility of yearling sheep fed on a basal diet of wheat straw.
Which scientific methodology was employed?
The research used a completely randomized block design (RCBD) feeding experiment over 90 days, followed by laboratory chemical analysis of feeds and feces using standard AOAC methods.
What is analyzed in the main body of the work?
The main body examines feed preparation, chemical composition, nutrient digestibility metrics, body weight gain, and the economic efficiency (Partial Budget Analysis) of the experimental diets.
Which keywords characterize this thesis?
Key terms include Alfalfa, Napier grass, sheep, supplementation, urea-treated wheat straw (UTWS), and ruminant nutritive efficiency.
Why is urea treatment of straw important?
Urea treatment increases the crude protein content and improves the digestibility of fibrous, low-quality crop residues, which are otherwise insufficient to maintain high animal productivity.
What were the findings regarding economic profitability?
The study concluded that supplementation with a mix of 250g Alfalfa and 150g Napier grass provided the highest total return and net profit compared to other treatments.
What practical recommendation does the author make?
The author recommends that farmers use Napier grass and Alfalfa to supplement basal diets to increase sheep weight gain and reduce dependency on expensive store-bought concentrates.
- Quote paper
- Muluken Abraham (Author), 2022, Enhancing Sheep Nutrition. Exploring the Nutritional Potential of Elephant Grass and Alfalfa Hay Supplemented with Urea-Treated Wheat Straw, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/1416009
