This study investigates how society views women's roles and expectations in relation to Bollywood films. Given that Bollywood has a significant cultural influence in India, the study explores how gender representations in the film influence public opinion, uphold or subvert accepted norms, and affect how women in particular view themselves. A structured survey with a noticeable gender split of 67.5% women and 32.5% males was used in the study to get data from a broad sample of respondents. Men tended to disagree or stay neutral, while women were more inclined to believe that Bollywood influences body image, societal standards, and promotes stereotypes, according to the data, which showed a substantial gender-based difference in attitudes. Nonetheless, both genders recognized Bollywood's expanding contribution to empowering women and advancing progressiveness through more powerful female representations. The study emphasizes how women need to be portrayed in popular media in a more nuanced and equitable manner and how movies have the power to both reflect and spur social change.

Excerpt

CONTENT

INDEX

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the study…
1.2. Theoretical Framework
1.3. Conceptual Framework
1.4. Problems Identified
1.5. Problem Statement
1.6. Scope…
1.7. Objectives…
1.8. Limitations…
1.9. Operational Definitions

CHATPER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Research gap in the study of Bollywood’s impact on the women’s roles and expectations
2.3. Conclusion

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODALOGY
3.1. Research Design
3.2. Pilot Study
3.3. Quantitative research method
3.3.1. Survey Method
3.3.2. Data Collection
3.4. Sample
3.5. Administration of survey questionnaire…
3.5.1. Questionnaire’s classification…
3.5.2. Informed Consent
3.6. Variables
3.6.1. Independent Variables
3.6.2. Dependent Variables
3.7. Measurement
3.8. Method of assessment
3.9. Hypothesis…
3.9.1. Major Hypothesis –
3.9.1.1. Subhypotheses
3.9.2. Major research hypothesis-
3.9.2.1. Subresearch hypotheses

CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1. Demographics
4.2. Analysis of Bollywood Films
4.3. Analysis and Interpretation of the questionnaire

CHAPTER 5 FINDINGS, DISCUSSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Demographics
5.2.1. Gender perspectives
5.3. Findings from the survey
5.4. Findings from the analysis of the movies
5.5. Thematic analysis of key research questions
5.6. Findings in relation to research objectives
5.7. Limitations of the study
5.8. Recommendations
5.9. Conclusions

REFERENCES

ANNEXURE – A

List of tables

3 List of dependent variables.

4 Age- wise distribution of the respondents

4 Language distribution of respondents

4 Gender -wise distribution of respondents

4 Employment status of respondents

List of figures

4 Respondents’ perception of Bollywood’s role in shaping societal values.

4 Respondents’ perception on the need for strong female representation in Bollywood.

4 Respondents’ perception on the influence of roles of expectations of men and women in society.

4 Respondents’ perception on Bollywood’s role in driving societal change.

4 Respondents’ perception on Bollywood’s portrayal of women’s decisions in marriage.

4 Respondents’ perception on the progressiveness of female portrayal in Bollywood movies.

4 Respondents’ perception on the reinforcement of stereotypes and prejudices against women in Bollywood movies.

4 Respondents’ perception on the negative portrayal of career-oriented women in Bollywood movies.

4 Respondents’ perception on whether Bollywood movies pressure women to prioritize beauty over intelligence or skills.

4 Respondents’ perception on representation of diverse female identities in Bollywood films.

4 Respondents’ perception on the portrayal of love and marriage as the goal for women.

4 Respondents’ perception on Bollywood’s influence on women’s confidence in challenging societal norms.

4 Respondents’ perception on normalization of toxic relationship dynamics in Bollywood films.

4 Respondents’ perception on the promotion of toxic masculinity and submissive female characters in Bollywood.

4 Respondents’ perception on Bollywood’s reinforcement of tolerating mistreatment in relationships.

4 Respondents’ perception on Bollywood’s role in normalizing gender inequality in households.

4 Respondents’ perception on the portrayal of sacrificing women as the ideal in Bollywood films.

4 Respondents’ perception on Bollywood’s reinforcement of Ideal body and personality types for marriage.

4 Respondents’ perception on Bollywood’s influence on perceptions of traditional vs. modern women.

4 Respondents’ perception on Bollywood’s impact on societal expectations of dominant men and submissive women.

4 Respondents’ perception on the shift in public attitudes toward consent and gender violence through Bollywood films.

4 Respondents’ perception on gaining inspiration from films like queen to embrace individuality and independence.

4 Respondents’ perception on increased awareness of gender discrimination through Dil Dhadakne Do.

4 Respondents’ perception on challenging traditional gender roles in Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani.

4 Respondents’ perception on progressive male representation in Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani.

4 Respondents’ perception of realistic and inspiring portrayal of working women in Bollywood.

4 Respondents’ perception Films like Mom and the portrayal of women’s strength in justice.

4 Respondents’ perception on normalization of self-love and moving on in Bollywood films.

4 Respondents’ perception on Bollywood films portraying women excelling in male-dominated fields.

4 Respondents’ perception on portrayal of older women in Bollywood as progressive.

4 Respondents’ perception on Bollywood's role in encouraging discourse on women leaving unhappy marriages.

4 Respondents’ perception on shift in perception of gender roles due to Bollywood films.

4 Respondents’ perception on Bollywood’s influence on perceptions of attractiveness.

4 Respondents’ perception on impact of Bollywood on views about career-family balance.

4 Respondents’ perception on Bollywood’s role in changing gender role perspectives.

ABSTRACT

Keywords: Bollywood, Gender representation, Body image, Stereotypes, Portrayal.

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:

In the 21st century, digitalization has got most of the world wrapped around its finger including its influence on film production. The number of people who have access to Bollywood is higher than ever. As a result, the number of movies being produced annually has increased manifolds with the highest reaching 468 movies in 2022. As of 2023, India's theater-going population stands at approximately 157.4 million individuals,This marks a 29% increase from the previous year and an 8% rise compared to pre-pandemic levels. These theater-goers collectively contributed to 942.9 million cinema visits in 2023, averaging about six films per person annually. (Financial Times, 2024).

Bollywood has been able to play both a positive and negative role in shaping the minds of people in society. India is home to one of the most passionate fan cultures in the world and therefore is surrounded by replications of favourite film characters in real life. This extends true to the change of identity and behaviours of the fans. Society has now learnt to be more inclusive and also understand the various complexities that exist which act as a dividing force for it. Media is often seen as a representation of an “ideal society” and what it reflects is considered as the norms for it. Consumer culture is at its peak and therefore it has been given the opportunity to alter the perception of the roles and expectations that women hold in society.

As we all are aware, consumers learn from what is depicted on the big screen, this poses a challenge to how gender roles are perceived in society. The unattainable beauty standards glorified in Bollywood have paved the path for a rise in body dysmorphia among the masses. Additionally, women have been subjected to becoming objects of desire and being denied a voice of their own. This has been strengthened due to the unchallenged dominance of patriarchy in movies. Consequently, women have been conditioned to believe that they must adhere to social conventions and devote themselves to the men in their lives. Their entire purpose is shown as to sacrifice their life for the sake of their families which leaves them with no scope for a career of their own. Bollywood movies have played a significant role in strengthening the stereotypes against women, ranging from the damsel in distress to the vilification of career oriented women. However, in recent times this has been critiqued and progress is underway. We are now witnesses of women centric movies with strong female leads who have dismantled the male gaze and provided a fresh perspective on how women are portrayed. This in turn has led to movies acting as catalysts for women taking a stand for themselves against patriarchy.

To conclude, the impact that Bollywood has had on the development of women in society is significant and warrants deeper analysis and discussion.This study aims to explore how Bollywood, as a powerful cultural force, has shaped societal perceptions of women's roles and expectations, both reinforcing traditional stereotypes and challenging them through evolving narratives.

1.2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

- SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY (TAJFEL AND TURNER, 1979): This theory states that people form their identities based on the social group that they are a part of and examines how individuals develop a sense of self and categorize themselves and others into groups leading to in-group favouritism and out-group differentiation.Career-oriented women often experience internalized guilt for not conforming to the idealized image of the perfect housewife portrayed in movies. This can explain how women in society develop a sense of self from the women characters portrayed in bollywood movies.
Women tend to internalize cinematic identities and roles very often. These gender based social identities are in the form of some of the most common stereotypes such as the ‘Sati Savitri’ archetype that is considered as the ideal wife who’s obedient and perfect for marriage as opposed to the rebellious, modern woman archetype that is seen as undesirable and unfit for a marriage. Women often tend to internalize these qualities because of how bollywood glorifies women who fit into the Sati-Savitri archetype and criticizes those who do not conform to societal norms.
- SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY(ALBERT BANDURA): This theory states that individuals learn behaviours, skills, attitudes and values by observing and imitating others. As bollywood movies are the top most consumed media in India they play a major role in shaping the behaviours of audiences. The portrayal of certain women characters as glorified and certain as villainous leaves a big mark on the women in society and the men as well as they expect their partner to behave in a specific way. The depiction of women characters as the sacrificial mothers, diligent daughters, submissive and dependent wives and damsels in distress have been internalised by women in real life. This theory explains how bollywood influences societal norms, gender roles and expects women to behave in a certain way. However when women characters are shown as strong and independent this leads to the audiences learning alternative gender roles and challenging the patriarchy.
- CULTIVATION THEORY(GEORGE GERBNER): Cultivation theory is a sociological theory that studies how media consumption, particularly television, impacts a person's perceptions of reality. It suggests that the more someone watches television, the more their views will align with what they see on TV. This theory explains how Bollywood's repeated portrayal of women in stereotypical roles (caretaker, submissive and dependent) cultivates long term societal beliefs about women’s “natural” roles.It can be observed in how idealizing of self-sacrificing women has been normalized. This is evident as during the 1990s, when television was still relatively new, women largely adhered to societal expectations, as the content they consumed reinforced these norms. However, with modern films and TV shows increasingly focusing on awareness and change, many women are now drawing inspiration from these narratives and breaking away from traditional roles. While some movies make these gender roles seem “realistic” and “desirable”, newer Bollywood films that challenge these roles (e.g., Thappad) disrupt traditional cultivation effects, promoting new gender perspectives.
- SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY: Psychologist Lev Vygotsky believed that parents, caregivers, peers, and the culture at large are responsible for developing the brain's higher-order functions. According to Vygotsky, human development relies on social interaction and, therefore, can differ among cultures. As Bollywood is the biggest source of entertainment in India, it does end up dictating the cultural and societal norms of our society. This explains why women in traditionally patriarchal settings often internalize restrictive gender roles from a very young age. If they consistently are made to believe that their worth is tied to marriage and sacrifice then unbeknownst to them, they may conform to those ideals. However, newer films are showcasing a more progressive society where cultural norms that are rather restrictive are being challenged.
- GENDER SCHEMA THEORY: Gender schema theory was introduced by psychologist Sandra Bem in 1981 and asserted that children learn about male and female roles from the culture in which they live,creating cognitive frameworks (schemas) about what it means to be “male” or “female”. In Kuch Kuch Hota Hai, Anjali was not considered beautiful when she didn’t conform to conventional beauty standards. However, the moment she adopted a more traditionally feminine appearance, Rahul suddenly started acknowledging her beauty. According to the theory, children adjust their behavior to align with the gender norms of their culture from the earliest stages of social development. Gender schemas have an impact not only on how people process information but on the attitudes and beliefs that direct "gender-appropriate" behavior. This theory explains the internalisation of gendered roles and stereotypes showcased in Bollywood movies.

1.3. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:

The conceptual framework consists of interconnected principles and objectives that provide a structured foundation for the research. It represents the researcher’s perspective on the natural development of the phenomenon under study. Additionally, it aids in understanding the relationships between various variables and concepts, shaping the researcher’s worldview regarding the subject of investigation. Moreover, it serves as a guide in achieving the proposed research objectives.

- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK BASED ON THE VARIABLE: Independent variables, such as the characterization of women on and off-screen, often reinforce common stereotypes like the “ damsel in distress” and “Sati-Savitri” tropes. These portrayals directly influence the dependent variables, shaping societal expectations and women's roles. As a result, they contribute to perceptions such as marriage being the ultimate goal and body image anxieties, among other gendered pressures.

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MAIN CONCEPTS OF THE STUDY:
It consists of concepts interconnected to explain the relationship between them and how the researcher assesses to answer the research problem defined.

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

1.4. PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED:

The youth of today have easy access to movies which causes whatever they view to manifest in their thinking patterns unconsciously. As Bollywood movies tend to deliberately structure their content in a way that helps them bypass an A rating, children are allowed to view most of the movies that exist. Unfortunately these movies tend to have undertones of misogyny or represent women in the negative light. Thus a conscious and more appropriate representation of women characters is needed in Bollywood.

This has given a rise to the following questions:

1. How has Bollywood influenced the modern feminist movement in India?
2. How has the absence of female gaze in Bollywood films influenced societal perceptions of women?
3. How has Bollywood played a significant role in shaping societal ideals for women which in turn have impacted their self-esteem?

1.5. PROBLEM STATEMENT:

This study has been executed to prove the correlation between bollywood and the thinking patterns of the viewers which have resulted in the formation of rigid standards as seen on screen. An in depth analysis of this correlation has been carried out in order to measure the negative and positive impacts of bollywood films on the roles and expectations of women in society.

Therefore, the statement of the problem will be: “The influence of Bollywood movies on the roles and expectations of women in society.”

1.6. SCOPE:

1. TIME FRAME SELECTION: 2000s-Present. These years are marked by a period of significant progress wherein the film industry underwent major revolutions. A change in the mindset of the society and their beliefs about women’s roles and responsibilities is one of the main factors contributing to the progress. To add to that, media proliferation has transformed the way of life by democratising access to information. Thus these years have been chosen so as to track the change in beliefs while also portraying the existing stereotypes despite the advances in technology.
2. GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE: Since this study focuses on Bollywood and its influence on societal perceptions, the geographical scope is limited to India, where Bollywood has the most cultural and social impact. The research analyzes how Indian audiences interpret and respond to the portrayal of women in Bollywood films. Our study is limited to Hyderabad, Telangana and is studying the influence of Bollywood on people living there.
3. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION: Survey method; questionnaires with both open and close ended questions along with in-depth analysis and case studies of the chosen movies.
4. SAMPLE SIZE: 250 participants.
5. DEMOGRAPHICS: Age group: People belonging to the age group of 17-65 have been selected so as to study the two extreme viewpoints and the evolution of people’s beliefs.
Gender:This study is not limited to any particular gender and includes perspectives from individuals across the gender spectrum so as to provide a more comprehensive study.
Socio-economic background: This study is not limited to any particular community as it analyzes the influence of bollywood on society to provide a more generalized view.
6. FILM SELECTION CRITERIA: The films have been chosen in a way which show the various perspectives that society upholds. So as to study both the positives and negative sides of its influence, this approach has been selected.

1.7. OBJECTIVES:

1. To examine the portrayal of female characters in the early 2000’s to the present.
2. To analyze whether bollywood reinforces or challenges the patriarchal norms.
3. To assess the rise and impact of female-centric films.
4. To study the positive and negative impact of bollywood movies on the societal expectations of women.
5. Analyzing the depiction of women : Is Bollywood moving towards progress?

1.8. LIMITATIONS:

1. SAMPLE SIZE: Only 120 people participated in this study and hence the conclusions drawn cannot be generalised.
2. TIME CONSTRAINTS: This research was conducted in a tight time schedule of 2 months resulting in fewer movies and smaller sample size selected.
3. GEOGRAPHICAL LIMITATIONS: Only limited to the states of Telangana, Karnataka and Delhi.
4. SUBJECTIVITY: As the method of questionnaires was used all the data received was highly subjective in nature. This is one of the main reasons that the results cannot be generalised as what one person perceives as wrong may not be seen the same way by another.

1.9. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS:

1. INFLUENCE: To affect or alter something or someone’s condition or development by indirect or intangible means.
2. BOLLYWOOD: Bollywood is the Hindi-language film industry based in Mumbai, India, and is the largest sector of the Indian film industry. The name "Bollywood" is a blend of Bombay (now Mumbai) and Hollywood, though Bollywood has its own distinct identity, storytelling style, and cultural influence.
3. PREJUDICE: A negative attitude toward another person or group formed in advance of any experience with that person or group. Prejudice is typically manifested behaviorally through discriminatory behavior. Prejudicial attitudes tend to be resistant to change because they distort our perception of information about the target group.
4. FEMINISM: It is a social, political, and intellectual movement that advocates for gender equality by challenging systems of oppression, discrimination, and patriarchal power structures. It seeks to ensure that individuals of all genders have equal rights, opportunities, and freedoms.n the context of this study, feminism will be measured through content analysis of Bollywood films, examining the presence of female characters with independent decision-making power, equal representation in professional roles, and narratives that challenge traditional gender norms. Additionally, audience surveys will assess perceptions of feminism based on Bollywood’s portrayal of female empowerment, gender roles, and societal expectations.
5. BIOLOGICAL ESSENTIALISM: It’s the belief that biological differences; particularly sex-based characteristics, determine inherent and unchangeable traits, abilities, and social roles of men and women. This perspective suggests that gender roles, behaviors, and identities are biologically predetermined rather than shaped by culture or society.
6. STEREOTYPE: a fixed, oversimplified, and often biased belief about a group of people. Stereotypes are typically rationally unsupported generalizations, and, once a person becomes accustomed to stereotypical thinking, he or she may not be able to see individuals for who they are. Stereotypes can legitimize hostility against a whole social group.
7. BEAUTY STANDARDS: Beauty standards refer to the socially constructed ideals of physical appearance that define what is considered attractive within a particular culture. For this study, beauty standards will be measured through content analysis of Bollywood films, examining the physical traits of lead female characters, as well as through audience surveys assessing the influence of such portrayals on women's self-perception and body image.
8. CAREER ASPIRATIONS: Refers to an individual’s ambitions, goals, and expectations regarding their professional life. In the context of this study, career aspirations will be measured by analyzing the portrayal of female professionals in Bollywood films, including their occupational roles, career growth, and work-life balance. Additionally, audience surveys will assess how these portrayals influence women's perceptions of career choices, leadership potential, and societal expectations regarding women's professional success.
9. MARRIAGE EXPECTATIONS: Marriage expectations refer to the societal beliefs and norms regarding a woman’s role, responsibilities, and priorities in marriage. In the context of this study, marriage expectations will be measured by analyzing Bollywood films' portrayal of women in marital relationships, including themes of love, duty, sacrifice, and gender roles. Additionally, audience surveys will assess how these portrayals influence women's perceptions of ideal marriage age, partner selection, and the balance between personal aspirations and marital responsibilities.
10. EXPECTATIONS: refer to beliefs or assumptions about what will happen in the future or how someone or something should behave. These can be personal, social, or cultural and often influence decisions, behavior, and relationships.
11. DAMSEL IN DISTRESS: The damsel in distress trope refers to the portrayal of female characters as helpless, vulnerable, and dependent on male protagonists for rescue or protection. In the context of this study, this trope will be measured through content analysis of Bollywood films, identifying instances where female characters are placed in perilous situations and require male intervention. Additionally, audience surveys will assess the impact of such portrayals on societal perceptions of women's agency, independence, and problem-solving abilities.
12. POWER DYNAMICS: refer to the ways in which power is distributed and exercised between different genders in society, relationships, workplaces, and institutions. Gender-based power dynamics are often influenced by patriarchy, historical inequalities, and social norms, shaping how individuals experience authority, control, and privilege.
13. SEXUALIZATION OF WOMEN: It refers to the portrayal of female characters primarily in terms of their physical attractiveness, often through objectifying visuals, suggestive dialogues, or roles that emphasize their desirability over their agency. In the context of this study, sexualization will be measured through content analysis of Bollywood films, examining factors such as revealing clothing, item songs, camera focus on body parts, and the framing of women as objects of male desire. Additionally, audience surveys will assess the impact of such portrayals on societal attitudes toward women’s self-worth, body image, and gender roles.
14. PATRIARCHY: is defined as an ideology that upholds men’s systematic dominance over women, justifying male superiority and rejecting equal structures in both public and private spheres of life. It involves the belief that men should hold power in the family and society, leading to the acceptance of violence against women as a means of maintaining male control. It is characterised by a value and belief system that justifies male dominance and rejects egalitarian structures in the public and private spheres.
15. BECHDEL TEST: The Bechdel test, also known as the Bechdel-Wallace test, is a measure of the representation of women in film and other fiction. The test asks whether a work features at least two women who have a conversation about something other than a man. Some versions of the test also require that those two women have names.
16. FEMALE GAZE: The female gaze is a perspective in visual media, literature, and storytelling that presents the world through the lens of a woman’s experiences, emotions, and desires. It serves as a counter to the male gaze, which historically objectifies women for a presumed heterosexual male audience.

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

2.1. Introduction:

The portrayal of women in Bollywood has played a significant role in shaping societal expectations and gender norms in India. Over the years, Bollywood movies have reinforced traditional roles, introduced progressive narratives, and depicted the struggles of women in a patriarchal society. This literature review explores scholarly discussions and empirical studies on how Bollywood influences gender roles, expectations, and the broader discourse on women's empowerment.

1. Navigating the Well-Being Status of Single Women in India (Choudhary, Macorya, & Shukla, 2025)
Source: Springer This study examines how Bollywood films reflect and reinforce societal attitudes toward single women in India. The research highlights that Bollywood narratives often depict single women as either struggling due to societal pressures or ultimately conforming to traditional expectations of marriage and motherhood. The study emphasizes the psychological impact of these portrayals, arguing that they contribute to the stigma surrounding unmarried women in Indian society. Furthermore, it discusses how modern films, while attempting to portray independent women, still often emphasize their personal lives over professional achievements. The authors suggest that more diverse and empowering representations of single women are needed to challenge these stereotypes.
2. A Postcolonial Feminist Representation of Motherhood in Bollywood Sports Movies (Routray & Gaur, 2025)
Source: ScienceDirect This paper explores the representation of motherhood in Bollywood sports films through a postcolonial feminist lens. The researchers argue that while these films celebrate female strength, they often frame women’s success within traditional family roles, reinforcing the idea that women must balance ambition with maternal duties. For instance, films like Mary Kom (2014) depict female protagonists achieving greatness but simultaneously emphasize their responsibilities as mothers and wives. The study highlights how patriarchal expectations shape these narratives, ultimately limiting the scope of female empowerment. The authors call for a shift in Bollywood storytelling that presents women as independent achievers beyond their familial roles.
3. The Influence of Bollywood on Women’s Career Aspirations (Patel, 2020)
Patel’s research investigates how Bollywood films shape young women’s career aspirations in India. The study found that while recent films feature working women, they often present their professional ambitions as secondary to their personal relationships. Women in positions of power are frequently portrayed as either emotionally unfulfilled or forced to compromise their femininity. The research also critiques how Bollywood glorifies certain professions—such as fashion, journalism, and medicine—while ignoring women in STEM fields. Patel suggests that Bollywood must move beyond glamorous career portrayals and offer more realistic, diverse role models for young women.
4. Gender-Based Violence and Bollywood Narratives (Mehta, 2019)
Mehta’s study examines how Bollywood films portray gender-based violence, particularly in romantic contexts. The research reveals that many mainstream films romanticize stalking, harassment, and controlling behavior, reinforcing harmful societal norms. For example, movies like Raanjhanaa (2013) and Kabir Singh (2019) depict obsessive male protagonists whose aggressive behavior is ultimately justified or rewarded. The study argues that such portrayals normalize toxic masculinity and perpetuate the idea that persistence leads to love. Mehta calls for a responsible cinematic approach that discourages gender-based violence rather than glorifying it.
5. Bollywood and Beauty Standards (Gupta, 2016)
Gupta explores how Bollywood reinforces unrealistic beauty standards for women. The study highlights how leading actresses are often fair-skinned, thin, and adhere to Eurocentric beauty norms. Dark-skinned actresses are typically relegated to supporting roles or stereotypical characters, contributing to the issue of colorism in Indian society. The research also critiques Bollywood’s reliance on cosmetic surgeries and body transformations, arguing that these portrayals negatively impact young women’s self-esteem. Gupta suggests that Bollywood should celebrate diverse body types and beauty standards to foster a more inclusive cultural landscape.
6. Changing Masculinity and Its Impact on Female Representation (Srivastava, 2020)
Srivastava examines how the evolving portrayal of masculinity in Bollywood affects female characters. The study finds that while male protagonists are becoming more emotionally expressive and vulnerable, female characters remain largely defined by their relationships with men. Women in male-centric films are often portrayed as nurturing figures who provide emotional stability to flawed male protagonists. Srivastava argues that Bollywood’s portrayal of masculinity must evolve alongside its depiction of female agency, ensuring that both men and women are presented as multi-dimensional individuals.
7. The Role of Women in Bollywood Biopics (Raj, 2022)
Raj’s research focuses on the increasing number of Bollywood biopics featuring female protagonists. While these films celebrate women’s achievements in sports, politics, and science, they often frame success through personal struggles rather than systemic challenges. For example, movies like Gunjan Saxena (2020) and Shakuntala Devi (2020) emphasize individual resilience but overlook larger societal barriers faced by women. The study suggests that Bollywood should highlight structural challenges such as gender discrimination and workplace bias to present a more holistic view of female empowerment.
8. The Representation of LGBTQ+ Women in Bollywood (Bhattacharya, 2023)
Bhattacharya’s study explores the representation of queer women in Bollywood. The research finds that while recent films like Badhaai Do (2022) address LGBTQ+ themes, they often cater to a heteronormative audience. Many portrayals of queer women rely on stereotypes or treat their identities as a subplot rather than a central narrative. Bhattacharya calls for more nuanced and authentic LGBTQ+ representation in Bollywood, moving beyond tokenism to tell meaningful, inclusive stories.
9. Bollywood’s Impact on Women’s Political Engagement (Desai, 2018)
Desai’s research examines how Bollywood films influence public perceptions of women in politics. The study highlights that women in political roles are often depicted as either power-hungry antagonists or self-sacrificing leaders. Films like Raajneeti (2010) reinforce gender stereotypes that discourage women’s political participation. Desai argues that Bollywood must portray female politicians as capable leaders without relying on gendered tropes that undermine their authority.
10. The Psychological Impact of Bollywood Stereotypes (Khan, 2015)
Khan’s study investigates how Bollywood films affect women’s self-perception. The research finds that repeated exposure to stereotypical female characters leads women to internalize restrictive gender roles. Women are often depicted as either the “ideal wife” or the “modern rebel,” with little room for nuanced portrayals. Khan suggests that Bollywood should break away from binary representations and explore the complexities of real women’s experiences.
11. "Female Body, Femininity and Authority in Bollywood: The 'New' Woman in Dangal and Queen" (Ahad & Koç Akgül, 2020) This study analyzes the portrayal of women in the films Dangal (2016) and Queen (2014), highlighting how these movies depict female protagonists who challenge traditional gender roles. However, the research also points out that despite their assertive screen presence, these characters often remain confined within patriarchal frameworks, reflecting ongoing societal tensions regarding women's autonomy.
12. "She Did It Her Way: An Analysis of Female Rebellion in Contemporary Bollywood Movies" (Karandikar et al., 2021) This research investigates the nature of female rebellion in women-centric Bollywood films from 2007 to 2017. It identifies common themes where female protagonists undertake acts of defiance against societal norms, often in response to experiences of disrespect or inequality. The study emphasizes that while these narratives showcase women's resistance, they also reveal the persistent challenges women face in asserting their independence.
13. "Shifting Paradigms of Female Characters in Bollywood Movies" (Sundke, 2021) Sundke's work examines the evolution of female characters in Bollywood, noting a transition from traditional depictions of women as submissive homemakers to more contemporary portrayals of independent and career-oriented individuals. The study discusses how these changing representations both influence and reflect the evolving status of women in Indian society.
14. "Gender Bias, Social Bias, and Representation: 70 Years of Bollywood" (Khadilkar, KhudaBukhsh, & Mitchell, 2021) This comprehensive analysis explores gender and social biases in Bollywood dialogues over seven decades. The researchers identify patterns of gender bias, including the underrepresentation of women and the reinforcement of traditional gender roles, highlighting how these portrayals contribute to societal perceptions of women.
15. "(Re)Thinking Women in Cinema: The Changing Narrative Structure in Bollywood" (Manzar & Aravind, 2019) This paper discusses the evolving depiction of women in Indian cinema, focusing on films like Piku (2015), Nil Battey Sannata (2016), and Anarkali of Aarah (2017). It argues that while these films present female characters who challenge gender stereotypes, the narrative structures often lack complexity, limiting the potential for a deeper critical impact on societal views of women's roles.
16. "Shifting Roles of Women Through the Lens of Indian Popular Media" (ResearchGate, 2023) This study examines the portrayal of women in Indian popular media, particularly Bollywood films, highlighting how traditional roles have evolved over time. It discusses the transition from depicting women primarily as devoted wives and mothers to showcasing them in more diverse and empowered roles, reflecting broader societal changes.
17. "Portrayal of Women in Bollywood Adult Comedies: Understanding Stereotypes" (Malik, Sharma, & Sukul, 2021) This research focuses on the depiction of women in Bollywood adult comedy films, analyzing how these portrayals reinforce gender stereotypes. The study finds that such films often objectify women and perpetuate unrealistic expectations, influencing societal perceptions and potentially contributing to gender-based discrimination.
18. "Stereotyping and Gender Dynamics: Portrayal of Women in Bollywood Films and Crimes of Stalking and Sexual Harassment" (Patel, 2023) Patel's work explores the connection between the portrayal of women in Bollywood films and societal issues like stalking and sexual harassment. The study argues that films often depict women in ways that normalize or trivialize such behaviors, thereby influencing public attitudes and potentially exacerbating these social problems.
19. "Bollywood’s Toxic Masculinity: The Problematic Portrayal of Men & Women in Popular Hindi Cinema" (Samraat, 2022) This article examines how Bollywood films contribute to toxic masculinity and the problematic portrayal of both men and women. It discusses how these portrayals reinforce patriarchal norms and influence societal expectations, calling for a more balanced and progressive representation of gender roles in cinema.
20. "Gender Representation in Indian Cinema: A Study of Portrayal of Women in Bollywood Movies Post-2010" (Srivastava & Malhotra, 2022) This paper examines how Bollywood films released after 2010 portray women, identifying a gradual shift from stereotypical roles (like the sacrificial mother or love interest) to more nuanced characters who are independent, assertive, and professionally ambitious. It also analyzes how such portrayals influence public attitudes towards gender equality, though it notes that many films still fall back on regressive tropes for commercial appeal.

2.2. Research Gaps in the Study of Bollywood’s Impact on Women’s Roles and Expectations

While significant research has been conducted on the impact of Bollywood movies on gender roles, several critical gaps remain in the literature. Identifying these gaps is crucial for future research to provide a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of how Bollywood influences societal expectations of women.

Most studies analyze the impact of Bollywood on women as a homogenous group, without considering caste, class, religion, and regional diversity. The experiences of Dalit women, Muslim women, and women from rural areas are often overlooked in discussions on gender representation in Bollywood films. Future research should explore how Bollywood portrays women from different socio-economic backgrounds and marginalized communities. Secondly,many studies analyze individual films or trends over short periods, but long-term studies on how Bollywood’s representation of women has evolved across different decades remain scarce. A longitudinal study could provide deeper insights into whether Bollywood has progressively improved its portrayal of women or if it continues to reinforce regressive norms despite modern advancement.

Researchers mainly focus on Bollywood films as texts (content analysis) but lack audience reception studies that examine how viewers interpret and internalize these portrayals. Future research should employ qualitative methods, such as interviews and focus groups, to analyze how different demographics perceive and respond to female representation in Bollywood.While studies often critique the portrayal of female characters, fewer works examine the role of female filmmakers, scriptwriters, and producers in shaping Bollywood narratives. Research should explore whether women in key production roles contribute to more progressive gender representations or if they still operate under industry pressures that reinforce traditional norms.

Existing research primarily focuses on Bollywood’s influence on women’s career aspirations. However, there is limited research on its impact on other aspects of women’s lives, such as personal autonomy, marriage expectations, motherhood, and self-esteem. Future studies should explore how Bollywood influences these broader aspects of women’s identities.

Furthermore,With the rise of OTT (Over-the-Top) platforms like Netflix, Amazon Prime, and Disney+ Hotstar, Bollywood’s storytelling landscape is evolving. However, academic research is still largely focused on theatrical films. Future studies should compare gender portrayals in mainstream Bollywood films with those in web series and digital-first films, which often have more progressive narratives.

Many studies provide qualitative critiques of Bollywood’s gender portrayal, but quantitative studies measuring Bollywood’s real-world impact on gender attitudes are scarce. Future research should incorporate psychological and sociological studies that assess how Bollywood films influence gender attitudes in both urban and rural India.

Conclusion

While extensive research has been conducted on Bollywood’s influence on women’s roles and societal expectations, several critical gaps remain. Future studies should focus on intersectionality, long-term effects, audience interpretations, the role of female filmmakers, and Bollywood’s impact beyond career aspirations. Additionally, empirical data is needed to quantify Bollywood’s real-world influence on gender perceptions. Addressing these gaps will provide a more comprehensive and inclusive understanding of how Bollywood continues to shape gender norms in Indian society.

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

3.1 Research Design

The research design is the conceptual framework that guides the collection, measurement, and analysis of data. It outlines the entire research process, from defining objectives to analyzing the collected data. This study aims to examine Bollywood’s role in shaping gender perceptions, career-family balance, and societal norms through film representation.

The research design focuses on the following key aspects:

A. Formulation of Research Objectives:
- To analyze how Bollywood films influence perceptions of gender roles, attractiveness, and career-family balance.
- To examine how different age groups and genders perceive Bollywood’s impact.
- To assess whether Bollywood films reinforce or challenge traditional gender norms.
B. Data Collection Method:
- A quantitative approach was adopted using a survey questionnaire.
- The survey included questions assessing respondents’ views on Bollywood’s influence on gender expectations, marriage, and societal norms.
C. Selection of Sample:
- The study surveyed 120 participants, primarily aged 16-25, from various colleges in India.
- Given the influence of regional cinema, most responses were from South India, which was considered a limitation.
- The sample also included students, working professionals, and interns to gain diverse perspectives.
D. Data Collection:
- The survey was conducted through Google Forms for accessibility and ease of distribution.
E. Data Analysis:
- Excel spreadsheets were used to analyze the collected responses.
- Responses were categorized based on agreement levels (strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree).
- Mean and standard deviation were used to assess trends in responses.
F. Reporting Findings:
- The study compares Bollywood’s portrayal of gender roles across films and how audiences perceive them.
- It explores the normalization of traditional roles in films and the influence of modern films in challenging stereotypes.
- The analysis also considers age and gender differences in responses, identifying how perception varies among different demographic groups.
- The research methodology includes a comparative analysis of Bollywood films that represent various female characters across different age groups and backgrounds. The study acknowledges its limitations, particularly in sample diversity, and compensates for this by analyzing films that cater to broader demographics.

3.2 Pilot Study

Initially, the questionnaire contained around 45 questions, which were then reviewed by our guide. Based on their suggestion, the questions were categorized and reduced to 35 to maintain clarity and focus.

A pilot study was conducted among 20 respondents, consisting of 10 college students and 10 working professionals, including a few individuals with experience in media, gender studies, or film criticism. The sample also included individuals who had strong views on gender representation in media to ensure a balanced perspective.

During the pilot study, some respondents pointed out that certain questions needed to be refined to avoid implicit biases regarding gender roles in Bollywood. Based on their feedback, the questionnaire was revised to ensure neutrality and inclusivity in framing the questions. The revised version was then reviewed again before being distributed to a larger sample for the final study.

The positive reception of the pilot study and the valuable feedback received further motivated the research team to proceed with greater clarity and confidence.

3.3 Quantitative Research Method

This study employs a quantitative research method, using numerical data to analyze audience perceptions. The research is survey-based, conducted among college students and working professionals who actively engage with Bollywood films and their cultural impact.

Quantitative research is explanatory, aiming to understand how Bollywood influences gender roles, beauty standards, and societal expectations. To analyze the data effectively, we used pie charts as a statistical tool to visually represent audience responses. These charts helped identify patterns in how different groups perceive Bollywood’s impact, making it easier to interpret trends and comparisons.

By using pie charts, we were able to present data in a clear and accessible format, highlighting the extent to which Bollywood films shape societal expectations and reinforce or challenge cultural norms.

3.3.1. Survey Method

This study employs a survey method to quantitatively assess how Bollywood influences perceptions of gender roles, beauty standards, career-family balance, and societal expectations. The survey records responses and examines relationships between variables such as gender and the impact of its portrayal on audiences, analyzing how different groups perceive Bollywood's impact. By comparing responses while keeping one variable constant (e.g., analyzing gender-based differences in portrayal), we aimed to identify trends and variations in audience opinions.

3.3.2. Data Collection

The data was primarily collected through a structured questionnaire distributed via Google Forms. The survey focused on how Bollywood films shape cultural norms and expectations. To ensure diverse perspectives, responses were gathered from individuals of different age groups, genders, and backgrounds. Additionally, our study examined Bollywood films representing various age groups and female characters across India, providing qualitative insights alongside survey data.

3.4. Sample

The study used a non-probability sampling method, targeting college students and young professionals who actively engage with Bollywood content. A total of 120 responses were collected, focusing on individuals from 16-25 years old, as this age group is highly influenced by media and pop culture. While most responses came from South India, efforts were made to include participants from various backgrounds to provide a broad perspective.

Despite this limitation, our study compensates by analyzing Bollywood films that portray diverse female characters across different age groups and regions in India. This approach ensures a balanced representation in understanding Bollywood's broader impact.

3.5. Administration of Survey Questionnaires

The survey was carefully designed with mostly closed-ended questions to ensure quantitative clarity and ease of analysis. Questions were structured to measure opinions on Bollywood’s influence on societal norms, gender representation, and beauty standards. Participants were clearly instructed on how to complete the survey, ensuring consistent and authentic responses.

The collected responses were analyzed using pie charts, providing a visual representation of audience perceptions. This method allowed us to identify trends and understand patterns in how Bollywood’s portrayal of women influences public attitudes.

3.5.1. Questionnaires Classification

Part A: Demographic Profile

This section gathers essential details about the respondents, including age, gender, and background, to analyze how different demographics perceive Bollywood’s influence.

Part B: General Impact of Bollywood on Society

This section explores Bollywood’s broader cultural influence, examining how its themes, narratives, and portrayals shape societal values and norms.

Part C: Representation of Women in Bollywood

This section focuses on how Bollywood depicts women, analyzing whether they are portrayed in empowering or stereotypical ways and how these representations impact societal perceptions of gender roles.

Part D: Bollywood’s Influence on Relationships and Gender Roles

This section investigates how Bollywood films shape ideas about romantic relationships, gender expectations, and family dynamics.

Part E: Progressive Films and Their Impact

This section assesses how Bollywood’s more progressive films challenge traditional norms, bring social change, and influence audiences’ perspectives on gender equality and representation.

Part F: Bollywood’s Influence on Self-Perception

This section examines how Bollywood affects individuals' self-image, body standards, and personal aspirations, particularly regarding beauty ideals and success.

3.5.2. Informed Consent

When conducting research involving human participants, obtaining informed consent is essential to ensure ethical integrity. The researcher provided a note to all respondents, assuring them that their responses would be used solely for academic purposes and would remain confidential. Participants willingly consented to take part in the study with full awareness of its objectives. They exhibited great enthusiasm and provided thoughtful responses, contributing valuable insights into the impact of Bollywood on society. The information gathered from the survey questionnaire was instrumental in addressing key research questions related to Bollywood’s influence on gender representation, relationships, self-perception, and societal norms.

3.6. Variables

A Variable is a characteristic of the research which changes yet affect the other characteristics involved with the research. There are several variables identified in the research and they are listed below.

3.6.1. Independent Variables

- Independent variables form the foundation of hypotheses and predict outcomes in research. They serve as the starting points for understanding the influence of Bollywood on societal perceptions, relationships, gender roles, and self-identity.
- The focus of this research is on the characterization and portrayal of women in Bollywood films and how these representations translate into societal expectations and real-life perceptions. Bollywood frequently reinforces stereotypes such as the "damsel in distress," the "sati-savitri," the "power-hungry woman," the "independent career woman," and the "rebel against patriarchy." These portrayals influence real-life expectations of women, shaping ideas of what is considered acceptable or desirable behavior.
- In this study, the independent variables revolve around Bollywood's influence on societal perceptions, relationships, gender roles, and self-identity. These include:

I. Age – Different age groups may perceive Bollywood’s influence differently, with younger and older audiences potentially having varying opinions.
II. Gender – Gender influences how individuals interpret the portrayal of women, relationships, and self-perception in Bollywood films.
III. Highest Level of Formal Education – Education level may affect critical thinking and awareness of gender norms and stereotypes in films.
IV. Cultural Background & Upbringing – Exposure to diverse or traditional cultural narratives impacts how respondents interpret Bollywood’s representation of women and relationships.
V. Frequency of Bollywood Consumption – How often respondents watch Bollywood films may shape their perceptions more strongly.

3.6.2. Dependent Variables

- Dependent variables are those whose values or outcomes are influenced by the independent variables in the research. In this study, multiple dependent variables have been identified and analyzed to understand the impact of Bollywood’s portrayal of women, relationships, and self-perception on societal expectations and individual beliefs.
- This research examines how audience demographics, such as age, gender, and education level, affect perceptions of Bollywood’s influence. It also explores how viewers from different backgrounds respond to specific portrayals of women and gender roles in films.

Table 1: List of dependent variables

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

3.7 Measurement

Measurement refers to the process of assigning values or categories to variables based on a systematic method. In this research, variables were measured primarily using categorical data. The demographic information collected from respondents included name, age, gender, mother tongue, and employment status. These variables were assigned numeric or categorical codes solely for classification purposes. However, these values served as labels without implying any order or magnitude, which falls under nominal level measurement.

Out of the demographic variables, only gender was analyzed in relation to other response variables to identify patterns or trends. The rest of the demographic data was used solely for background profiling and not for statistical correlation.

Since no ranking or scaling was applied to the demographic variables, and the data did not involve numerical analysis or degrees of intensity, nominal measurement was used throughout. This approach helped categorize the respondents into distinct groups without assigning hierarchical value.

3.8. Method of Assessment

The research used pie charts as the primary mode of visual and statistical assessment. Respondents were asked to share their opinions through structured questions based on their viewing experiences of Bollywood films, especially related to portrayal of women, romantic relationships, societal stereotypes, and self-image. Their responses were categorized and compiled to visually represent trends and majoritarian views through pie chart representations.Each pie chart offered a quick and effective breakdown of how various demographic segments (based on age, gender, education, etc.) responded to specific statements or themes. For example, responses were grouped into categories like Strongly Agree, Agree, Neutral, Disagree, and Strongly Disagree, and the proportion of each group was visually shown in the pie charts to illustrate collective perceptions and agreement levels.

Unlike traditional statistical approaches that use mean and standard deviation, the choice to use pie charts helped present data in a more accessible and comprehensible manner, aligning with the visual nature of the subject—Bollywood cinema—and making it easier to spot dominant narratives and patterns among different groups.

This method also facilitated the identification of how frequently respondents aligned with certain beliefs, such as internalized gender stereotypes or idealized notions of love and success inspired by Bollywood. The visual results provided strong cues about the impact of cinema on shaping societal expectations and individual self-perception.

3.9. Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation or prediction about the relationship between variables, which helps guide a research study. In this study, the hypothesis focused on the impact of Bollywood films on audience perceptions of women, particularly whether these films influence societal expectations and reinforce or challenge patriarchal norms.

A central aspect of this research was to explore whether gender plays a role in shaping these perceptions. The researcher assumed that audience reception of female representation in Bollywood is influenced by gender, and that Bollywood films have a measurable impact on how viewers understand and interpret gender roles.

This study used two types of hypotheses:

A research hypothesis (H1), which proposed that there is a significant relationship between gender and audience perception of women in Bollywood films.

A null hypothesis (H0), which stated that there is no such relationship or impact.

After analyzing the data, the study found clear evidence supporting the research hypothesis and rejected the null hypothesis. This means there is a proven relationship between the way Bollywood portrays women and how audiences perceive them, and this relationship varies based on gender.

Thus, the findings confirm that gender significantly influences how audiences interpret the portrayal of women in Bollywood, and that these portrayals do have a tangible effect on societal attitudes and expectations.

3.9.1. Major Hypothesis 1

H01: Bollywood films do not have any significant influence on societal perceptions and expectations of women, and neither reinforce nor challenge patriarchal norms.

3.9.1.1. Sub Hypotheses

H01a: The portrayal of women in Bollywood has not significantly evolved from the early 2000s to the present, and does not reflect any shift in societal attitudes.

H01b: Female-centric films have not significantly contributed to changing societal narratives about women’s roles and expectations.

H01c: Patriarchal tropes in Bollywood do not significantly impact viewers’ perception of gender roles.

H01d: There is no significant difference between male and female viewers in how they interpret and are influenced by the portrayal of women in Bollywood.

H01e: Bollywood’s portrayal of women does not have any significant psychological or social impact on its audience.

3.9.2. Major Research Hypothesis 2

H1: Bollywood has a significant impact on the perceived progress of women in society.

3.9.2.2. Sub-Research Hypotheses - Progress and Empowerment

H1Pa: Bollywood significantly influences public perception of the empowerment of women through its portrayal of strong, independent female characters.

H1Pb: Bollywood films significantly contribute to raising awareness about gender equality and women’s rights.

H1Pc: Bollywood plays a significant role in shaping societal acceptance of women in non-traditional or leadership roles.

H1Pd: Exposure to progressive female representation in Bollywood significantly influences viewers' attitudes towards women’s autonomy and independence.

H1Pe: Bollywood has a significant impact on inspiring young women to aspire beyond traditional gender norms through its characters and narratives.

CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1. DEMOGRAPHICS

Table 2: Age-wise distribution of respondents

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

According to the table, the respondents range from 17 years to 59 years in age. There were about 56 respondents ranging from 16 to 20 years in age, 48 respondents ranging from 21 to 25 years in age, 3 respondents from 26 to 30 years in age, 3 from 31 to 35 years in age and 10 ranging from 36 to 60 years in age. This demonstrates that a huge number of respondents fall under the age bracket of 16 to 25 years in age ( about 86.7%) dominating their views in the survey. However this could be justified as this is the age group much exposed to films and media.

Table 3: Language distribution of respondents

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

According to the table, the linguistic diversity among the participants is quite large, with the highest representation from Telugu (28.7%) and Gujarati (25.8%), followed by Hindi (20.2%) and English speakers (5.9%) and other regional languages which form smaller percentages.As language plays a huge role shaping cultural influences and gender perceptions, a diverse linguistic composition was chosen. Regions with dominant film industries (like Telugu, Hindi, and Tamil) may have a stronger influence on shaping gender roles, reinforcing or challenging traditional stereotypes. The presence of multiple languages suggests diverse perspectives on female representation in cinema, impacting how audiences internalize gender norms.

Table 4: Gender-wise distribution of respondents

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

According to the table, 81 out of the 120 (67.5) respondents were female, while only 39 (32.5%) were male. However, this can be justified as the study focuses on the impact of roles and expectations of women in society.

This could be because women are more likely to recognize how Bollywood films shape societal expectations regarding beauty, career choices, and personal relationships. Given that Bollywood has historically reinforced traditional gender norms, female participants may feel a stronger personal impact compared to men. The higher percentage of female respondents also highlights the extent to which women see these portrayals as relevant to their own lives, influencing their self-perception and societal roles.

Table 5: Employment status of respondents

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

According to the table above, the majority of the respondents (65.8%) are students with a small portion being (13.3%) employed, (13.3%) self-employed, (4.2%) interns and (3.3%) unemployed. This suggests that most participants are still in the early stages of forming views on gendered roles and expectations. This can be due to the influence of media and education which helps students explore and delve into the subject of gender roles without having to stick to a rigid belief. As a result, the evolution of societal norms can also be tracked. However, a lower percentage of employed individuals may limit insights on how gender roles and expectations are conceived in the workplace.

Some of the limitations of this study is the fact that, majority of the responses were from the age group of 16-25 which may lead to bias in interpreting gender norms, career struggles and marriage. Another limitation is the unequal distribution of responders in terms of geographical location as most of the responders are from the south of India. Therefore, there is a dominance in the views of people belonging to the south which may not show how Bollywood’s influence varies due to strong regional film industries. However, an analysis of Bollywood movies that represent different age groups and women across India, compensates for these limitations.

4.2. ANALYSIS OF BOLLYWOOD FILMS:

1. KABIR SINGH: Released in 2019, this movie is the remake of the popular telugu movie, “Arjun Reddy” which revolves around the romantic relationship between ‘Kabir Singh’ and ‘Preeti Sikka’. It reinforces toxic masculinity and the submissive nature of women in a relationship. The character of Preeti embodies the conventional stereotype of a woman who passively endures mistreatment from a man without holding him accountable.

CHARACTER SKETCH:

1)KABIR SINGH: Played by Shahid Kapoor, Kabir is the protagonist of the movie and the storyline revolves around his character. He is a highly skilled individual yet deeply flawed. Kabir is a top ranking MBBS student but his short temper and self-destructive behaviour often gets the best of him. He is portrayed as a deeply possessive man in love and strengthens the notion of toxic masculinity and the assumption that a man can do anything he desires to the woman he loves. His character is barely criticised for his aggressive behaviour and it’s rather glorified and justified.
2)PREETI SIKKA: Played by Kiara Advani, Preeti is in a romantic relationship with Kabir Singh. Her character lacks agency in the movie and accepts mistreatment by Kabir in the name of love. She is depicted as shy and submissive, often allowing Kabir to make decisions for her without resistance. Her character reinforces traditional expectations of women in relationships—obedience, sacrifice, and endurance in love.

DIALOGUES FROM THE MOVIE WHICH REINFORCE NEGATIVE STEREOTYPES TOWARDS WOMEN:

1. "Tere liye kuch bhi kar sakta hoon preeti... agar tujh mein bhi mere liye waisa pagalpan hai na toh call me otherwise you know me”
This dialogue was said by Kabir Singh in an attempt to excuse him for slapping Preeti. It's said as a way to justify his behaviour and normalize it.
2. “Maine tujhe kiss kiya na, tera bhi dil kiya hoga."
Kabir says this dialogue normalizes non-consensual behaviour and denies women the right to their own choices.
3. "Koi doubt mat rakhna, sirf maine permission di hai usko mujhe chhodne ki."
This dialogue said by Kabir once again, blatantly denies Preeti of making her own choice and is basically a situation in which she has to stay with Kabir regardless of what she really wishes for.
4. "Jab meri baat ho rahi ho toh tu chup rahegi."
This dialogue reinforces a typical patriarchal society where men have the final say and women are expected to just stay silent.
5. "Jab tum gussa karte ho na, toh mujhe aur bhi achha lagta hai."
When Preeti says this, it influences the society in the wrong way as it shows her reinforcing and enabling Kabir’s toxic masculinity and power dynamics.

2. ENGLISH VINGLISH: Released in 2012, revolves around the character of Shashi Godbole, a middle-class Indian housewife who struggles with English language. Shashi is constantly belittled by her family for not understanding and speaking in English which leads to her feeling undervalued and unappreciated. During a trip to New York for her niece's wedding she secretly enrolls in an english speaking class where she gains a lot of confidence.Her journey talks about self-discovery and empowerment and sheds light upon themes of self-respect and family dynamics.

CHARACTER SKETCH:

1) SHASHI GODBOLE: The protagonist of English Vinglish, played by Sri Devi,is a devoted homemaker and small-business owner who is often taken for granted by her family due to her lack of English skills. Feeling unappreciated, she seizes an opportunity to learn English while visiting the U.S. for her niece’s wedding. Through determination and resilience, she gains confidence, proving her independence and self-worth. Her journey from insecurity to empowerment culminates in a heartfelt speech that earns her family’s respect. Shashi’s story is an inspiring tale of self-discovery, dignity, and the importance of recognizing a woman’s value beyond traditional roles.
2) SATISH GODBOLE: Satish Godbole, Shashi’s husband in English Vinglish, is a typical middle-class Indian man who loves his family but fails to recognize his wife's worth. He is dismissive of Shashi’s efforts, often making casual remarks about her lack of English proficiency, unknowingly undermining her confidence. Though not overtly cruel, he embodies the patriarchal mindset that views a wife’s role as limited to household duties. However, by the end of the film, as Shashi transforms into a confident woman, Satish realizes his mistake and gains newfound respect for her. His character represents the unintentional but prevalent gender biases in many families, making his eventual realization a significant moment in the film’s message about self-respect and recognition.
3) LAURENT: Laurent, a charming and supportive Frenchman in the movie, plays a crucial role in Shashi’s journey of self-discovery. Unlike her family, he appreciates and respects her for who she is, regardless of her language skills. Warm, kind, and perceptive, Laurent sees Shashi’s struggles and encourages her without judgment, making her feel valued and confident. He develops a quiet admiration for her strength and kindness, subtly hinting at romantic feelings, but always maintaining respect for her boundaries. His character contrasts with Shashi’s husband, highlighting how true appreciation and respect can empower a person. Laurent symbolizes the importance of emotional support and understanding in personal growth, making him one of the most endearing characters in the film.

DIALOGUES FROM THE MOVIE WHICH REFLECT TRADITIONAL STEREOTYPES:

1. “Mard khana banaye toh kala hai. Aurat banaye, toh uska farz hai.”
This dialogue reflects the unjust treatment women face in a society where they’re expected to do the work they do, in this case, cooking. If men cook then it’s seen as a skill but for women, they’re just doing their job.
2. “My wife was born to make laddoos”
This dialogue was said by Shashi’s (Sridevi) husband, she was a stay at home mom who lived up to most of the expectations set for her. Her husband says this as a ‘compliment’ but instead it’s just another way of saying that her only job is cooking.
3. “Bahut dino ke baad kisi ne meri itni tareef kari. Thoda chaunk gayi thi bas.”
This statement is deeply moving as it highlights how women often go unappreciated in society. When Shashi receives a compliment from Laurent, she is genuinely taken aback, as she never anticipated such recognition.

DIALOGUES FROM THE MOVIE WHICH ACT AS AN INSPIRATION FOR WOMEN:

1. “You have to help yourself. No one can help you better than you.”
Shashi says this to Meera, her niece, and tells her that in order to be treated as equal to her husband, she needs to help herself first.
2. “Mujhe pyaar ki zaroorat nahi hai, zaroorat hai toh sirf thodi izzat ki.”
Shashi comes to the realization that she is consistently undervalued and treated as inferior, not just by her husband but also by her own children. She is perceived as merely a traditional woman whose role is confined to cooking and household chores.
3. “Jab apne aapko pasand nahi karte hai na, toh apne se judi hui har cheez achi nahi lagti. Nayi cheezein aakarshit karti hai. Jab apne aapko pyaar karne lagte hai, toh wohi puraani zindagi nayi lagne lagti hai, acchi lagne lagti hai.”

Shashi comes from a household where she’s never been appreciated and validated and she doesn’t even expect it because of what conventions she’s supposed to follow. When she starts loving herself she begins to feel a new form of self respect, something she hasn’t felt ever since she had become a married woman and a mother.

3. DIL DHADHAKNE DO: Released in 2015, revolves around the wealthy yet dysfunctional Mehra family. To celebrate their parents' wedding anniversary, siblings Kabir and Ayesha plan a luxury cruise trip with their close friends and family.The movie shows the hidden struggles of the Mehra family, Ayesha feels trapped in an unhappy marriage, Kabir resists an arranged match, and their parents struggle to maintain appearances despite their fractured relationship. As the story proceeds and the secrets come out, the family is forced to confront their true desires and redefine love, happiness, and personal freedom. The movie sheds light upon the expectations faced by men and women in society and the gendered stereotypes in families and society.

CHARACTER SKETCH:

1) AYESHA MEHRA: Played by Priyanka Chopra, Ayesha is a strong, independent, and ambitious woman who challenges societal norms. As a successful entrepreneur, she proves her capability in business, yet she struggles with the patriarchal mindset of her family, who undervalue her achievements simply because she is a woman. Despite being the most competent member of the Mehra family, she is denied recognition and is pressured into an unhappy marriage with Manav, who expects her to conform to traditional gender roles. Ayesha’s character highlights the struggles of modern Indian women who seek equality in both personal and professional spaces. Her decision to prioritize her happiness and seek a divorce marks her as a progressive, self-assured woman who refuses to be defined by societal expectations.
2) NEELAM MEHRA: Played by Shefali Shah,Neelam is a woman trapped in the illusion of a perfect high-society life. As the wife of Kamal Mehra, she maintains a poised and graceful exterior, but beneath the surface, she is deeply unhappy in her marriage. She silently endures her husband’s infidelity and emotional neglect, choosing to suppress her pain rather than confront it. Despite her own struggles, she upholds the family’s reputation, reflecting the societal expectation for women to prioritize appearances over personal happiness. However, as the film progresses, Neelam’s suppressed frustrations become evident, hinting at her inner strength and longing for change. Her character represents the sacrifices many women make in the name of family and societal image, making her one of the most layered characters in the film.
3) KAMAL MEHRA: Played by Anil Kapoor,Kamal is a wealthy but controlling businessman who prioritizes status and reputation over his family's happiness. He enforces traditional gender roles, dismissing his daughter Ayesha’s business success and refusing to support her decision for divorce, fearing societal judgment. Kamal also forces his reluctant son, Kabir, into taking over the family business, disregarding his dreams. Emotionally distant and unfaithful to his wife, Neelam, he maintains the illusion of a perfect family while neglecting their struggles. However, as the film progresses, he is forced to confront his flaws, making his character a reflection of deep-seated patriarchy and gradual self-awareness.
4)FARAH ALI: Played by Anushka Sharma,Farah is a free-spirited and independent woman who follows her passion for dance despite societal norms. She is strong-willed, confident, and unapologetic about her choices, representing a contrast to the privileged yet emotionally constrained Mehra family. As a dancer on the cruise ship, she has worked hard to build a life on her own terms, free from societal expectations. Farah shares a deep connection with Kabir Mehra, encouraging him to pursue his dreams rather than succumb to family pressure. Her character symbolizes freedom, self-reliance, and the courage to break away from traditional constraints, making her an inspiring figure in the film.

DIALOGUES FROM THE MOVIE WHICH REFLECT TRADITIONAL STEREOTYPES:

1. “Maine Ayesha ko allow kiya business chalane ke liye.”
In this scene, Ayesha’s husband Manav says this line as though he’s being very considerate and progressive by letting Ayesha run her business. This reflects how women are at the mercy of their husbands while getting a job as they can only go as far as their husband ‘allows’ them to.
2. “Jaldi se ek bachcha karlo… tumhari saari problems solve ho jayegi.”
A common belief many women encounter is, “Having a child will fix all marital problems.” This mindset often results in couples having children in unhappy marriages, as society promotes parenthood as a way to avoid separation rather than addressing underlying issues.
3. “ Manav achha ladka hai, he is doing well for himself aur tumhe kabhi kisi cheez ki kami nai hone denga.”

This conversation between Neelam and Ayesha occurs when Ayesha brings up the idea of divorce. Neelam dismisses her concerns by emphasizing that her husband will always provide for her, ultimately downplaying Ayesha’s struggles and reducing the complexities of her marriage to mere financial security.

DIALOGUES FROM THE MOVIE WHICH ACT AS AN INSPIRATION FOR WOMEN:

1. “ Shaadi koi race nahi hai jo use finish line tak pahuchana hai.”
By saying this, Ayesha encourages women to prioritize their happiness and not feel bound to an unhappy marriage. It emphasizes that marriage is not the ultimate goal in life and that there is much more to explore and achieve.
2. “Agar koi alag tarah jeena chahta hai toh use jeene do.. har dil apni hi tarah dhadakta hai.. har dil dhadkne do.”
This dialogue reflects how steering away from the traditional norms set by society should be viewed as normal because if a person’s decision to lead a different life makes them happy then they should be able to do so without worrying about the consequences that society will burden them with. (In this case it was Ayesha asking for a divorce.)
3. “Tume ayehsa ko allow kiya? Aur usse tumhari permission ki kya zarurat hai? Jab tum kisiko allow karte ho tum apne aap ko ek authority ek control ke position mein daalte ho and yeh barabari nai hui.”
This dialogue is deeply empowering as it not only challenges the notion that a husband should have control over his wife's dreams but also critiques the existing power dynamics in relationships. It highlights how men often assume authority over women without considering other factors.
4. “Kami nahi hone denga ka kya matlab hai? Yehi baat thi toh meri shaadi kisi mall se kara dete.”

Ayesha finally stands up for herself, asserting that financial security from her husband does not justify enduring mistreatment.

4. BADRINATH KI DULHANIA: Released in 2017, is a romantic drama, set in a small-town, revolving around the relationship of Badrinath and Vaidehi. Badrinath who is a carefree yet traditional man from a wealthy family, falls for Vaidehi who is an ambitious and independent woman. . While he expects a traditional marriage, Vaidehi prioritizes her career and refuses to conform to societal expectations, leaving the wedding mandap. After being left heartbroken, Badrinath embarks on a journey of self-growth, gradually understanding the importance of women’s independence .This movie critiques patriarchy while celebrating love, respect, and personal aspirations.

CHARACTER SKETCH:

1) BADRINATH BANSAL: Played by Varun Dhawan, Badri is a fun-loving but traditionally raised young man from Jhansi. Initially, he embodies a patriarchal mindset, believing that a woman’s primary role is to marry and settle down. He falls for Vaidehi and expects her to conform to his expectations. However, as the story progresses, he undergoes significant growth, realizing the importance of a woman’s independence and dreams. His transformation from an entitled, naive man to a supportive and understanding partner makes him a dynamic and relatable character.
2) VAIDEHI TRIVEDI: Played by Alia Bhatt, Vaidehi is an ambitious and independent woman who prioritizes her career over societal pressures. She refuses to be forced into marriage, choosing to follow her dream of becoming an air hostess instead. Unlike many Bollywood heroines, she does not compromise her aspirations for love, making her a strong and inspiring character. She challenges Badrinath’s traditional beliefs and, in doing so, helps him evolve into a better person. Her character represents modern Indian women who strive for self-sufficiency and personal growth despite societal expectations.
3) AMOD BANSAL: Amod Bansal, Badrinath’s father, is a domineering and patriarchal figure who strongly upholds conservative values. He enforces rigid gender roles, believing that women should be submissive and that marriage is their ultimate duty. His oppressive mindset is further revealed when he orders the killing of Vaidehi because she left the mandap to pursue her career. His character represents the deep-rooted misogyny in society, where control over women’s lives is normalized. However, as Badrinath begins to challenge his father’s views, the film subtly critiques such regressive traditions, emphasizing the need for change.

DIALOGUES WHICH REINFORCE NEGATIVE STEREOTYPES:

1. “Tumhari mansik sthiti aaj thodi gadbad lag rahi hai ... hum kal phir aayenge.”
Badri says this to Vaidehi, assuming that her rejection is due to her being in the wrong state of mind rather than a firm decision. He believes that if he tries again the next day, she will change her mind.
2. “Prem ka samay toh kabka khatam ho gaya ... hum toh seedha shaadi rachayenge.”
Badri assumes that Vaidehi should marry him without truly getting to know him, simply because they have reached the so-called "right" age for marriage. He disregards the idea of love and compatibility, despite the fact that they are still in their early 20s.

DIALOGUES WHICH DEPICT WOMEN AS INDEPENDENT:

1. “(Love) bahut important hai, lekin izzat usse bhi zyada important hai.” Vaidehi stands up for herself and makes it clear that nothing is more important than respect. This has a very huge impact on women who tolerate anything from their significant others in the name of love.
2. “Tumhe beta kyun ban na hai apne ghar ka jab tum beti hi itni zabardast ho?”
A common stereotype suggests that only the son of the family can be the breadwinner. This dialogue challenges that notion, as Badri supports and encourages Vaidehi, affirming that she is enough as a daughter and is just as strong and bold as how a son would be.
3. “Woh bhagwan hai ki jab tak unko bhog nahi lagayenge, hum kha nahi sakte?”

A common tradition expects women to wait until the men of the house have eaten before having their meal. Vaidehi challenges this norm, questioning why women should treat men as gods when they are just as human as women.

5. QUEEN: Released in 2014, this movie revolves around the character of Rani, a shy and conservative girl from Delhi. After her husband unexpectedly calls off the wedding she decides to embark on her honeymoon alone to Paris and Amsterdam. Through her solo journey she discovers new cultures and makes new friends realising her own strength and independence.She transforms into a confident and self-reliant woman. The movie portrays themes of self-discovery, empowerment, and breaking free from traditional constraints.

CHARACTER SKETCH:

1) RANI: Played by Kangana Ranaut,Rani is a simple, naive, and traditional young woman from Delhi who undergoes a remarkable journey of self-discovery. Initially, she is a timid and obedient girl whose world revolves around her fiancé, Vijay. When he abruptly calls off their wedding, she is heartbroken but bravely decides to go on her honeymoon to Europe alone. Through her solo travels, Rani transforms from a sheltered, dependent girl into a confident and independent woman. She befriends people from different cultures, steps out of her comfort zone, and learns to embrace life on her own terms. By the end of the film, she no longer seeks validation from others, symbolizing female empowerment and self-worth. Rani’s character is an inspiring representation of resilience, personal growth, and breaking free from societal expectations.
2) VIJAYALAKSHMI: Played by Lisa Haydon, Vijayalakshmi is a bold, free-spirited woman who helps Rani embrace life beyond societal restrictions. As a half-Indian, half-French woman living in Paris, she embodies confidence, independence, and self-love. Unlike Rani, who starts off timid and sheltered, Vijayalakshmi is carefree, modern, and unapologetic about her choices. She enjoys her freedom, speaks her mind, and encourages Rani to step out of her comfort zone. Through her warm and supportive friendship, she plays a crucial role in Rani’s transformation, teaching her to enjoy life, take risks, and believe in herself. Vijayalakshmi’s character represents a contrast to conservative societal norms, inspiring women to embrace their individuality and live life on their own terms.
3) VIJAY: Played by Rajkumar Rao, Vijay is Rani’s self-centered and conservative fiancé who calls off their wedding at the last moment as he believes he is superior to Rani after living abroad and deems her unworthy of being his wife. However, when Rani gains confidence and independence during her solo journey, Vijay tries to reconcile but Rani rejects him, symbolizing her newfound self-respect and freedom. Vijay serves as a contrast to Rani’s growth, highlighting the importance of self-worth and breaking free from toxic relationships.

DIALOGUES THAT HIGHLIGHT HOW CERTAIN ASPECTS OF SOCIETY ARE DEEMED TABOO FOR WOMEN:

1. ‘Humare school ke saamne convent ki ladkiyaan itni chhoti skirt pehenti thi fold kar,kar ke fold kar kar ke…humne koi aise galat kaam nahi kiye….”
This dialogue perpetuates and reinforces regressive societal norms about how women should dress to "avoid" unwanted attention. It also claims that wearing such clothes is wrong and women who do so are seen as promiscuous.
2. “Mera toh itna life kharab ho gaya, itna life kharab ho gaya mera..”
This dialogue shows how Rani indulges in self pity and feels her life is beyond repair because her wedding is getting cancelled. This reinforces the idea of how marriage is seen as the ultimate goal for a woman.

DIALOGUES THAT SHOWCASE INDEPENDENCE IN WOMEN:

1. “Main india se hoon, Rajouri. Rajouri suna hai? Apne honeymoon pe akele aayi hoon!...”
Rani, hailing from a small town where marriage is seen as a woman's ultimate purpose, takes a bold step toward self-discovery and freedom. She asserts her independence by embarking on her honeymoon alone.
2. “ Mera haal na Gupta uncle ke jaise ho gaya hai. Gupta uncle ko na cancer ho gaya tha. Unhone kabhi sharab nahi pi, cigarette nahi pi, phir bhi cancer ho gaya. Isse accha toh pi hi lete.”

Rani finally understands that being the traditionally ideal woman who is the epitome of virtue isn’t the only thing that life has to offer for women. She realizes the significance of a woman pursuing her own desires rather than conforming to societal expectations.

6. STUDENT OF THE YEAR: Released in 2012, revolves around the lives of college students in the elite St Teresa’s College. The protagonists include Rohan Nanda, Abhimanyu Singh and Shanaya Singhania. Despite their differences, Abhimanyu and Rohan become best of friends but their friendship is tested when they both have feelings for the same girl and the prestigious Student Of The Year competition takes place. This movie explores themes of friendship, love, competition and the impact of societal pressures on young lives.

CHARACTER SKETCH:

1) SHANAYA SINGHANIA: Played by Alia Bhatt,Shanaya is a glamorous yet kind-hearted girl from a wealthy family. She is stylish, confident, and enjoys attention but feels neglected by her boyfriend, Rohan. Despite being a fashionista, she is not just a spoiled rich girl—she has emotions, insecurities, and a desire for genuine love. Over time, she matures, realizing the value of true relationships beyond material wealth. Her character represents personal growth, love, and the challenges of navigating friendships and romance in a competitive world.
2) ROHAN NANDA: Played by Varun Dhawan, Rohan is the charming and rebellious son of a wealthy businessman. Despite his privileged background, he feels suffocated by his father’s expectations and seeks his own identity. He is charismatic, talented, and enjoys being the center of attention but is emotionally torn between his friendship with Abhimanyu and his love for Shanaya. Initially carefree, he undergoes a transformation as he learns about loyalty, ambition, and self-worth. His journey highlights the struggles of balancing friendship, love, and family pressure.
3) ABHIMANYU SINGH: Played by Sidharth Malhotra, Abhimanyu is a hardworking and ambitious scholarship student who enters the elite world of St. Teresa’s High School. Unlike Rohan, he comes from a humble background and sees success as his way out of financial struggles. Intelligent, determined, and competitive, he quickly gains popularity and challenges Rohan’s dominance. Despite his ambition, he values relationships but finds himself caught in a complicated triangle with Rohan and Shanaya. His character represents ambition, resilience, and the sacrifices required to achieve one’s dreams.

DIALOGUES THAT DEPICT UPPER-CLASS WOMEN AS ELITIST AND EXCLUSIVE:

1. “Haath mein Pom Pom leke ladko ke liye chillana, vo mera style nahi hai, vo mere liye chillayein, seeti bajaye, that's more my thing…”
Though this dialogue doesn’t necessarily have a negative impact, there’s a clear sense of superiority that is associated with upper class women in nearly every bollywood movie. It shows women from the upper class as spoiled and entitled.
2. “Tum apni dosti nibha rahe ho, apne dost ka rishta bacha ke…”
This dialogue highlights Shanaya's portrayal as a woman willing to go to extremes, like flirting with her boyfriend's best friend to make him jealous and teach him a lesson. Despite repeated disrespect, she keeps returning to him. Her assumption that Abhimanyu will assist her further reflects a sense of entitlement.
3. “I have no regrets, mein school ki head cheerleader ban na chahti thi, toh ban gayi. Haan, ek baat hai, kaash ke mera Rohan ke saath kuch ho jata.”
This dialogue portrays Tanya as shallow, emphasizing her pride in becoming head cheerleader and her only regret being able to date a boy.
4. “London se me tumhare liye push up bras layi hoon, kya tun pain rahi ho yah nahi? Bikini wax? Flirty bbms? Surgery?”

Tanya’s mom tells her to seduce Rohan, reinforcing societal expectations for women to conform to beauty standards and go to great lengths to please men.

DIALOGUES THAT SHOW WOMEN AS ASSERTIVE:

1. “Kya jaan te ho tum dono mere baare mein? Meri feelings ke baare mein? Kuch nahi! And you know what the sad part is, tum dono jaan na bhi nahi chahte ho, bas haasil karna chahte ho mujhe.Me koi competition ka hissa nahi hoon, jo tum lad ki jeet jaoge, I’m done with the both of you!”

This dialogue shows Shanaya finally standing up for herself and rejecting the Bollywood tradition of treating women as a trophy that needs to be fought for.

7. ROCKY AUR RANI KI PREM KAHANI: Released in 2023, revolves around the romantic relationship of Rocky and Rani who come from two extreme and different backgrounds, Rocky’s family is a symbol of a toxic patriarchal and traditional household whereas Rani comes from a highly intellectual and open-minded background. The couple struggles to gain the acceptance of their families and deals with the ideas of love, respect and individuality.

CHARACTER SKETCH:

1) RANI CHATERJEE: Rani Chatterjee, played by Alia Bhatt, is a bold, independent, and career-driven journalist who strongly believes in gender equality and progressive values. Raised in an intellectual Bengali family, she is outspoken, confident, and unafraid to challenge societal norms. When she falls in love with Rocky, she navigates the cultural differences between their families while standing firm in her beliefs. Rani’s character represents modern women who seek love without compromising their identity, making her an inspiring and empowering figure in the film.
2) ROCKY RANDHAWA: Rocky Randhawa, played by Ranveer Singh, is a lively, charismatic Punjabi man who initially embodies traditional masculinity. Though he appears brash and carefree, he is warm-hearted and deeply values his family. His love for Rani leads him on a journey of self-awareness, where he learns to respect individuality, embrace emotional depth, and challenge the rigid gender norms he was raised with. His character transformation from a fun-loving but slightly conservative man to a more open-minded and understanding partner makes him a dynamic and lovable character.
3) DHANLAKSHMI RANDHAWA: Dhanlakshmi Randhawa, Rocky’s grandmother, played by Jaya Bachchan, is the authoritative and traditional matriarch of the Randhawa family. She upholds strict cultural and gender norms, controlling the household with an iron fist. Resistant to change, she disapproves of Rani’s modern values and attempts to maintain patriarchal dominance. Her character represents the deep-rooted conservatism in traditional families, showing the generational conflict between rigid customs and evolving societal values.
4) TIJORI RANDHAWA: Rocky’s father is a conservative businessman who strongly believes in traditional gender roles. He expects Rocky to be a dominant, tough man and discourages emotional vulnerability. Initially, he resists change and disapproves of Rani’s influence on Rocky, but over time, he begins to see the flaws in his rigid thinking. His character represents the struggles of men who are conditioned by patriarchy and the possibility of growth when exposed to new perspectives.

DIALOGUES THAT SHOW HOW WOMEN ARE EXPECTED TO ABIDE BY EVERY DECISION MADE BY THEIR FAMILY FOR THEM:

1. “Rishtey ka steering wheel chahe apne haath mein ho ... backseat driving family hi karta hai.”
This dialogue shows the amount of hold and control families have on the romantic relationships of their children. Indicating that for a successful marriage the woman more than the man has to adjust and impress the in-laws.
2. “Inn dono ki prem kahaani ki aukaat maine naa dikhayi toh mera naam bhi Dhanlakshmi nahi.”
This dialogue was narrated by Rocky’s grandmother, this clearly states the prejudice she had against Rani as she was a Bengali, outspoken and modern woman compared to Rocky’s family. Dhanlakshmi tries her best to make Rani feel unwanted and break their bond.

DIALOGUES THAT SHOW WOMEN KNOWING THEIR SELF WORTH:

1. “Hunar ka na koi gender nahi hota.”
This statement clearly breaks the stereotypes regarding some skills being associated with men and women, stating that skill has no gender.
2. “Chup kar, baat karni hai tere se yaar. Tu kabhi kisi aur ko bolna kyun nahi deta yaar?”
This dialogue was spoken by Rani, when she was trying to make her point but Rocky wouldn't let her talk. She gets frustrated and screams at him for not allowing her to justify herself and always being the one who is talking. If the roles were reversed,the woman would be expected to be a patient listener to any man.
3. “Farak toh khatam nahi hoga par yeh rishta khatam ho chuka hai Rocky.”

This dialogue was spoken by Rani and shows how familial differences often lead to breaking of relationships and marriage.

8. GOOD NEWWZ: Released in 2019, revolves around two couples who are trying to get pregnant through the IVF treatment and experience an unexpected mix up during the procedure. This movie showcases the couples dealing with unexpected challenges and redefining the meaning of family and love.

CHARACTER SKETCH:

1) DEEPTI BATRA:Deepti Batra, played by Kareena Kapoor Khan, is a sophisticated and career-oriented woman who deeply desires to become a mother. She is intelligent, confident, and emotionally strong but struggles with the societal and personal pressures of infertility. When a mix-up in an IVF procedure complicates her journey to motherhood, she initially reacts with frustration and disappointment but gradually learns to embrace the unexpected. Her character represents modern women who balance ambition and family expectations while navigating emotional challenges with resilience and grace.
2) VARUN BATRA: Varun Batra, played by Akshay Kumar, is a practical and somewhat self-absorbed man who is hesitant about parenthood. Unlike his wife, Deepti, he initially fails to grasp the emotional depth of infertility and treats their IVF journey lightly. However, as the story unfolds, he undergoes a transformation, realizing the significance of fatherhood and the sacrifices involved. His character arc highlights the emotional growth of men in relationships, emphasizing the importance of empathy, responsibility, and shared struggles in marriage.
3) MONIKA BATRA: Monika Batra, played by Kiara Advani, is a cheerful, bubbly, and naive woman from a loud Punjabi family. Unlike Deepti, she is more emotional and instinct-driven, embracing motherhood wholeheartedly despite the IVF mix-up. While she initially comes across as carefree and simplistic, she proves to be deeply sensitive and caring. Monika’s character adds humor and warmth to the film, representing the idea that love and acceptance can overcome life’s unexpected twists.
4) HONEY BATRA: Honey Batra, played by Diljit Dosanjh, is a fun-loving, affectionate, and over-the-top Punjabi man who deeply adores his wife, Monika. Though he initially clashes with Varun due to their contrasting personalities, he is a devoted husband and an excited father-to-be. His character brings comic relief but also adds emotional depth as he sincerely embraces the complications of the IVF mix-up. Honey represents unconditional love and optimism, proving that family bonds are built on emotion rather than biology.

1. “Aisi feeling aa rahi hai jo cricket team ko aati hogi, jab India wapas aate hai bina trophy jeete. Ek baar phir bina good news ke aa gaye tumhare ghar.”
This clearly shows the pressure that Indian women have to get pregnant as soon as possible and deliver good news to the families and failing to do so leaves them to be the recipient of shame.
2. “Beta weight loose nai, weight gain karne ka time hai ( indicating her to get pregnant) “
This is the first comment that a relative passes to Kareena upon meeting her at a function. This shows how married women are expected to get pregnant and have a baby right after marriage.
3. “It’s one tiny bloody pill, usse kya cher - chaar hoga tumhare system ko ( birth control)”
This statement was passed by Akshay Kumar upon knowing that Kareena did not take the birth control pill clearly stating how men are ignorant towards the consequences and side effects that the pill causes to the woman’s body.
4. “Infertility ek medical condition hai, sharam ki baat nahi.”
This statement shows the stigma around infertility and explains that it is a very natural thing and not something to be ashamed of.
5. “Bina maa bane bhi ek aurat puri ho sakti hai.”
This statement challenges the norms of the society that dictate motherhood completes a woman and stresses the fact that there is more to a woman’s life than being a mother and giving birth.
6. "Bachcha sirf maa ki responsibility nahi hota!”
This statement challenges the traditional gender roles associated with raising a child. It questions the patriarchal norms that force motherhood and the responsibility to raise a child only on women. This remark also questions the involvement men have in raising a child.

9.ANIMAL: Animal (2023) is an intense action-drama directed by Sandeep Reddy Vanga, starring Ranbir Kapoor. The film explores the complex and strained father-son relationship between Ranvijay (Ranbir Kapoor) and his emotionally distant father, Balbir Singh (Anil Kapoor). Raised in a violent environment, Ranvijay grows up craving his father’s love and validation, which deeply impacts his psyche.

As he becomes entangled in the world of crime, he transforms into a ruthless, unpredictable figure, torn between loyalty, love, and rage. His relationship with his wife, Geetanjali (Rashmika Mandanna), and his violent tendencies further shape his journey. With high-octane action, emotional depth, and psychological turmoil, Animal delves into themes of trauma, masculinity, and the consequences of suppressed emotions.

CHARACTER SKETCH:

1)RANVIJAY SINGH: Played by Ranbir Kapoor, a complex and intense character, Ranvijay is deeply affected by his strained relationship with his father. His journey is filled with violence, love, and emotional turmoil as he seeks validation and struggles with his inner demons. He transforms from a troubled son to a ruthless yet vulnerable man shaped by his past.
2)BALBIR SINGH: Played by Anil Kapoor, Ranvijay’s emotionally distant father, Balbir is a strict and authoritative figure. His lack of affection toward his son plays a crucial role in shaping Ranvijay’s aggressive nature. Despite his cold demeanor, he deeply cares for his family but struggles to express it.
3)GEETANJALI: Played by Rashmika Mandanna, she is Ranvijay’s love interest and is a strong and compassionate woman. She provides emotional stability in his chaotic life and attempts to steer him away from violence. Her love for Ranvijay remains unwavering despite his dark transformation. However, in the end she decides to choose herself over him thereby ending the cycle of disrespect she has endured over the course of her marriage.
4)ABRAR HAQUE: A menacing antagonist, Abrar is silent yet deadly, embodying raw power and cruelty. His presence is chilling, and though he does not speak, his actions speak volumes. He serves as a formidable force in Ranvijay’s violent journey.
5)ZOYA: Played by Tripti Dimri, a mysterious and alluring character, Zoya plays a pivotal role in Ranvijay’s story. Her presence adds intrigue and complexity, hinting at a deeper connection with him that influences his decisions.

DIALOGUES THAT REINFORCE RESTRICTION AND CONTROL OF WOMEN:

1. “ You have a big pelvis, you can accommodate healthy babies.”
The focus in this dialogue is on her being able to have babies which is made out to seem like an obligation and not a choice. Her body is automatically associated with being fit for nurturing babies.
2. “ Shaadi mein na ek dar hona chahiye ek pakad honi chahiye. Pakad ke rakho.”
The protagonist of the movie, “Ranvijay” says this dialogue and refers to how men should always have a sense of control over their wives so that they follow and do what is asked of them .
3. ” Mahine mein chaar din pad change karne ke liye itna natak karti hai tu”.
This dialogue highlights the ignorance some men have about the impact of menstruation on women. It reinforces the misconception that women exaggerate their menstrual experiences when in fact society doesn't speak about it openly enough.
4. “I’ll slap you so hard. First kiss hua, first sex hua, first slap nahi hua na hamare beech? Lagta hai bahut jaldi padne wala hai tujhe.”
This dialogue depicts a husband blatantly threatening his wife with violence simply for holding him accountable for his actions. His lack of hesitation reflects his belief that he has the authority to punish her for challenging him.
5. “Apke baad, who is the man in-charge, papa? I am.”

This reflects a traditional patriarchal society where, despite the protagonist having sisters, he is the only one deemed worthy of being the "man of the house."

10. THAPPAD: Released in 2020, revolves around the life of Amritha and her marriage with Vikram. She is a devoted and loving housewife whose perfect life and marriage is shattered when her husband slaps her in a party they hosted. Everyone around her asks her to dismiss this as a silly incident but this one slap makes her realise the absence of respect in her marriage and sheds light upon the deep rooted patriarchal mindset of the society. This movie highlights the normalisation of domestic violence even if in a mildest form and explores the themes of dignity, self worth and the importance of standing up against injustice in marriages.

CHARACTER SKETCH:

1) AMRITA SABHARWAL: Amrita Sabharwal, played by Taapsee Pannu, is a loving, devoted wife who finds her identity challenged after a single slap from her husband at a party. Initially, she embodies the ideal homemaker, content with her domestic life and supporting her husband's ambitions. However, the slap serves as a wake-up call, making her question the deep-seated patriarchy and emotional neglect she has silently endured. As she chooses self-respect over societal expectations, Amrita undergoes a powerful transformation, symbolizing the importance of dignity and a woman’s right to stand up against any form of disrespect, no matter how "small" it may seem. Her journey reflects the quiet struggles of many women and the necessity of redefining self-worth in relationships.
2) VIKRAM SABHARWAL: Vikram Sabharwal, played by Pavail Gulati, is a career-driven and ambitious man who takes his wife, Amrita, and her sacrifices for granted. While he does not outwardly appear abusive, his sense of entitlement and patriarchal mindset become evident when he impulsively slaps Amrita in a moment of frustration. Instead of acknowledging his mistake, he initially dismisses it as a minor incident, expecting Amrita to move on. His character represents the ingrained male privilege in society, where emotional and physical dominance over women is often normalized.

DIALOGUES WHICH SHOWCASE WOMEN AS FITTING INTO STEREOTYPES:

1. “Arey yeh ladkiya gaadiya leke nikalti kyu hai?”
( why do women even drive cars?)
This statement reinforces the existing stereotypes that women are bad drivers.
2. ” Teri mummy na humesha bass dusro ki khushi keliye jeeyi hai, mummy ke pass aur koi choice bhi nahi hoti hai”
This is a very important statement made in the movie which shows how women and most importantly mothers don't live for themselves but for the happiness of others. This shows the lost individuality and sense of self of mothers as they are always expected to take care of the house and all the members of the house.
3. “Jaane de beta, thoda bardasht karna sikhna chahiye auraton ko.”
This dialogue clearly shows that women are expected to endure mistreatment and not stand up for themselves and the worse part is that this statement is delivered by a woman character showing how women have internalised pain over the years and not questioned the patriarchal norms.

DIALOGUES THAT SHOW WOMEN AS BEING ASSERTIVE:

1. “Just a slap par maar nahi sakta.”
This is one of the most important and powerful dialogue of the movie where Amritha stands up for herself and clearly states that it doesn't matter if it was just a slap, he cannot hit me in the first place and does not have an assumed authority to do so.
2. “Pata hai uss Thappad se kya hua? Uss ek thappad se mujhe woh sari unfair cheeze saaf saaf dikhne lagg gayi jisko main undekha karke move on karte ja rahi thi.”

This statement by Amritha shows how that act of physical violence made her realise all the mistreatment and disrespect she was enduring till now without questioning it.

11. COCKTAIL: Released in 2012, this movie revolves around three main characters namely Gautum, who is a carefree man , Veronica an independent and rebellious woman and Meera, a traditional and reserved girl. Despite their differences, Meera and Veronica become friends and start living together.The problems start when Gautum moves in with them and indulges in a casual relationship with Veronica but ends up falling in love with Meera. This love triangle tests their friendship and through the storytelling portrays the societal expectations and double standards of society towards ‘modern’ and ‘traditional’ women.

CHARACTER SKETCH :

1) GAUTUM: Gautam is a charming, flirtatious, and carefree man who enjoys casual relationships without emotional commitment. He moves to London for work and initially engages in a playful, no-strings-attached relationship with Veronica. However, when he starts developing genuine feelings for Meera, he struggles between love and loyalty. His character represents the journey of self-discovery, where he learns the difference between infatuation and true love, ultimately realizing the importance of emotional depth in relationships.
2) VERONICA: Veronica is a bold, independent, and free-spirited woman who lives life on her own terms. She enjoys partying, casual relationships, and avoids emotional attachments. Despite her confident exterior, she deeply craves love and belonging. Her friendship with Meera brings out her caring side, but when she falls for Gautam, she faces heartbreak and emotional turmoil. Her character highlights the complexities of modern relationships, loneliness behind a glamorous life, and the struggle for self-worth.
3) MEERA: Meera is a traditional, soft-spoken, and kind-hearted woman who moves to London after being deceived in love. Initially naive and dependent, she finds strength and friendship in Veronica. She gradually transforms into a confident woman who understands her own desires. When she falls in love with Gautam, she is torn between her feelings and her loyalty to Veronica. Meera’s character symbolizes inner strength, emotional depth, and the power of self-respect in relationships.

DIALOGUES THAT REINFORCE NEGATIVE STEREOTYPES OF WOMEN:

1. " Tum jaise ladkiyon ke saath sirf waqt bitaya jata hai, shaadi nahi ki jaati."
This dialogue reflects how women who are more progressive and modern are seen as unsuitable for marriage because they don’t fit traditional roles that a married woman should play.
2. " Main tumse pyaar karta hoon, par Meera se zyada nahi.”
Gautam selects Meera over the other female leads because of her meekness and perceived innocence, qualities that make her an ideal wife in his eyes. This reinforces the notion that men have the power to treat women as options rather than individuals with agency.
3. "Mujhe toh kabhi kisne bataya hi nahi ki agar achhi ladki ban jao toh sab tumse pyaar karenge.”
There is a recurring narrative that portrays women who don’t adhere to tradition as indecent or rebellious. This creates pressure for women to conform in order to be accepted and treated with love.
4. “ Mai bhi achi biwi ban sakti hoon, a good Indian wife. Jo bologe mein karungi Gautam, Jaise chaho mein ban jaungi.”
The widely held belief that a "good Indian wife" must comply with her husband's wishes is reinforced in this dialogue. It also presents a weak portrayal of a woman seeking love by molding herself to fit a man's expectations.
5. “You really hate me na? ... and I love that.”
In Bollywood movies, men often refuse to accept that when a woman says she dislikes them, she actually means it. Instead, they treat it as a challenge to win her over, reinforcing the harmful notion that a woman's rejection is never final. This not only undermines a woman's agency but also perpetuates the idea that persistence, rather than respect for boundaries, leads to romance.
6. "Main jo bhi karti hoon, jo bhi hoon… sab galat hai?"

Veronica is labeled as promiscuous simply for being independent and progressive. Gautam choosing her best friend over her makes her question her choices, making it seem like she was wrong for living life on her terms.

12. MOM: Released in 2017, this movie revolves around a mother seeking justice for her daughter after the legal system fails her. Devki hires a private investigator after a group of men assault her daughter,Aarya. As she hunts down the culprits, this narration showcases a mother’s unwavering love, resilience and determination to protect her child. This movie also highlights the depth of love mothers have towards their children and their role is demanding justice.

DIALOGUES THAT INSPIRE PROGRESSIVE MINDSETS:

1. “ Use samjhane ki nahin, humein use samajhne ki zaroorat hai.”

It’s not the women who have to be taught to follow rules, it’s men who need to be taught on how to respect consent.

2. “ Is desh mein rape to kar sakte hain, lekin rapist ko thappad nahin maar sakte.”

This dialogue clearly shows the legal standings and justice system in India towards women. It translates to, “ you can commit a rape in this country but cant slap the rapist”. Showing how women have no legal protection and the rapists often roam about freely. This is a very powerful and eye-opening statement made by Sri Devi as it shows us just how bad the legal scenario is in regard to rape in India.

DIALOGUES REFLECTING TRADITIONAL AND REGRESSIVE MINDSETS IN SOCIETY:

1. “ Bhagwan har jagah nahi hota hai, isiliye toh usne maa banai hai.”
This dialogue presents motherhood as a divine and selfless role, reinforcing the idealization of maternal sacrifice. While it highlights the significance of a mother’s love and care, it also subtly upholds the traditional expectation that a woman’s ultimate role is to nurture and serve.
2. “Aap kyun tension le rahi hai, aaj Valentines day hai, boyfriend ke saath chali gayi hogi. ”
This highlights how crimes against women often go unnoticed, as their choices are judged and criticized. In this context, the possibility of a crime is dismissed, implying that she brought it upon herself by choosing to go out.
3. “Sir please, aap ne bahut dekhi hogi aisi ladkiyan lekin meri beti aisi ladki nahi hai.”

This statement reinforces the notion that outgoing women are promiscuous. In defending her daughter, it indirectly demeans the character of other women.

13. PINK: Released in 2016, is a courtroom drama that revolves around three independent women, Minal, Falak, and Andrea: who are harassed and assaulted by a group of influential men after a party. When Minal retaliates in self-defense, she is falsely accused and arrested. A retired lawyer, Deepak Sehghal, takes up their case and challenges society’s deep-seated misogyny and the notion that a woman’s "character" defines her credibility. The film delivers a strong message about consent, victim-blaming, and the legal system’s role in protecting women’s rights, emphasizing that "No means No."

CHARACTER SKETCH :

1) DEEPAK SEHGAL : Deepak Sehgal, played by Amitabh Bachchan, is a retired lawyer battling personal struggles, including mental health issues. Initially reclusive and distant, he steps up to defend three young women falsely accused in a legal case. His sharp intellect, unwavering moral compass, and deep understanding of the law help him challenge societal prejudices against women. Through his powerful courtroom arguments, he highlights the importance of consent and women’s rights, ultimately delivering the film’s core message: “No means no.” His character represents justice, wisdom, and the fight against patriarchal biases.
2) MINAL: Minal Arora, played by Taapsee Pannu, is a strong-willed and independent woman whose life takes a drastic turn when she is wrongfully accused after defending herself against molestation. Despite societal judgment and legal pressure, she refuses to be silenced and stands up for her dignity. Her character embodies the struggles many women face in a male-dominated society, where victim-blaming and moral policing are prevalent. Minal’s journey from fear to empowerment makes her a symbol of courage, resilience, and the fight for justice.

DIALOGUES THAT SERVE AS EYE-OPENERS FOR WOMEN IN SOCIETY:

1. “ These boys must realise that No ka matlab No hota hai. Use bolne wali ladki koi parichit ho, friend ho, girlfriend ho, koi sex worker ho ya aapki apni biwi hi kyu na ho. ‘No’ means no and when someone says No, you stop.”
A very powerful statement made by Amitabh Bachhan as he explains that the boys and men in general need to understand the meaning of the word NO and when someone says no, you stop no matter who the person is and how close you are to that person.
2. “Agar ladkiyan, ladkon ke saath dinner ya drinks pe jaati hai to ye unki apni choice hoti hai. Available hone ka sign board nahi banke jaati”.
This dialogue challenges the prevalent stereotypes that society holds against certain types of women. Women who are outgoing in nature and spend time with boys over dinner and drinks are often identified as “loose character” and someone who is available. These lines clearly explain that when a woman goes out with someone it is by her own choice and not a sign of anything else.
3. “Sharab ko yaha ek galat character ki nishani maana jaata hai, sirf ladkiyon ke liye. Ladkon ke liye to ye sirf ek Health Hazard hai!”
Another important dialogue that showcases the hypocrisy of the society which considers the consumption of alcohol as a bad personality trait for women but on the other hand just a health hazard for the men.

DIALOGUES THAT SHOW STEREOTYPICAL MALE MINDSETS TOWARDS WOMEN:

1. “Raat ko ladkiyan jab sadak pe akeli jaati hai to gaadiyaan slow jaati hai aur unke sheeshe neeche ho jate hai.
This dialogue mirrors the society and explains what women go through on a daily basis when they step out of their home at night. It explains how women are subjected to eve teasing and harassment by other men on the road.
2. “Shahar mein ladkiyon ko akela nahi rehna chahiye. Ladke reh sakte hai par ladkiyan nahi. Akeli, independent ladkiyan, ladkon ko confuse kar deti hai.”

This statement showcases the mindset of the Indian society which believes that only men are supposed to stay independently in the city as single,strong and independent women “confuse” men.

14. DEAR ZINDAGI: Released in 2016,is a film that follows Kaira, a young and ambitious cinematographer struggling with career pressures, troubled relationships, and unresolved childhood trauma. Feeling lost and emotionally overwhelmed, she seeks therapy from Dr. Jehangir Khan, a free-spirited psychologist who helps her confront her fears, embrace imperfections, and find happiness in life’s little moments. Through insightful conversations, Kaira learns self-love, emotional healing, and the importance of mental health.

CHARACTER SKETCH:

1)KAIRA: Kaira is a talented but emotionally conflicted cinematographer who struggles with deep-seated insecurities, unresolved childhood trauma, and commitment issues. She appears confident and independent on the surface but harbors fears of abandonment and rejection. Her troubled relationships and professional pressures push her into emotional turmoil, leading her to seek therapy. Through her journey, she learns to confront her past, embrace self-love, and find emotional stability. Kaira’s character represents the struggles of young adults dealing with mental health, self-acceptance, and the importance of seeking help.
2)DR. JEHANGIR KHAN: Dr. Jehangir Khan, or "Jug," is a compassionate and unconventional therapist who helps Kaira navigate her emotional struggles. With his calm demeanor, wisdom, and humor, he creates a safe space for her to open up about her fears and insecurities. He encourages her to view life with a fresh perspective, teaching her to embrace imperfections and let go of societal pressures. His character symbolizes the importance of mental health awareness and the transformative power of therapy in healing emotional wounds.

DIALOGUES:

1. “Bachchpan main jab rona aata hai, toh bade bolte hai aasun pocho. Jab gussa aata hai, toh bade kehte hai smile taaki ghar ki shanti bani rahe. Nafrat karna chahe, toh ijazat nahi di. Aur jab pyaar karna chahe, toh pata chala ye saala emotional system hi gadbada gaya, kaam nahi kar raha, cannot function. Rona, gussa, nafrat kuch bhi khul ke express nahi karne diya. Ab pyaar kaise express kare?”
This monologue shows the emotional turmoil of Kaira, who grew up in a house where she wasn't encouraged to express herself and her emotions openly leading to her difficulty in expressing love at her current stage of life.
2. “ Zindagi ek jigsaw puzzle ki tarah hai; mere jaise log us puzzle ke khoye hue tukde, sirf dhoondne aur jodne mein madad kar sakte hai, par only you can complete the puzzle!”
This is a very important and empowering message by Shah Rukh Khan, the therapist in the movie as he explains that our life is like a jigsaw puzzle and people like himself only help an individual to find the missing pieces of life but at the end of the day we ourselves have the capacity to complete our life.
3. “Tum agar khul ke ro nahi sakogi, toh khul kar hass kaise paogi! ”
This statement empowers women, urging them to express their emotions freely, as suppressing them prevents true happiness. It’s empowering.
4. “ Jab hum apne aap ko achhi tarah samajh lete hai, to dusre kya samajhte hai, it doesn't matter. Not at all!”
Another important dialogue that talks about self-acceptance explaining how once we understand ourselves completely then the opinions of other people doesn't matter at all.
5. “ Kabhi kabhi hum mushkil rasta sirf is liye chunte hai, kyun ki humein lagta hai, important cheezein paane ke liye humein mushkil rasta apnana chahiye. Apne aap ko punish karna bahut zaroori samajhte hai. But why? Aasaan rasta kyun nahi chun sakte? Kya burai hai us mein? Khaas karke jab us mushkil ka saamna karne ke liye hum taiyaar hi nahi hai! ”
This is another insightful message by Shah Rukh Khan questioning Kaira that why do we humans always choose the difficult path to attain something in life and put ourselves through difficulties even when we are not ready for it and when an easy option is available?

15. SONU KE TITU KI SWEETY : Released in 2018, the movie revolves around two best friends, Sonu and Titu. When Titu decides to marry Sweety, a seemingly perfect girl, Sonu becomes suspicious of her true intentions. He believes Sweety is manipulative and is only after Titu’s wealth.As Sonu tries to expose her, a battle of wits ensues between him and Sweety, with Titu caught in the middle. The film humorously explores bromance vs. romance, loyalty, and relationships.

CHARACTER SKETCH:

1) SONU: Sonu is Titu’s childhood best friend and a protective, street-smart individual who prioritizes their friendship above all. He is witty, manipulative, and skeptical of relationships, believing that most women, including Sweety, have hidden agendas. Sonu’s fierce loyalty to Titu drives him to expose Sweety’s true intentions, making him the central force behind the film’s conflict. His character represents deep male friendships, possessiveness, and the fear of losing a close bond to romantic relationships.
2) TITU: Titu is a kind-hearted, naive, and romantic young man who easily falls in love and trusts people blindly. Unlike Sonu, he believes in the idea of love and is ready to commit wholeheartedly to Sweety. However, his innocence makes him vulnerable to emotional manipulation. Throughout the film, Titu struggles between his lifelong friendship with Sonu and his romantic relationship with Sweety, ultimately realizing the value of true companionship.
3) SWEETY: Sweety appears to be the ideal partner—charming, caring, and traditional—but is later revealed to be manipulative and controlling. She is intelligent and calculated, aiming to isolate Titu from Sonu and gain dominance in his life. While she plays the role of a perfect bride-to-be, her true nature gradually unfolds, leading to a power struggle between her and Sonu. Sweety’s character represents how some people use emotional tactics in relationships for control and personal benefit.

1. “ Tere khaane se leke kapdo se leke toothpaste tak saala woh chunti hai hamara.”
2. “Main bata raha hoon ki yeh ladki wrong hai. Itne pyaare log kabhi hote hai kahin? Sab dhong hai!”
3. “Yeh na too good to be true waala scene hai”
4. "Jo ladki shadi se pehle itni perfect ho, woh definitely kuch chhupa rahi hai."
5. "Achi ladkiyon ka na ek funda hota hai... agar ek ladka unki baat sunta hai, toh woh acha hai... aur agar ek ladka apni chalata hai, toh woh attitude dikhata hai."

Analysis: This movie revolves around the friendship of Sonu and Titu and the romantic relationship between Titu and Sweety. Sonu and Titu are childhood friends who have been inseparable since they were kids and Sonu is shown as a “saviour” of Titu who is a hopeless romantic and keeps falling in love on a regular basis. Sweety is portrayed as a very sweet and perfect girl who is accepting, respectful and is a dream come true for Indian mothers. The problem in the movie arises when Sonu believes that Sweety is too good to be true and good girls like Sweety don't exist and this is all a show for the society. Later, Sweety on her own admits that she is a very cunning and clever girl and gets in a banter with Sonu to make sure the wedding takes place. This raises a very important question of what does society want from a woman? If the woman is strong, independent and opinionated she is seen as a “threat” and if the woman is too sweet and caring the society thinks this is all for a show. This movie reinforces the stereotype that girls who are too sweet, accepting and respectful turn out to be cunning and clever wives.

16. GANGUBAI KATHIAWADI: Released in 2022, Inspired by real events, the film follows the journey of Gangubai, a young girl from a respectable family who is deceived by her lover and sold into a brothel in Mumbai’s Kamathipura. Despite the hardships, she rises to power, transforming into a fierce and influential figure who fights for the rights and dignity of sex workers.As she gains political influence, Gangubai advocates for legal protection, better living conditions, and education for women in the red-light district. The film showcases her strength, resilience, and determination to change society’s perception of sex workers. Gangubai Kathiawadi is a story of survival, empowerment, and leadership.

CHARACTER SKETCH:

1) GANGUBAI KATHIAWADI: Gangubai, played by Alia Bhatt, is a powerful and resilient woman who rises from being a betrayed young girl to becoming a formidable figure in Mumbai’s red-light district, Kamathipura. Sold into prostitution at a young age, she transforms her pain into strength, fighting for the rights and dignity of sex workers. With her sharp wit, fierce determination, and compassionate heart, she gains the respect of both the underprivileged and influential figures. Gangubai is not just a survivor but a leader, advocating for education, legal rights, and better living conditions for women in the brothel. Her journey from victim to protector makes her an inspiring symbol of empowerment, resilience, and social justice.

1. “Izzat se jeene ka, kisi se darne ka nahi.”
2. “Maa ka naam kaafi nahi hai na? Chalo baap ka naam Devanand.”
3. “Arey jab shakti, sampati aur sadbuddhi yeh teeno hi aurtein hai, toh in mardo ke kiss baat ka guroor?”
4. “Isse le jaane ka waqt aagaya hai. Arey koi iski taange kas ke baandh do, kya pata kab kiska imaan badal jaye?”
5. “Politician ke liye vote hai hum, police ke liye hafte ka note hai hum. Mardon ke liye thand ka coat hai hum aur aurton ke liye…jaante ho hai sab, kya hai hum.”
6. “Mana baat galat hai, lekin iraada neek hai. Sawal usool ka nahi, Kamathipura ki aurton ki zindagi ka hai. Aur inke liye mera yeh election jeetna bahut zaroori hai. Election jeeti toh, unke liye soch sakungi, lad sakungi, shayad zindagi badal sakungi.”

17. NEERJA: Released in 2016,the movie is based on the true story of Neerja Bhanot, a 23-year-old flight attendant who sacrificed her life to save passengers during the hijacking of Pan Am Flight 73 in 1986.Neerja, who had just overcome an abusive marriage, was on duty when the flight was hijacked by terrorists in Karachi. Using her courage and quick thinking, she managed to alert the pilots, preventing the plane from taking off. Throughout the crisis, she stayed strong, helping passengers escape while shielding children from gunfire. Tragically, she was shot while protecting three children, but her bravery saved 359 out of 379 passengers.The film is an emotional tribute to her heroism, resilience, and selflessness, highlighting her as an inspiration for generations.

CHARACTER SKETCH:

1) NEERJA: Neerja Bhanot, played by Sonam Kapoor, is a courageous, compassionate, and determined young woman who works as a flight attendant. Despite facing personal struggles, including an abusive marriage, she remains strong and independent. Her bravery shines through when she selflessly protects passengers during the hijacking of Pan Am Flight 73, ultimately sacrificing her life to save others. Neerja's character symbolizes resilience, duty, and heroism, making her an inspiration for generations.

DIALOGUES:

1. “Sir main sirf apna kaam kar rahi hun, apna farz nibha rahi hoon…”
2. I’m sorry Papa, main aapki Bahadur beta nahi ban payi, main vapas bhaag ke aa gayi.”
3. “Kya tumhari maa bhi tumhare baap se delivery boy ka kaam karati hai?”
4. “Bahar mat nikliyo, yeh sab kaun saaf karega? Main?”
5. “Harish ji, aapki beti ko koi kaam nahi aata. She is of no use to me.”
6. “Tumhari aaukaad kya hai? Main list bana raha hoon. Phone ka bill, khane ka kharcha, tumhare baap se vasool karoonga.”
7. “Thoda bahut banana seekh legi na toh wapas jaake kam problem hogi.”
8. “Beta, adjust hamesha ladki ko karna padta hai.”
9. “Konse shaadi mein unban nahi hoti, aise thodina give up kar sakte hai shaadi ko beta.”
10. “Hum dono ne mil kar decide kiya ki mein modelling chod dungi.”

18. GIPPI: Released in 2013, the movie follows Gippi, a 14-year-old overweight girl navigating the challenges of adolescence, including body image issues, school bullies, first crushes, and family struggles.Raised by her single mother, Gippi initially lacks confidence but gradually learns to embrace herself despite societal pressures. When she decides to run for school head girl against the popular and mean girl Shamira, she embarks on a journey of self-discovery, friendship, and empowerment.With a heartwarming and relatable storyline, Gippi celebrates self-acceptance, inner beauty, and the joy of growing up.

1. ‘Oh please! Aisi sukhi sadi hone main luck ki kya baat hai?”
2. “Sach Gurpreet, I think ladkiyan ko tumhare jaise lagna chahiye, thoda full full you know?”
3. “Tum giri na toh mein gaddhe dhoond rahi hoon, oh look mila ek.”
4. “Ghar jaake na apne ass pe balm laga lena, waise toh puri bottle kam padegi.”
5. “Haye dekh iska toh haath, pier pe toh baal bhi aagaye! Tu waxing kyu nahi kar leti?”
6. “Gippi aaj tu eyebrows toh karwa de, face ek dum fresh fresh dikhe gi!”

19. JIGRA: It follows Satya Anand (Alia Bhatt) as she embarks on a dangerous mission to rescue her brother from wrongful imprisonment abroad. The film challenges traditional gender roles by placing a female lead at the center of an action-driven narrative, highlighting her resilience and determination. Satya’s journey not only defies expectations but also reinforces the evolving portrayal of strong, independent women in Bollywood.

CHARACTER SKETCH:

1) SATYA:Satya, played by Alia Bhatt, is a fierce and resourceful woman working in her influential family's luxury hotel business. When her younger brother, Ankur, is falsely imprisoned in the foreign land of Hanshi Dao on drug-related charges, she takes it upon herself to save him. Her character is defined by her resilience, intelligence, and unbreakable loyalty towards her brother. As she navigates through life-threatening challenges, Satya’s unwavering determination and strategic mind make her a formidable force, highlighting the lengths she will go to protect her loved ones.
2) ANKUR:Ankur, played by Vedang Raina, is Satya’s younger brother, who undergoes a drastic transformation after being wrongfully convicted and sentenced to death in a foreign prison. Initially carefree, he is forced to adapt to the brutal reality of prison life, where he fights for survival alongside other inmates against a ruthless warden. His journey from innocence to resilience showcases his inner strength, making his character integral to the film’s emotional depth.

DIALOGUES THAT CHALLENGE TRADITIONAL STEREOTYPES:

1. Tujhe mein kuch nahi hone doongi.
2. Koi kya pareshan karega mujhe? Aap jo meri didi ho.
3. “Ab toh Bacchan hi banna hai.”
4. “Tu meri protection mein hai.”

20. DARLINGS: It is a dark comedy-drama that critiques domestic abuse and gender power dynamics. The film follows Badru (Alia Bhatt), who is trapped in an abusive marriage with Hamza (Vijay Varma). Despite her belief that he will change, the cycle of violence continues. With the help of her mother (Shefali Shah), Badru takes control of her life, turning the tables on her abuser. The film challenges societal norms that expect women to endure mistreatment and highlights the importance of self-respect and empowerment.

CHARACTER SKETCH:

1) BADRUNISSA SHEIK:Badru, played by Alia Bhatt, is a loving and hopeful woman trapped in an abusive marriage with her husband, Hamza. Despite enduring domestic violence, she initially believes he will change and continues to give him chances. However, after repeated betrayals, she transforms from a submissive wife into a determined woman who takes control of her own fate. Her journey symbolizes the strength of women who break free from toxic relationships and reclaim their power.
2) SHAMSUNISSA:Shamshu, played by Shefali Shah, is Badru’s strong-willed and practical mother. Unlike her daughter, she has no illusions about Hamza and constantly warns Badru about his true nature. Having faced struggles in her own life, she encourages Badru to take a stand and fight back. Shamshu is a pillar of support, guiding Badru toward empowerment and showing the importance of resilience and self-respect.
3) HAMZA SHEIK:Hamza, played by Vijay Varma, is Badru’s manipulative and abusive husband. He struggles with alcoholism and insecurities, often venting his frustrations through physical and emotional abuse. While he occasionally expresses regret, his toxic behavior remains unchanged. His character represents the cycle of domestic violence, where abusers justify their actions and expect forgiveness without true reform. Through him, the film critiques patriarchal mindsets and highlights the necessity of standing up against oppression.

DIALOGUES:

1. “ Pyaar nahi karta, toh maarta kyun? Tum pyaar nahi karti, toh sehti kyun?”
2. “Mard log daaru peeke jalaad kyun ban jaate hai?” “Kyunki aurat ban ne deti hai.”
3. “Mai kitne baar try kiya daaru chodne ka. Pee kar tum pe zulm karta hoon, phir tumhari takleef bhoolne ke liye aur peeta hoon! Allah kasam mein tumhari khushi chahta hoon. Aur mere ko maloom hai tumhari khushi kisme hai. (Makes the movement of cradling a baby)”
4. “Baccha hone ke din se, daaru band.”
5. “Aurat pe haath chodne wale mard log ko malum hai na kya bolte hai? Namard!”
6. “Aayega hi na maarne ko, tum aisa baith ke aisa darega, toh aayega hi maarne ko.”
7. “Agar divorce kiya, toh shaadi kon karega usse phir?”

21. RAAZI: Raazi follows Sehmat Khan(Alia Bhatt), a young Indian woman who is trained as a spy and married into a Pakistani military family during the 1971 India-Pakistan war. Undercover, she gathers crucial intelligence for India, risking her life and emotions in the process. As she fulfills her duty, she faces intense moral dilemmas and personal losses. The film highlights themes of patriotism, sacrifice, and the emotional toll of espionage, showing how Sehmat's unwavering commitment to her country comes at a heartbreaking cost.

CHARACTER SKETCH:

1) SEHMAT: Sehmat Khan, played by Alia Bhatt, is a young, determined Indian woman who is trained as a spy and sent to Pakistan on a secret mission. Despite her initial innocence and vulnerability, she displays immense courage, intelligence, and adaptability. She marries into a Pakistani military family to gather crucial intelligence for India, showing her unwavering patriotism and dedication. Throughout the mission, she faces emotional turmoil, moral dilemmas, and personal sacrifices, yet remains focused on her duty. Sehmat’s character is a powerful representation of strength, resilience, and the sacrifices made for one’s country.

DIALOGUES:

1. “ Watan ke aage kuch nahi ... khud bhi nahi.”
2. “Mulk ke samne mujhe apna aap nazar nahi aata ... main hi toh mulk hoon, Hindustan hoon.”
3. "Main Hindustan ki aankh aur kaan ban kar Pakistan mein rehunga."
4. "Lekin Sab Kuch Thik Raha Toh Apka Liver Transplant Kar Sakti Hun."

4.3. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE

The researcher has undertaken a quantitative method to prove their research topic. A questionnaire of 35 questions were made and circulated to people belonging to different age groups and cultural backgrounds to achieve a diversified input. 120 responses were received and the analysis of each question is given below. The questions have been grouped under sub topics for a better understanding.

- The general impact of Bollywood on society -

1. Do you think Bollywood movies have a significant influence on shaping societal norms and values?

Figure 1: Respondents' perception of Bollywood’s role in shaping societal values

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above it can be interpreted that out of 120 responses, 23 strongly agree, 61 agree , 28 are neutral towards it , 5 disagree and only 3 disagree. This proves that the majority of the respondents ( 70%) agree that Bollywood movies do in fact influence societal norms and values.

2. Bollywood films should focus more on portraying strong and independent female characters.

Figure 2: Respondents’ perception on the need for strong female representation in Bollywood

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above it can be assessed that out of 120 responses, 35 strongly agree, 55 agree, 26 are neutral towards it, 1 disagree and 3 strongly disagree. This proves that the majority of the respondents (75%) agree that Bollywood movies do need to focus more on portraying strong and independent female characters.

3. Bollywood movies influence the roles and expectations of men and women in society.

Figure 3: Respondents’ perception of the influence of roles and expectations of men and women in society

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents agree with the question. Out of the 120 responses, 23 people strongly agree, 71 people agree, 16 people feel neutral about it while 7 disagree and 3 strongly disagree. Therefore, as (68.4%) majority of the respondents agree with this statement, it proves how much of an influence Bollywood has on the roles and expectations of men and women in society.

4. Do you think Bollywood movies are capable of driving both positive and negative societal changes?

Figure 4: Respondents' perception on Bollywood’s role in driving societal change

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents agree with the question. Out of 120 responses, 36 strongly agree, 70 agree, 11 are neutral towards it, 1 disagree and 2 strongly disagree with it. As majority of the people (88.3%) agree, it proves that Bollywood is in fact capable of driving both positive and negative changes in society.

33. Do Bollywood movies represent a fair view of how women’s decisions in marriage are judged compared to men’s? (Thappad, Mrs.)

Figure 5: Respondents’ perception on Bollywood’s portrayal of women’s decisions in marriage

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents agree with the question. Out of 120 responses, 9 strongly agree, 59 agree, 37 are neutral towards it, 13 disagree and 2 strongly disagree with it. As majority of the people (56.7%) agree, it proves that people do in fact think that the decisions made by the women in the above mentioned movies are fair representations of what decisions should be taken by women in real life.

Analysis of the questions - The above questions aim to assess the general impact of Bollywood movies on society, it clearly shows that Bollywood does in fact influence our society and is capable of bringing change in society. Therefore, it can be proven that there must be a balanced representation of men and women that goes beyond stereotypes and encourages women’s independence and agency.

- Representation of women in Bollywood-

5. The portrayal of women in Bollywood movies has become realistic and progressive.

Figure 6: Respondents’ perception on the progressiveness of female portrayals in Bollywood movies

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents agree with the question.Out of the 120 responses, 10 people strongly agree, 52 people agree, 46 people feel neutral about it while 6 disagree and 6 strongly disagree. Therefore, as majority of the people (51.6%) agree with the statement, it’s proved that Bollywood movies have in fact improved in the way that women are now being portrayed.

6. Bollywood movies reinforce existing stereotypes and prejudices against women.

Figure 7: Respondents’ perception on the reinforcement of stereotypes and prejudices against women in Bollywood movies

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents agree with the question.Out of the 120 responses, 10 people strongly agree, 54 people agree, 45 people feel neutral about it while 9 disagree and 2 strongly disagree. As majority of the people (63.3%) agree with the statement, it can be proven that Bollywood movies do in fact reinforce existing stereotypes and prejudices against women.

7. Career-oriented women are often depicted negatively in Bollywood films.

Figure 8: Respondents’ perception on the negative portrayal of career-oriented women in Bollywood movies

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents agree with the question.Out of the 120 responses, 14 people strongly agree, 36 people agree, 44 people feel neutral about it while 23 disagree and 3 strongly disagree. As there’s no clear majority for this statement, it can be observed that most people do not feel very strongly about it. Therefore, there is a lack of dominant consensus for this question.

8. Bollywood films pressure women to prioritize beauty over intelligence or skills.

Figure 9: Respondents’ perception on whether Bollywood films pressure women to prioritize beauty over intelligence or skills

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents agree with the question.Out of the 120 responses, 30 people strongly agree, 53 people agree, 23 people feel neutral about it while 11 disagree and 3 strongly disagree. As majority of the people (69.2%) agree with the statement, it can be proven that Bollywood movies do often pressurize women to conform to the existing beauty standards and prioritize it over intelligence.

9. Bollywood sufficiently represents diverse female identities, including plus-sized women, dark-skinned women, and ambitious women.

Figure 10: Respondents’ perception on representation of diverse female identities in Bollywood films

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that there is no clear majority for any of the responses .Out of the 120 responses, 7 people strongly agree, 31 people agree, 26 people feel neutral about it while 39 disagree and 17 strongly disagree. This statement's responses lack a clear majority, however more people do seem to be leaning towards disagree (46.7%) which proves that diverse female identities are not yet sufficiently represented in Bollywood.

10. Do you think that many Bollywood films emphasize love and marriage as a woman’s ultimate goal?

Figure 11: Respondents’ perception on the portrayal of love and marriage as the goal for women

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents agree with the question.Out of the 120 responses, 22 people strongly agree, 58 people agree, 26 people feel neutral about it while 13 disagree and 1 strongly disagrees. As majority of the people (66.6%) agree with the statement, it can be proven that Bollywood movies do in fact portray marriage as the ultimate goal for women.

11. Bollywood movies have contributed to women gaining more confidence in challenging societal norms.

Figure 12: Respondents’ perception on Bollywood’s influence on women’s confidence in challenging societal norms

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents agree with the question.Out of the 120 responses, 4 people strongly agree, 59 people agree, 41 people feel neutral about it while 13 disagree and 3 strongly disagree. As majority of the people (52.5%) agree with the statement, it can be proven that certain Bollywood films have helped in contributing to women defying the rigid patriarchal system.

Analysis of the questions: The above mentioned questions are assessing the representation of female characters in bollywood movies. This section showcases both positive and negative implications of Bollywood films as while some movies continue to portray women in the negative light and conforming to stereotypes, certain films have also helped in challenging traditional norms.

- Bollywood’s influence on relationships and gender roles:

12. Do you think that Bollywood movies normalize toxic relationship dynamics, such as possessiveness, stalking, or control? (Ex: Badrinath ki Dulhania, Student of the Year)

Figure 13: Respondents’ perception on normalization of toxic relationship dynamics in Bollywood films

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents agree with the question.Out of the 120 responses, 31 people strongly agree, 60 people agree, 18 people feel neutral about it while 10 disagree and 1 strongly disagree. As majority of the people (75.8%) agree with the statement, it can be proven that certain Bollywood films have helped in contributing to the normalization of toxic relationship dynamics.

13. Films like Kabir Singh and Badrinath Ki Dulhania promote toxic masculinity and submissive female characters.

Figure 14: Respondents’ perception on the promotion of toxic masculinity and submissive female characters in Bollywood

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents agree with the question.Out of the 120 responses, 43 people strongly agree, 53 people agree, 12 people feel neutral about it while 8 disagree and 4 strongly disagree. As majority of the people (80%) agree with the statement, it can be proven that the above mentioned films have had a negative impact on society as they promote stereotypical behaviour in both the genders.

14. Do you think that Bollywood reinforces the idea that women should tolerate mistreatment in relationships for love? (Ex: Kabir Singh, Animal)

Figure 15: Respondents’ perception on bollywood’s reinforcement of tolerating mistreatment in relationships

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents agree with the question. Out of the 120 responses, 33 people strongly agree, 45 people agree, 21 people feel neutral about it while 12 disagree and 9 strongly disagree. As majority of the people (65%) agree with the statement, it can be observed that Bollywood does reinforce the traditional ideal of love where women are made to let go of their self-respect.

15.Bollywood has contributed to the normalization of gender inequality in households.

Figure 16: Respondents’ perception on Bollywood’s role in normalizing gender inequality in households

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents agree with the question.Out of the 120 responses, 11 people strongly agree, 52 people agree, 37 people feel neutral about it while 16 disagree and 4 strongly disagree. As majority of the people (52.5%) agree with the statement, it can be proven that certain Bollywood films have promoted gender inequality in households.

16.Bollywood often portrays sacrificing women as the ideal in relationships. (Ex: Movies like "Darlings")

Figure 17: Respondents perception on the portrayal of sacrificing women as the ideal in Bollywood films

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents agree with the question.Out of the 120 responses, 15 people strongly agree, 68 people agree, 24 people feel neutral about it while 10 disagree and 3 strongly disagree. As majority of the people (69.2%) agree with the statement, it can be proven that movies such as the one mentioned above do show women as the self-sacrificial type in order to please the man in the relationship.

17. Do you think Bollywood films reinforce the idea that a specific body type and personality type (e.g., slim and elegant for women, muscular and macho for men) is necessary to be considered desirable for marriage?

Figure 18: Respondents’ perception on Bollywood’s reinforcement of Ideal body and personality types for marriage

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents agree with the question. Out of the 120 responses, 31 people strongly agree, 60 people agree, 22 people feel neutral about it while 6 disagree and 1 strongly disagree. As majority of the people (75.8%) agree with the statement, it can be observed that stereotypes when it comes to specific body and personality types are still very much prevalent in Bollywood films.

18. Bollywood movies have influenced how people perceive traditional vs. modern women (e.g., Cocktail).

Figure 19: Respondents’ perception on Bollywood’s influence on perceptions of traditional vs. modern women

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents agree with the question. Out of the 120 responses, 25 people strongly agree, 70 people agree, 23 people feel neutral about it while 1 disagrees and 1 strongly disagrees. As majority of the people (79.1%) agree with the statement, it proves the fact that there is a distinction in the way that the modern and traditional woman is represented.

19.Bollywood films shape societal expectations of men to be dominant and women to be submissive.

Figure 20: Respondents’ perception on Bollywood’s impact on societal expectations of dominant men and submissive women

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents agree with the question. Out of the 120 responses, 24 people strongly agree, 48 people agree, 34 people feel neutral about it while 11 disagree and 3 strongly disagree. As the majority of the people (60%) agree with the statement, it proves the fact that Bollywood films shape societal expectations in men and women both.

Analysis of the questions: These questions evaluate Bollywood’s impact on gender roles and relationships. The responses indicate that most women believe Bollywood has significantly shaped societal perceptions of women in relationships. Additionally, the majority feel that women are frequently portrayed in a negative light.

Progressive Films & Their Impact-

20. Films like Pink and Article 15 have led to a shift in public attitudes toward consent and gender violence.

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents agree with the question. Out of the 120 responses, 19 people strongly agree, 61 people agree, 35 people feel neutral about it while 2 disagree and 3 strongly disagree. As the majority of the people (66.6%) agree with the statement, it proves the fact that films that are similar to the ones mentioned above have had a positive impact in society as it has brought awareness on topics related to consent and gender violence.

21. Movies like Queen inspire women to embrace individuality and independence.

Figure 22: Respondents’ perception on gaining inspiration from films like queen to embrace individuality and independence

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents agree with the question. Out of the 120 responses, 28 people strongly agree, 66 people agree, 23 people feel neutral about it while 2 disagree and 1 strongly disagree. As the majority of the people (78.3%) agree with the statement, it proves the fact that Bollywood films that are similar to the one mentioned above have helped in making women feel comfortable and strong enough to explore their individuality and assert their independence.

22. Dil Dhadakne Do raises awareness about gender discrimination within families.

Figure 23: Respondents’ perception on increased awareness of gender discrimination through Dil Dhadakne Do

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents agree with the question. Out of the 120 responses, 30 people strongly agree, 64 people agree, 25 people feel neutral about it while 1 disagrees and 0 strongly disagree. As the majority of the people (78.3%) agree with the statement, it proves the fact that Bollywood films like the one above have accurately portrayed the gender discrimination that is still very prevalent even in families that are considered “modern” in the current day.

23. Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani challenges traditional masculinity and gender roles effectively.

Figure 24: Respondents’ perception on challenging traditional gender roles in Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents agree with the question. Out of the 120 responses, 27 people strongly agree, 58 people agree, 32 people feel neutral about it while 1 disagrees and 2 strongly disagree. As the majority of the people (70.8%) agree with the statement, it proves the fact that this movie has in fact challenged the norms of traditional society by choosing families who are polar opposites and portraying lead characters who are shown as progressive.

24. The male lead in Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani sets a positive example of respecting and adapting to progressive values.

Figure 25: Respondents’ perception on progressive male representation in Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents agree with the question. Out of the 120 responses, 31 people strongly agree, 58 people agree, 28 people feel neutral about it while 1 disagrees and 2 strongly disagree. As the majority of the people (74.1%) agree with the statement, it shows that challenging patriarchal norms is being normalized by men in the current generation.

25. Do you think that Bollywood is gradually presenting a more realistic and inspiring portrayal of working women.

Figure 26: Respondents’ perception of realistic and inspiring portrayal of working women in Bollywood

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents agree with the question. Out of the 120 responses, 18 people strongly agree, 60 people agree, 33 people feel neutral about it while 8 disagree and 1 strongly disagree. As the majority of the people (65%) agree with the statement, it proves the fact that Bollywood films have in fact improved in their representation of women over time. However, 27.5% of people stand neutral which means that Bollywood can still improve in the way that women are represented.

26. Films like Mom help reshape the perception of women’s strength in seeking justice.

Figure 27: Respondents’ perception Films like Mom and the portrayal of women’s strength in justice

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents agree with the question. Out of the 120 responses, 34 people strongly agree, 59 people agree, 25 people feel neutral about it while 0 disagree and 2 strongly disagree. As the majority of the people (77.5%) agree with the statement, it shows that movies like the above portray women as having agency and being empowered when it comes to seeking justice. Thus it encourages women to be proactive when it comes to fighting for their rights.

27. Bollywood has normalized self-love and moving on through films like Queen and Jab We Met.

Figure 28: Respondents’ perception on normalization of self-love and moving on in Bollywood films

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents agree with the question. Out of the 120 responses, 25 people strongly agree, 65 people agree, 25 people feel neutral about it while 3 disagree and 2 strongly disagree. As the majority of the people (75%) agree with the statement, it proves the fact that themes such as self love for women are showcased as something that is normal in society.

35. Do you think Bollywood films like Gunjan Saxena and Dangal have helped challenge societal norms by portraying women excelling in male-dominated fields?

Figure 29: Respondents’ perception on Bollywood films portraying women excelling in male-dominated fields

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents agree with the question. Out of the 120 responses, 60 people strongly agree, 35 people agree, 19 people feel neutral about it while 3 disagree and 2 strongly disagree. As the majority of the people (80%) agree with the statement, we can interpret that women entering male-dominated fields are no longer looked down upon and instead are being appreciated and accepted by the audience thereby promoting gender equality in the workplace. Movies like the above play a major role in breaking the existing stereotypes regarding careers that are gender specific.

32. Do you think Geeta in Jug Jugg Jeeyo (Neetu Kapoor) and so on represents a progressive shift in how older women are shown in Bollywood?

Figure 30: Respondents’ perception on portrayal of older women in Bollywood as progressive

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents stand neutral for the question. Out of the 120 responses, 4 people strongly agree, 43 people agree, 68 people feel neutral about it while 3 disagree and 2 strongly disagree. As the majority of the people (56.7%) feel neutral about this statement, it proves that divorce in the older generations is still not a very normalized topic as the older generation was not very exposed to themes such as divorce.

34. Do movies like Jug Jugg Jeeyo encourage discussions on women’s right to leave unhappy marriages?

Figure 31: Respondents’ perception on Bollywood's role in encouraging discourse on women leaving unhappy marriages

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents agree with the question. Out of the 120 responses, 12 people strongly agree, 55 people agree, 47 people feel neutral about it while 4 disagree and 2 strongly disagree. As the majority of the people (55.8%) agree with the statement, it proves the fact that society has in fact begun to encourage women to take a stand for themselves and leave unhappy marriages, thereby prioritizing their happiness over societal norms.

ANALYSIS OF THE QUESTIONS: As a significant amount of questions in the above section have received positive responses, it can be interpreted that films like the ones mentioned above have in fact had a positive impact on the way that women perceive gender roles in the current day. This has led to an increase in gender equality and has promoted a better representation of society which has increased the spread of awareness.

- Bollywood’s Influence on Self-Perception -

28.Bollywood movies have made me feel pressured to conform to societal expectations of gender roles.

Figure 32: Respondents’ perception on pressure from Bollywood to conform to gender roles

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that there is no clear majority. Out of the 120 responses, 6 people strongly agree, 26 people agree, 41 people feel neutral about it while 33 disagree and 14 strongly disagree. While a significant number (47) disagree, a large portion (41) remains neutral, indicating that many may not strongly feel the pressure or are undecided. The responses highlight that while Bollywood's influence is evident, its impact on societal expectations is subjective and varies among individuals.

29. Bollywood has influenced my perception of what is considered attractive in men and women.

Figure 33: Respondents’ perception on Bollywood’s influence on perceptions of attractiveness

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that there is no clear majority. Out of the 120 responses, 13 people strongly agree, 39 people agree, 31 people feel neutral about it while 26 disagree and 11 strongly disagree. While 31 people feel neutral about it, 52 people do agree that Bollywood has in fact affected the way that they perceive what is considered attractive. While there is no overwhelming majority, the data suggests that Bollywood plays a notable role in shaping beauty standards, reinforcing certain ideals of attractiveness that may impact societal perceptions.

30. Bollywood movies have impacted my views on balancing career and family life.

Figure 34: Respondents’ perception on impact of Bollywood on views about career-family balance

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that there is no clear majority. Out of the 120 responses, 4 people strongly agree, 32 people agree, 44 people feel neutral about it while 26 disagree and 14 strongly disagree. This indicates that while Bollywood’s portrayal of work-life balance resonates with some, many may not feel strongly affected or may have other influences shaping their views. The disagreement from 40 respondents further highlights the mixed impact of Bollywood on this aspect of life.

31.My perspective on gender roles has changed over time due to Bollywood films.

Figure 35: Respondents’ perception on Bollywood’s role in changing gender role perspectives

Illustrations are not included in the reading sample

From the responses above, it can be assessed that the majority of the respondents agree with the question. Out of the 120 responses, 4 people strongly agree, 24 people agree, 45 people feel neutral about it while 36 disagree and 11 strongly disagree. While the majority of the people strongly disagree and feel neutral towards the question, there is still a significant portion that disagrees. This shows that even though Bollywood has been producing progressive movies in the current day, it has still not challenged the deep rooted gender roles in the society strongly enough.

ANALYSIS OF THE QUESTIONS: As there was no clear majority for the questions in this section, it reflects that Bollywood still does have a very strong influence on people as the majority in this section were leaning towards neutral. This also could show that there are still people who don’t realize or acknowledge how Bollywood does actually impact their views and perception of self.

OVERALL ANALYSIS:

A questionnaire consisting of 35 questions was circulated and 120 responses were received. The questions asked covered topics ranging from the general impact of Bollywood on society, representation of women in Bollywood, influence of relationships and gender roles, the impact of progressive movies to the influence of Bollywood movies on self perception. From the first section, it could be interpreted that Bollywood does in fact have an influence on society wherein people believe Bollywood is capable of driving both a positive and negative change. Additionally, the respondents strongly believed that Bollywood should focus more on portraying women as strong and independent characters as these movies still influence gender roles and expectations in the society.

It was further found that in spite of Bollywood portraying a more realistic and progressive persona of female characters in movies, the respondents still believe that career oriented women are depicted negatively while being pressured to prioritize beauty over knowledge. This proves that Bollywood still plays a role in impacting the widely prevalent stereotypes.

Further, movies such as Animal and Kabir Singh have only helped in strengthening views on patriarchy and slowing down the process of challenging traditional gender roles and also have contributed to the glorification of toxicity in relationships.

However, at the same time there have been movies that have helped bring about change in the society in terms of stereotypes and women empowerment. This has majorly been the result of Bollywood’s impact on the society which has therefore helped in keeping audiences aware of their rights.

The responses in the last section were largely varied. This could have been the result of social desirability wherein people may not have wanted to acknowledge the impact that Bollywood actually does have on them. However, this could also be due to people being unaware of Bollywood’s influence on their perceptions, as they may view certain portrayals as normal simply because Bollywood has normalized them.

CHAPTER V: FINDINGS

5.1. INTRODUCTION

This chapter unveils the central findings of this research study, which sought to investigate the impact of Bollywood cinema on the comprehension of women's roles and societal expectations. The analysis rests on two primary data streams: audience responses gathered through a structured questionnaire and a detailed content analysis of 21 c arefully selected Bollywood films spanning diverse timeframes.

The questionnaire data provides valuable insights into audience perceptions, attitudes, and interpretations of gender portrayals on screen. Simultaneously, the film analysis illuminates recurring patterns, the evolution of female character representations, and the narratives surrounding womanhood, gender roles, and female agency within mainstream Hindi cinema.

The findings offer a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted ways in which Bollywood has both contributed to shaping and reflected the prevailing societal notions about womanhood, gender roles, and the agency of women in contemporary Indian society. The selected films, encompassing commercially successful ventures like Kabir Singh and Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani alongside socially conscious narratives such as Pink, Thappad, and Gangubai Kathiawadi, represent a range of genres, historical contexts, and thematic concerns, allowing for a nuanced exploration of this influence. Ultimately, this chapter elucidates the significant role mainstream Hindi cinema plays in both mirroring and molding gender norms within contemporary Indian society.

5.2. DEMOGRAPHICS

1. Four demographic questions were included in the survey: age, gender, mother tongue, and employment status, as these variables were considered potentially influential in shaping respondents’ perceptions of women’s roles and expectations as portrayed in Bollywood films.
2. The research took gender as a variable in analysing different areas connecting films and society.

5.2.1. GENDER PERSPECTIVES

The survey responses reveal that gender plays a key role in shaping how people perceive Bollywood's influence on women’s roles, self-esteem, and societal expectations.

Women were more likely to recognize and be impacted by the way Bollywood portrays female characters, showing concern for gender stereotypes and body image issues. Their responses leaned heavily toward agreement with critical statements.

Men, in contrast, tended to be more neutral or disagreed, possibly due to less direct personal impact or a different perspective shaped by their own experiences. However, some men did acknowledge issues, indicating varied views within both groups.

Despite these differences, both men and women agreed that Bollywood has made progress in showing stronger, more empowered women, which reflects a shared awareness of change.

Bollywood is clearly seen as influential, but women are more sensitive to its flaws, especially where representation and body image are concerned. The gender divide in responses highlights the importance of inclusive, balanced storytelling—and suggests that while progress is noticed, there's still a long way to go in achieving fair and realistic representation.

5.3. FINDINGS FROM THE SURVEY-

The survey reveals a complex and evolving relationship between Bollywood and perceptions of gender. A significant majority of respondents believe Bollywood wields considerable influence on societal norms and values. There is a strong consensus on the need for more portrayals of strong, independent female characters and the medium's capacity to drive both positive and negative societal change.

While respondents acknowledge some progress in the realistic and progressive depiction of women, a substantial portion still feels Bollywood reinforces existing gender stereotypes and prejudices. Perceptions are mixed regarding the negative portrayal of career-oriented women, with no clear majority.

The survey indicates that Bollywood is perceived to influence societal expectations of traditional gender roles (men as dominant, women as submissive). However, films addressing specific social issues like consent, gender violence, female individuality, and familial gender discrimination are seen as having a positive impact on shifting public attitudes. Recent films challenging traditional masculinity and presenting positive examples of men embracing progressive values are also well-received.

In essence, the findings suggest that while Bollywood is making strides in certain areas of gender representation and tackling important social issues, the perception of its overall impact on deeply ingrained gender roles and stereotypes remains nuanced and requires further progress. The high number of neutral responses in several key areas highlights ongoing uncertainty and the potential for Bollywood to further evolve its portrayal of gender.

5.4. FINDINGS FROM THE ANALYSIS OF MOVIES-

Overall, Bollywood's portrayal of gender presents a complex and evolving picture marked by a significant internal conflict. While deeply ingrained patriarchal views and harmful stereotypes persist across various films, often subtly reinforced through dialogues and characterizations (including the "too good to be true" woman, control in relationships, focus on women's reproductive abilities, trivializing their experiences, the "good wife" ideal, idealizing motherhood, victim-blaming, discomfort with independent women, the burden of adjustment in marriage, body shaming, and familial control), a powerful counter-narrative is emerging.

There's a discernible and growing trend towards showcasing independent and empowered women who actively challenge traditional expectations. These films feature female characters demonstrating self-reliance, questioning marital norms, prioritizing their careers and self-respect, undergoing journeys of self-discovery, asserting their agency, advocating for gender equality, taking charge in their lives, displaying heroism beyond conventional roles, leading action-oriented narratives, confronting domestic abuse, undertaking unconventional acts of patriotism, and asserting themselves within relationships.

The dialogues within these movies serve as crucial indicators of this ongoing tug-of-war. While regressive views are still voiced, the increasing presence of strong female characters delivering impactful lines that champion progressive ideas around consent, self-worth, and breaking societal expectations signifies a gradual yet significant shift in Bollywood's storytelling. This dichotomy reflects a broader societal debate about gender roles and highlights Bollywood's complex journey as it navigates deeply rooted biases while attempting to mirror and potentially influence a more equitable understanding of gender.

The findings of this research reflect a complex and evolving landscape of gender representation in Bollywood. Through the analysis of 21 selected films and audience responses from the questionnaire, it becomes evident that Bollywood continues to oscillate between reinforcing deep-rooted gender stereotypes and making space for more progressive, empowering narratives about women.

A significant portion of the films studied, including Kabir Singh, Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety, Badrinath Ki Dulhania, Cocktail, and Student of the Year, present problematic portrayals of women. These films often center the male protagonist while relegating female characters to passive or decorative roles. In Kabir Singh, for instance, the romanticization of controlling and aggressive male behavior raises serious concerns about the normalization of toxic masculinity. Similarly, Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety portrays female characters as manipulative and untrustworthy, reinforcing negative stereotypes. These narratives reduce women to tropes — the ideal, obedient girlfriend or the manipulative, modern woman — with little space for individuality or complexity.

Audience responses in the questionnaire reflect a growing awareness of these issues. A significant percentage of respondents (e.g., 70% or more) recognized that many Bollywood films continue to perpetuate unrealistic expectations of women in terms of beauty, behavior, and sacrifice. Several participants also expressed concern about how repeated exposure to such portrayals can subtly influence societal attitudes, especially among younger audiences.

On the other hand, a more encouraging trend emerges in films like Thappad, Pink, Gangubai Kathiawadi, Raazi, Darlings, Neerja, English Vinglish, and Dear Zindagi. These films attempt to break away from patriarchal norms, offering more well-rounded and autonomous female characters. In Thappad, for example, the protagonist’s decision to walk away from a violent marriage challenges the normalized tolerance of abuse in Indian households. Pink foregrounds the issue of consent and addresses victim-blaming with clarity and courage. Films like Queen and English Vinglish explore personal growth and self-worth beyond traditional marital or maternal roles.

The responses from the questionnaire further validate this shift. Many respondents indicated that films like Raazi or Darlings positively influenced their perception of women’s strength, resilience, and independence. However, while these progressive narratives exist, they remain underrepresented when compared to the vast volume of commercially successful films that continue to cater to traditional values and male-centric storylines.

Moreover, even films that attempt to appear modern and balanced — such as Dil Dhadakne Do, Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani, or Good Newwz — sometimes fall into the trap of reinforcing subtle stereotypes, particularly around marriage, motherhood, or the notion of the "ideal Indian woman." The tension between surface-level progressiveness and underlying conservatism reflects Bollywood's ongoing struggle to fully embrace gender equity.

The analysis highlights a pressing need for more responsible storytelling within the Indian film industry. Filmmakers wield immense cultural power and influence; therefore, it is essential for them to move beyond tokenistic representation and commit to portraying women with depth, dignity, and authenticity. More diverse female-led stories, more women behind the camera, and a conscious rejection of regressive tropes can pave the way for cinema that not only reflects reality but also actively participates in shaping a more equitable society.

5.5. THEMATIC ANALYSIS OF KEY RESEARCH QUESTIONS

5.5.1 How has Bollywood influenced the modern feminist movement in India?

Bollywood has played a dual role in influencing the modern feminist movement — both as a platform for feminist narratives and as a space that has historically resisted gender equality. Over the past decade, there has been a noticeable rise in women-centric films that challenge traditional gender norms and amplify female voices. Movies such as Pink, Thappad, Raazi, Gangubai Kathiawadi, Queen, Darlings, Neerja, and English Vinglish represent a gradual but meaningful shift in how women are depicted on screen. These films center female experiences, explore themes of consent, independence, domestic violence, and self-discovery, and offer narratives that align with the core values of feminism.

These portrayals have resonated with audiences, as evident in the questionnaire responses, characters like Gangubai and Amrita (Thappad) have become symbolic figures for resistance and resilience, reflecting the aspirations of many Indian women today. These cinematic representations contribute to normalizing feminist ideas in the public consciousness and have supported the feminist movement by fostering awareness, empathy, and conversation around women's rights.

However, it is also important to note that such films remain in the minority, and mainstream Bollywood continues to be largely dominated by male narratives and perspectives. The progress is promising but still insufficient to radically shift the industry's overarching gender dynamics.

5.5.2 How has the absence of the female gaze in Bollywood films influenced societal perceptions of women?

The absence of the female gaze in Bollywood has significantly shaped how women are perceived in Indian society — often reducing them to objects of desire, moral symbols, or plot devices for male characters. Films like Kabir Singh and Animal illustrate this issue vividly. In Kabir Singh, the protagonist’s aggressive and possessive behavior is romanticized, while the female lead is portrayed as voiceless and passive. Animal similarly glorifies hyper-masculinity, presenting women as either accessories to male trauma or as rewards for male transformation. These portrayals reflect a lack of female perspective in storytelling, where women are not represented as fully human but as extensions of male narratives.

The findings suggest that this absence of the female gaze — the perspective that centers female experience and subjectivity — results in a skewed, often damaging image of women on screen. Participants in the questionnaire noted that such portrayals can lead to the normalization of control, jealousy, and emotional abuse in relationships. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that films directed by male filmmakers are more likely to contain one-dimensional female characters, reinforcing patriarchal ideologies and unrealistic standards of behavior, beauty, and morality.

This cinematic imbalance not only affects how society views women but also how women view themselves. Without nuanced, authentic representation, women are denied the opportunity to see their full selves reflected on screen — their flaws, desires, strength, and complexity.

5.5.3 How has Bollywood played a significant role in shaping societal ideals for women which in turn have impacted their self-esteem?

Bollywood has long served as a mirror to societal norms — and often, a tool for reinforcing them. One of the most impactful ways it has done this is through the creation and propagation of rigid stereotypes about how women should look, behave, and live. Films like Student of the Year, Cocktail, and Good Newwz propagate narrow standards of beauty and femininity — celebrating fair skin, slim bodies, stylish clothing, and submissive behavior. Women who deviate from these norms are often portrayed as undesirable, rebellious, or morally flawed.

Through repeated exposure to these ideals, audiences — especially young women — internalize these expectations. Questionnaire results showed that a significant number of respondents felt that Bollywood had shaped their understanding of what women “should” be like, particularly in terms of appearance, relationships, and ambition. Many admitted to feeling pressured by the unrealistic portrayals of perfection seen on screen, which in turn affected their self-esteem and sense of identity.

Even in films that claim to be progressive, subtle reinforcements of traditional gender roles persist. Female ambition is often shown to be secondary to family values, and independence is frequently framed as a phase before marriage or emotional compromise. This inconsistency in representation points to the industry’s ongoing struggle to break free from patriarchal norms.

5.6. FINDINGS IN RELATION TO RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

Objective 1: To examine the portrayal of female characters in the early 2000s to the present

The portrayal of women in Bollywood has undergone gradual transformation from the early 2000s to the present. In earlier films, female characters were often limited to supporting roles , love interests, mothers, or moral anchors , with little agency or narrative weight. Films like Cocktail and Student of the Year from the early 2010s reflect these trends, showcasing women more as aesthetic or emotional complements to male leads. These characters were frequently confined within conventional ideals of beauty, behavior, and sacrifice.

In contrast, more recent films such as Raazi, Gangubai Kathiawadi, Darlings, and Thappad exhibit a growing shift toward complexity and independence. Female leads now often drive the plot, express dissent, and challenge societal roles. However, this evolution is neither linear nor complete, even newer releases like Animal reflect a regression to hyper-masculine narratives where women remain secondary. Thus, the portrayal of women has diversified, but inconsistencies remain, especially in mainstream male-led films.

Objective 2: To analyze whether Bollywood reinforces or challenges patriarchal norms

The findings show that Bollywood simultaneously reinforces and challenges patriarchal norms. Films like Kabir Singh and Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety clearly uphold patriarchal ideals by portraying male possessiveness, entitlement, and dominance as romantic or heroic. These films perpetuate toxic masculinity and cast women as either submissive or manipulative.

On the other hand, movies like Pink, Thappad, Queen, and English Vinglish actively confront patriarchal values. These narratives place women's experiences and autonomy at the forefront, questioning traditional norms around marriage, motherhood, and female obedience.

Audience feedback from the questionnaire highlighted this tension, with many respondents recognizing both the harm caused by traditional portrayals and the empowering impact of newer, more progressive films. The data suggest that while Bollywood has made space for feminist narratives, patriarchal reinforcement remains prevalent in commercial storytelling.

Objective 3: To assess the rise and impact of female-centric films

The study observed a notable rise in female-centric films over the last decade. Movies like Raazi, Neerja, Darlings, Gangubai Kathiawadi, and Jigra reflect a growing willingness to tell stories centered on women's experiences, challenges, and strengths. These films typically feature women as protagonists who navigate adversity with agency, resilience, and complexity.

Questionnaire responses indicated that such films have had a tangible impact on viewers. Many female respondents shared that they felt seen or empowered by these characters, while male viewers expressed gaining new perspectives on women's realities. These narratives have contributed to reshaping social discourse by highlighting issues like domestic violence, consent, and the importance of emotional independence.

While the volume of such films is still small compared to male-centric cinema, their increasing presence signifies a positive cultural shift, both in content and in audience demand.

Objective 4: To study the positive and negative impact of Bollywood movies on societal expectations of women

Bollywood has long influenced societal expectations of women, both positively and negatively. On the negative side, films have historically set unrealistic standards for beauty, obedience, and behavior. Female characters are often expected to be self-sacrificing, emotionally available, physically attractive, and morally “pure.” These portrayals, especially in films like Good Newwz, Cocktail, or Student of the Year, contribute to pressures around body image, femininity, and domestic roles.

Conversely, films such as Dear Zindagi, English Vinglish, and Thappad offer positive counter-narratives. They depict women navigating personal growth, reclaiming autonomy, and redefining their identities beyond societal roles. According to the questionnaire, many viewers feel that Bollywood plays a key role in shaping perceptions of what women “should” be like, and that seeing diverse, empowered women on screen can help broaden these expectations in healthier ways.

Objective 5: Analyzing the depiction of women: Is Bollywood moving towards progress?

The overall analysis suggests that Bollywood is slowly but surely moving toward more progressive depictions of women, though not without resistance. There is a marked increase in films that challenge gender norms and celebrate female empowerment. However, this progress exists alongside a stronghold of regressive storytelling that still dominates many big-budget and commercially driven projects.

The study concludes that while there is visible progress, especially in women-led films with female directors or screenwriters, a systemic shift will require deeper structural change within the industry. More female creators, diverse narratives, and conscious audience engagement are crucial to sustaining and expanding this progress.

5.7. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

While this study offers valuable insights into the portrayal of women in Bollywood and its influence on societal expectations, several limitations must be acknowledged.

Firstly, the sample size for the questionnaire was limited to 120 participants, which restricts the generalizability of the findings. The responses, though insightful and reflective, are largely subjective and influenced by individual perceptions, socio-cultural backgrounds, and personal experiences with Bollywood cinema. As such, the results may not fully represent the broader population, especially considering India’s vast diversity in terms of region, class, language, and gender identity.

Secondly, the selection of 21 Bollywood films, though deliberate and thematically relevant, constitutes a small portion of the industry’s extensive output. These films were chosen to represent a variety of time periods, genres, and narrative styles, but they do not encompass the full spectrum of Bollywood cinema. Therefore, while trends and patterns have been identified, they may not capture the entirety of the industry's portrayal of women.

Additionally, the study primarily analyzed Hindi-language mainstream films, excluding regional cinema and independent films, where female representation might differ significantly. These omitted categories may offer more nuanced or alternative portrayals of women that could have enriched the analysis.

The time span covered, from the early 2000s to the present, is also broad, and while the study attempts to trace progression over time, it may not account for year-to-year industry fluctuations or shifts due to socio-political influences, censorship, or economic factors affecting film content and reception.

Finally, the research is limited by the lack of access to production-side perspectives, such as interviews with filmmakers, writers, or producers. Including such perspectives could have added depth to the analysis by revealing the intentions behind certain portrayals and the constraints within which creators operate.

Despite these limitations, the study presents meaningful observations about the evolution of female representation in Bollywood and the role it plays in shaping public perception and societal norms. Future research could expand the scope of films analyzed, include a larger and more diverse respondent base, and engage with industry voices to provide a more comprehensive understanding.

5.8. RECOMMENDATIONS

In light of the findings from this study, it is evident that Bollywood cinema holds a powerful position in shaping societal attitudes and cultural expectations, particularly concerning the roles and identities of women. The repetitive portrayal of women through patriarchal lenses, coupled with the absence of the female gaze, contributes to the internalization of regressive gender norms. To foster a more inclusive and progressive cinematic landscape, the following recommendations are proposed:

1. Promote Socially Responsible Storytelling: Filmmakers and content creators must recognize the impact of media in constructing gender norms and adopt a more responsible approach to the depiction of women. Cinema has the potential to not only reflect society but also reshape it. Hence, it becomes crucial for filmmakers to avoid narratives that reinforce outdated tropes such as the “damsel in distress,” the “ideal wife,” or the “sacrificing mother,” and instead craft multidimensional female characters with real struggles, strengths, and ambitions.
2. Encourage the Creation of Strong Female Protagonists: More films should center women as protagonists who exhibit independence, complexity, and moral agency. Female characters should not merely support the hero’s journey; they should have their own arcs, their own decisions, and the capacity to drive the story forward. Representation should move beyond symbolic tokenism to genuinely celebrate female agency.
3. Increase the Inclusion of Women in Creative Roles: The underrepresentation of women in directorial, writing, and production roles contributes significantly to the persistence of male-centric narratives. Inclusion of more women behind the camera is essential for creating authentic female perspectives on screen. Supporting and investing in women filmmakers can lead to richer storytelling and more balanced portrayals of gender dynamics.
4. Cultivate the Female Gaze in Indian Cinema: The dominance of the male gaze, particularly evident in films like Kabir Singh and Animal, results in the objectification and silencing of women. By contrast, films that embrace the female gaze offer space for empathy, emotional depth, and a more holistic view of female subjectivity. Bollywood must actively work to challenge hypermasculine tropes and develop narratives that consider the lived experiences of women as central and worthy.
5. Support High-Quality, Gender-Sensitive Content: Creating progressive content does not mean sacrificing entertainment or commercial appeal. Films like Raazi, Pink, and Queen have proven that critically acclaimed, commercially successful, and socially meaningful cinema can coexist. Studios, producers, and streaming platforms should prioritize content that is both artistically sound and socially responsible.
6. Diversify Female Representation: Women in Bollywood are often shown through a narrow lens, urban, heterosexual, and upper-class. There is a need to represent a wider range of female experiences, including women from marginalized communities, rural backgrounds, and varied age groups. Representation should be intersectional, recognizing how caste, class, religion, and sexuality intersect with gender identity.
7. Educate Audiences and Cultivate Media Literacy:Audiences should be encouraged to critically engage with the media they consume. Public discourse, academic engagement, and digital activism can all help foster media literacy, empowering viewers to recognize stereotypes and demand more authentic representations. As the audience becomes more discerning, content creators will be further incentivized to improve the quality and sensitivity of their narratives.
8. Institutional Support and Industry Reform: Film bodies, funding institutions, and awards platforms should incentivize inclusive practices, such as offering grants for gender-sensitive films, promoting diversity standards, and giving visibility to female-led projects. Systemic change within the industry is vital for sustaining long-term progress.

By implementing these recommendations, Bollywood has the opportunity to become not only a space for entertainment but a platform for social dialogue and cultural evolution. Through conscious choices in storytelling, casting, and production, the film industry can play a pivotal role in challenging regressive norms and contributing to the empowerment of women in Indian society.

5.9. CONCLUSION

This study underscores the multifaceted and dynamic relationship between Bollywood and public perceptions of gender roles. The findings reveal a significant evolution in the portrayal of women on screen, moving from predominantly traditional and often restrictive depictions towards more nuanced and agentic representations, particularly in recent female-centric films. While acknowledging Bollywood's historical role in reinforcing conventional gender norms and impacting perceptions of attractiveness and the balance between career and family, the study highlights a discernible shift. The emergence and relative success of films showcasing female strength, independence, and resilience, as well as those actively promoting dialogue on women's rights and autonomy, indicate a progressive turn in storytelling.

However, this evolution is not yet uniform. Traditional patriarchal portrayals persist within mainstream cinema, underscoring an ongoing tension between outdated norms and emerging progressive narratives. Despite the undeniable cultural significance and increasing commercial viability of female-centric films, their prevalence remains limited, often confined to specific genres.

Ultimately, Bollywood functions as both a reflection of and a catalyst for societal attitudes towards gender. While progress is evident in the growing complexity and autonomy of female characters, the challenge lies in ensuring that these advancements become the norm across all genres and platforms. Sustained momentum in supporting and normalizing equitable representation is crucial for Bollywood to truly transcend its historical limitations and become a consistent force in shaping a more gender-equal Indian society.

REFERENCES

REFERENCES:

1. Ahad, A., & Koç Akgül, D. (2020). Female body, femininity and authority in Bollywood: The ‘new’ woman in Dangal and Queen.

2. Bhattacharya, Rina. "The Representation of LGBTQ+ Women in Bollywood: From Margins to Mainstream?"Queer Media Studies, vol. 10, no. 1, 2023.

3. Choudhary, A., Macorya, A. K., & Shukla, A. Navigating the Well-Being Status of Single Women in India: A Cinematic Perspective. Springer, 2025.

4. Desai, Radhika. "Bollywood’s Impact on Women’s Political Engagement: A Gendered Perspective."Indian Political Science Review, vol. 31, no. 2, 2018.

5. Gupta, Neha. "Bollywood and Beauty Standards: The Reinforcement of Colorism and Body Image Norms."Journal of Gender Studies, vol. 23, no. 4, 2016.

6. Karandikar, A., Parameswaran, R., & Das, S. (2021). She did it her way: An analysis of female rebellion in contemporary Bollywood movies. Journal of Media and Cultural Studies.

7. Khadilkar, M., KhudaBukhsh, A. R., & Mitchell, T. (2021). Gender bias, social bias, and representation: 70 years of Bollywood. Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society.

8. Khan, Firoza. "The Psychological Impact of Bollywood Stereotypes on Women's Self-Perception."Psychology & Media Journal, vol. 12, no. 3, 2015.

9. Malik, N., Sharma, R., & Sukul, R. (2021). Portrayal of women in Bollywood adult comedies: Understanding stereotypes. Journal of Gender and Media Studies.

10. Manzar, N., & Aravind, A. (2019). (Re)thinking women in cinema: The changing narrative structure in Bollywood. International Journal of Film and Media Arts.

11. Mehta, Sunita. "Romanticizing Toxicity: Bollywood’s Role in Normalizing Gender-Based Violence."Feminist Media Studies, vol. 25, no. 2, 2019.

12. Patel, A. (2023). Stereotyping and gender dynamics: Portrayal of women in Bollywood films and crimes of stalking and sexual harassment. South Asian Journal of Social Issues.

13. Patel, Kiran. "The Influence of Bollywood on Women’s Career Aspirations: A Critical Analysis."Indian Journal of Media Studies, vol. 18, no. 3, 2020.

14. Raj, Sunita. "The Role of Women in Bollywood Biopics: A Study of Female Empowerment Narratives."Journal of Film and Media Studies, vol. 27, no. 2, 2022.

15. Routray, S., & Gaur, R. "A Postcolonial Feminist Representation of Motherhood in Recent Bollywood Sports Movies."Women's Studies International Forum, vol. 92, 2025, Elsevier.

16. Samraat, T. (2022). Bollywood’s toxic masculinity: The problematic portrayal of men & women in popular Hindi cinema. Media Watch India.

17. Srivastava, R., & Malhotra, N. (2022). Gender representation in Indian cinema: A study of portrayal of women in Bollywood movies post-2010. Journal of Gender and Media Studies.

18. Srivastava, Rohan. "Changing Masculinity and Its Impact on Female Representation in Bollywood."Men and Masculinities, vol. 15, no. 1, 2020.

19. Sundke, S. (2021). Shifting paradigms of female characters in Bollywood movies. Journal of Indian Cinema Studies.

FILMS:

20. Animal. Directed by Sandeep Reddy Vanga, T-Series, Cine1 Studios, 2023.

21. Badrinath Ki Dulhania. Directed by Shashank Khaitan, Dharma Productions, 2017.

22. Cocktail. Directed by Homi Adajania, Illuminati Films, Eros International, 2012.

23. Darlings. Directed by Jasmeet K. Reen, Red Chillies Entertainment, Eternal Sunshine Productions, 2022.

24. Dear Zindagi. Directed by Gauri Shinde, Red Chillies Entertainment, Dharma Productions, Hope Productions, 2016.

25. Dil Dhadakne Do. Directed by Zoya Akhtar, Excel Entertainment, Junglee Pictures, 2015.

26. English Vinglish. Directed by Gauri Shinde, Hope Productions, Eros International, 2012.

27. Gangubai Kathiawadi. Directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali, Bhansali Productions, Pen India Limited, 2022.

28. Gippi. Directed by Sonam Nair, Dharma Productions, 2013.

29. Good Newwz. Directed by Raj Mehta, Dharma Productions, Cape of Good Films, Zee Studios, 2019.

30. Jigra. Directed by Vasan Bala, Dharma Productions, Eternal Sunshine Productions, upcoming (2024).

31. Kabir Singh. Directed by Sandeep Reddy Vanga, T-Series, Cine1 Studios, 2019.

32. Mom. Directed by Ravi Udyawar, Zee Studios, MAD Films, 2017.

33. Neerja. Directed by Ram Madhvani, Fox Star Studios, Bling Unplugged, 2016.

34. Pink. Directed by Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury, Rising Sun Films, Shoojit Sircar, 2016.

35. Queen. Directed by Vikas Bahl, Phantom Films, Viacom18 Motion Pictures, 2014.

36. Raazi. Directed by Meghna Gulzar, Dharma Productions, Junglee Pictures, 2018.

37. Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani. Directed by Karan Johar, Dharma Productions, Viacom18 Studios, 2023.

38. Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety. Directed by Luv Ranjan, Luv Films, T-Series, 2018.

39. Student of the Year. Directed by Karan Johar, Dharma Productions, Red Chillies Entertainment, 2012.

40. Thappad. Directed by Anubhav Sinha, Benaras Media Works, T-Series, 2020.

ANNEXURE - A

QUESTIONNAIRRE

1. Do you think Bollywood movies have a significant influence on shaping societal norms and values?

2. Bollywood films should focus more on portraying strong and independent female characters.

3. Bollywood movies influence the roles and expectations of men and women in society.

4. Do you think Bollywood movies are capable of driving both positive and negative societal changes.

5. The portrayal of women in Bollywood movies is realistic and progressive.

6. Bollywood movies reinforce existing stereotypes and prejudices against women.

7. Career-oriented women are often depicted negatively in Bollywood films.

8. Bollywood films pressure women to prioritize beauty over intelligence or skills.

9. Bollywood sufficiently represents diverse female identities, including plus-sized women, dark-skinned women, and ambitious women.

10. Do you think that many Bollywood films emphasize love and marriage as a woman’s ultimate goal.

11. Bollywood movies have contributed to women gaining more confidence in challenging social norms.

12. Do you think that Bollywood movies normalize toxic relationship dynamics, such as possessiveness, stalking, or control? (Ex: Badrinath ki Dulhania, Student of the Year)

13. Films like Kabir Singh and Badrinath Ki Dulhania promote toxic masculinity and submissive female characters.

14. Bollywood reinforces the idea that women should tolerate mistreatment in relationships for love.

15. Bollywood has contributed to the normalization of gender inequality in households.

16. Bollywood often portrays sacrificing women as the ideal in relationships (e.g., Veer-Zaara, Devdas).

18. Bollywood movies have influenced how people perceive traditional vs. modern women (e.g., Cocktail).

19. Bollywood films shape societal expectations of men to be dominant and women to be submissive.

20. Films like Pink and Article 15 have led to a shift in public attitudes toward consent and gender violence.

21. Movies like Queen inspire women to embrace individuality and independence.

22. Dil Dhadakne Do raises awareness about gender discrimination within families.

23. Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani challenges traditional masculinity and gender roles effectively.

24. The male lead in Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani sets a positive example of respecting and adapting to progressive values.

25. Bollywood is gradually presenting a more realistic and inspiring portrayal of working women.

26. Films like MOM help reshape the perception of women’s strength in seeking justice.

27. Bollywood has normalized self-love and moving on through films like Queen and Jab We Met.

28. Bollywood movies have made me feel pressured to conform to societal expectations of gender roles.

29. Bollywood has influenced my perception of what is considered attractive in men and women.

30. Bollywood movies have impacted my views on balancing career and family life.

31. My perspective on gender roles has changed over time due to Bollywood films.

32. Do you think Geeta (Neetu Kapoor) represents a progressive shift in how older women are shown in Bollywood?( Jug Jug jeeyo)

33. Did bollywood movies represent a fair view of how women’s decisions in marriage are judged compared to men’s?( thappad, jug jug jeeyo)

34. Do movies like Jug Jugg Jeeyo encourage discussions on women’s right to leave unhappy marriages?

35. Do you think Bollywood films like Gunjan Saxena and Dangal have helped challenge societal norms by portraying women excelling in male-dominated fields?

[...]

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Title: Shaping Perceptions. The Impact of Bollywood Films on Women's Roles and Societal Expectations in India

Research Paper (undergraduate) , 2024 , 127 Pages , Grade: A

Autor:in: A Prabhu (Author), Khadija Aziz (Author), Vidhika Jaisimha (Author)

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Title: Shaping Perceptions. The Impact of Bollywood Films on Women's Roles and Societal Expectations in India
Course: Psychology, English and Journalism
Grade: A
Authors: A Prabhu (Author), Khadija Aziz (Author), Vidhika Jaisimha (Author)
Publication Year: 2024
Pages: 127
Catalog Number: V1581735
ISBN (PDF): 9783389141151
ISBN (Book): 9783389141168
Language: English
Tags: Bollywood and gender roles Women representation in Indian cinema Media influence on societal norms Gender stereotypes in Bollywood Empowerment through film
Product Safety: GRIN Publishing GmbH

Quote paper: A Prabhu (Author), Khadija Aziz (Author), Vidhika Jaisimha (Author), 2024, Shaping Perceptions. The Impact of Bollywood Films on Women's Roles and Societal Expectations in India, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/1581735

Shaping Perceptions. The Impact of Bollywood Films on Women's Roles and Societal Expectations in India

Excerpt

CONTENT

List of tables

List of figures

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:

1.2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

1.3. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:

1.4. PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED:

1.5. PROBLEM STATEMENT:

1.6. SCOPE:

1.7. OBJECTIVES:

1.8. LIMITATIONS:

1.9. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS:

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

2.1. Introduction:

2.2. Research Gaps in the Study of Bollywood’s Impact on Women’s Roles and Expectations

Conclusion

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

3.1 Research Design

3.2 Pilot Study

3.3 Quantitative Research Method

3.3.1. Survey Method

3.3.2. Data Collection

3.4. Sample

3.5. Administration of Survey Questionnaires

3.5.1. Questionnaires Classification

3.5.2. Informed Consent

3.6. Variables

3.6.1. Independent Variables

3.6.2. Dependent Variables

3.7 Measurement

3.8. Method of Assessment

3.9. Hypothesis

3.9.1. Major Hypothesis 1

3.9.1.1. Sub Hypotheses

3.9.2. Major Research Hypothesis 2

3.9.2.2. Sub-Research Hypotheses - Progress and Empowerment

CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1. DEMOGRAPHICS

4.2. ANALYSIS OF BOLLYWOOD FILMS:

CHAPTER V: FINDINGS

5.1. INTRODUCTION

5.2. DEMOGRAPHICS

5.2.1. GENDER PERSPECTIVES

5.3. FINDINGS FROM THE SURVEY-

5.4. FINDINGS FROM THE ANALYSIS OF MOVIES-

5.5. THEMATIC ANALYSIS OF KEY RESEARCH QUESTIONS

5.5.1 How has Bollywood influenced the modern feminist movement in India?

5.5.2 How has the absence of the female gaze in Bollywood films influenced societal perceptions of women?

5.5.3 How has Bollywood played a significant role in shaping societal ideals for women which in turn have impacted their self-esteem?

5.6. FINDINGS IN RELATION TO RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

5.7. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

5.8. RECOMMENDATIONS

5.9. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

REFERENCES:

FILMS:

ANNEXURE - A

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