In the last decade, the discussion about the role of social protection emerged in the context of development cooperation and therefore started to gain importance in many countries in the developing world. Several developing countries in Latin America, Africa and Asia began to implement social protection measures, like for example (conditional) cash transfers to protect the poorest and especially vulnerable groups against shocks and risks in difficult stages of life, like for example childhood, motherhood or old age.
In this context, non-contributory old age pensions financed via taxes and provided by the state - especially for those not involved in other state old age insurance schemes - emerged and gained of importance in developing countries in the last few years. Donors and international institutions as well as governments of the respective countries recognized and emphasized on the importance of such schemes and their role in protecting poor old people.
This paper deals with the given conditions that enable and the driving forces behind the implementation of universal non-contributory social pension schemes. It wants to explore what the main factors for their implementation in different developing countries were in the last few years. Thereby, the focus of the analysis lies on the international discourse and external forces, which push for the implementation of a specific pension scheme. Evidence was collected from the poorest developing countries with a universal pension scheme where a universal pension scheme was implemented in the last two decades: from Bolivia, Lesotho and Nepal, and partly from other countries where such schemes already exist, namely Namibia, Mauritius, and Botswana.
Inhaltsverzeichnis (Table of Contents)
- Introduction
- State of Research
- The concept of universal non-contributory old age pensions in developing countries
- The enabling conditions behind the implementation of universal pensions
- Institutional, systemic, societal an global factors that shape old age protection
- The driving forces behind the implementation of universal pensions
- The Approaches of international actors towards Universal Old Age Pensions
- The approach of the World Bank
- The approach of the ILO
- Approaches of other international actors
- Evidence from Bolivia
- Conclusions
Zielsetzung und Themenschwerpunkte (Objectives and Key Themes)
This paper aims to explore the enabling conditions and driving forces behind the implementation of universal non-contributory social pension schemes in developing countries. It focuses on identifying the key factors for their implementation in different developing countries in recent years, with a particular emphasis on the international discourse and external forces that push for the implementation of specific pension schemes.
- Enabling conditions for the implementation of universal non-contributory social pension schemes.
- Driving forces behind the implementation of universal non-contributory social pension schemes.
- The role of international actors in shaping the debate and implementation of universal non-contributory social pension schemes.
- The impact of external forces on the implementation of universal non-contributory social pension schemes in developing countries.
- Case studies of countries that have implemented universal non-contributory social pension schemes.
Zusammenfassung der Kapitel (Chapter Summaries)
- Introduction: This chapter sets the context by discussing the growing importance of social protection measures, particularly non-contributory old age pensions, in developing countries. It highlights the role of international actors in promoting such schemes and introduces the research questions that drive the investigation.
- State of Research: This chapter provides a brief overview of existing research on driving forces and conditions behind the implementation of universal pensions and other social protection measures. It identifies gaps in the current literature, particularly regarding the role of international institutions and donors.
- The concept of universal non-contributory old age pensions in developing countries: This chapter defines and discusses the concept of universal non-contributory old age pensions, emphasizing their role in providing basic income to the elderly and reducing poverty. It explores the rationale for implementing such schemes and outlines their key features.
- The enabling conditions behind the implementation of universal pensions: This chapter examines the institutional, systemic, societal, and global factors that shape old age protection in developing countries. It explores how these factors contribute to the enabling conditions for implementing universal non-contributory pensions.
- The driving forces behind the implementation of universal pensions: This chapter delves into the key drivers of the implementation of universal non-contributory pensions, analyzing the political, economic, and social factors that motivate governments and international actors to adopt such schemes.
Schlüsselwörter (Keywords)
This research focuses on universal non-contributory old age pensions in developing countries, exploring the driving forces behind their implementation and the role of international actors in shaping this process. Key concepts include social protection, poverty reduction, equity, international development cooperation, global discourse, and pension reforms.
- Quote paper
- Mag. Martina Bergthaller (Author), 2009, The Driving Forces behind universal non-contributory old age pensions in developing countries and the role of international actors, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/145266
