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Die Entwicklung der Psychiatrie in Görlitz unter Dr. Reimer und Dr. Kahlbaum

Title: Die Entwicklung der Psychiatrie in Görlitz unter Dr. Reimer und Dr. Kahlbaum

Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation , 2021 , 376 Pages , Grade: Magna cum laude

Autor:in: Friederike Schlichting (Author)

Medicine - History
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Vor Eröffnung der privaten „Heilanstalt für Epileptiker“ 1855 durch Hermann A. Reimer gab es in Görlitz und der Umgebung keine spezialisierte Betreuung und Behandlung von Epilepsiekranken. Die Aufnahme von Epileptikern in öffentlichen „Irrenanstalten“ war im Regierungsbezirk Liegnitz sogar verboten. Somit hatte Reimer nachweislich in Deutschland, wenn nicht sogar in Europa, eine der ersten ärztlich geleiteten und spezialisierten Einrichtungen für Epileptiker gegründet.

Aufgrund des nur ungenügenden Patientenzustroms im ersten Jahr nach Anstaltseröffnung musste Reimer das Spektrum der zu behandelnden Patienten auch auf Patienten mit anderen Geistesstörungen ausweiten. Mit der Erweiterung seiner Institution im Jahr 1856 zur privaten „Heil- und Pflegeanstalt für Gehirn- und Nervenkranke“ entstand in Görlitz erstmals die Möglichkeit, auch psychisch Kranke speziell zu versorgen und zu behandeln.

1866 stellte Reimer den Nervenarzt und Privatdozenten Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum als ersten Assistenten ein, dem er bereits 1867 seine Anstalt übergab. Bereits während Kahlbaums Anstellung an der staatlichen „Heil- und Pflegeanstalt Allenberg“ konzentrierte er sich auf die klinische Beobachtung und Dokumentation der psychiatrischen Patienten, woraus er entgegen der seinerzeit vertretenen „Einheitspsychose“- eine klinisch-orientierte Klassifikation für psychiatrische Krankheitsbilder zu entwickeln versuchte. Mit der klinischen Betrachtungsweise seiner Patienten war nicht nur eine Differenzierung der Patienten, sondern auch die Erstellung neuer Diagnosen und damit auch eine Prognoseabschätzung möglich geworden, die schließlich auch zu einer weiteren Spezialisierung im Fachgebiet Psychiatrie führten. Im Zuge der Spezialisierung entstand nicht nur eine Pflegeabteilung für chronisch Kranke, sondern auch erstmals ein sogenanntes „Ärztliches Pädagogium“ speziell für psychisch kranke Kinder, Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene des männlichen Geschlechts. Auch gab es bereits seit den 1870er Jahren regelmäßig Sprechstundenzeiten im Sinne einer ambulanten Patientenbetreuung.

Beide Ärzte bemühten sich frühzeitig um ein balanciertes Arzt-Patienten-Verhältnis im Sinne eines „moral management“ mit zunehmender Distanz weg von „Zwangsanwendungen“, hin zu einem „no-restraint System“ und offenem Fürsorgekonzepts.

Excerpt


Inhaltsverzeichnis

  • 1 Einleitung
  • 2 Quellen und Methodik
  • 3 Unterbringung psychisch Kranker im 19. Jahrhundert in Europa
    • 3.1 „Irrenanstalten“ allgemein
    • 3.1.1 Getrennte Heil- und Pflegeanstalten
    • 3.1.2 Relativ verbundene Heil- und Pflegeanstalten
    • 3.1.3 Kombinierte Heil- und Pflegeanstalten
    • 3.1.4 Alternative Unterbringungsformen
    • 3.1.5 Privatanstalten
    • 3.1.6 Anstalten für geistesgestörte Kinder
    • 3.1.7 „Irrenärztliche“ Ausbildung
    • 3.2 Heil- und Pflegeanstalten im Königreich Preußen
      • 3.2.1 Öffentliche „Irrenanstalten“ Preußens zwischen 1852 und 1875
      • 3.2.2 Private „Irrenanstalten“ Preußens zwischen 1852 und 1875
      • 3.2.3 Öffentliche Heil- und Pflegeanstalten in der preußischen Provinz Schlesien
  • 4 Görlitz zwischen Gründerzeit und Jahrhundertwende
  • 5 Die „Irrenversorgung“ in Görlitz
  • 6 Die Heil- und Pflegeanstalt für an Epilepsie Erkrankte in Görlitz
    • 6.1 Hermann Andreas Reimer
      • 6.1.1 Familie und Schulzeit
      • 6.1.2 Studium der Medizin
      • 6.1.3 Beruflicher Beginn
      • 6.1.4 Praktische Tätigkeit als Arzt, Wundarzt und Geburtshelfer in Görlitz
      • 6.1.5 Berufliche Neuorientierung als Leiter einer Privatanstalt für Epileptiker
      • 6.1.6 Gesellschaftliche und soziale Aktivitäten Reimers
      • 6.1.7 Voraussetzung, Motivation für die Etablierung einer Heil- und Pflegeanstalt für Epileptiker
    • 6.2 Gründung der privaten Heil- und Pflegeanstalt für Gemüts- und Nervenkranke in Görlitz von Reimer
      • 6.2.1 Die private Heil- und Pflegeanstalt für an Epilepsie Erkrankte aus den gebildeten Ständen zwischen 1855 und 1856
      • 6.2.2 Erweiterung und Umbenennung der Reimerschen Anstalt in Heil- und Pflegeanstalt für Gemüts- und Nervenkranke 1856-1867
      • 6.2.3 Übergabe der Reimerschen Anstalt an Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum
    • 6.3 Reimers berufliche Entwicklung nach seiner Zeit in Görlitz
      • 6.3.1 Beruflicher Neubeginn in Dresden
      • 6.3.2 Übernahme der Großherzoglichen Heilanstalt Sachsenberg/Schwerin
      • 6.3.3 Zwischenstationen in Berlin und Dresden
      • 6.3.4 Lebensabend in Stuttgart
  • 7 Die private Heil- und Pflegeanstalt für Gemüts- und Nervenkranke 1867-1899
    • 7.1 Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum
      • 7.1.1 Familie und Schulzeit
      • 7.1.2 Studium
      • 7.1.3 Beruflicher Werdegang
      • 7.1.4 Anstellung an der privaten Nervenheil- und Pflegeanstalt Reimers in Görlitz
      • 7.1.5 Gesellschaftliche und soziale Aktivitäten Kahlbaums
    • 7.2 Kahlbaums Leistungen auf dem Gebiet der Psychiatrie
      • 7.2.1 Kahlbaums Klinische Erweiterung der „Einheitspsychose“
      • 7.2.2 Das Spannungsirresein/ Katatonie
      • 7.2.3 Hebephrenie, Heboidophrenie
      • 7.2.4 Zirkuläres Irresein
    • 7.3 Die private Nervenheilanstalt unter Kahlbaum
      • 7.3.1 Das psychiatrische Konzept Kahlbaums im Zusammenspiel mit der architektonischen Entwicklung seiner Anstalt
      • 7.3.2 Therapeutische Maßnahmen Kahlbaums
      • 7.3.3 Die Entwicklung der Patientenzahlen und der personellen Situation zwischen 1867-1899
      • 7.3.4 Die Persönlichkeit Kahlbaum

Zielsetzung und Themenschwerpunkte

Diese Arbeit untersucht die Entwicklung der Psychiatrie in Görlitz im 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert, mit besonderem Fokus auf die Beiträge von Dr. Hermann Andreas Reimer und Dr. Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum. Ziel ist es, die Bedeutung beider Ärzte für die Stadt Görlitz und die Psychiatrie hervorzuheben, wobei Dr. Reimer, dem eigentlichen Gründer der privaten Anstalt, bisher wenig Beachtung geschenkt wurde. Die Arbeit analysiert die Gründung und Entwicklung der privaten Anstalt, ihre therapeutischen Ansätze und den Einfluss der beiden Ärzte auf die regionale Medizingeschichte.

  • Die Entwicklung der Anstaltspsychiatrie in Görlitz.
  • Die Beiträge von Dr. Reimer und Dr. Kahlbaum zur Psychiatrie.
  • Die therapeutischen Konzepte und Methoden in der privaten Anstalt.
  • Die gesellschaftlichen und sozialen Aktivitäten der beiden Ärzte.
  • Der Einfluss der Anstalt auf die regionale Medizingeschichte.

Zusammenfassung der Kapitel

1 Einleitung: Die Arbeit beschreibt die Schließung der ehemaligen Reimerschen/Kahlbaumschen Nervenheilanstalt in Görlitz und das anhaltende Interesse an ihrer Geschichte. Sie benennt das Ziel, die Bedeutung von Reimer und Kahlbaum für Görlitz und die Psychiatrie des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts aufzuzeigen.

2 Quellen und Methodik: Die Arbeit beschreibt die mangelnde bisherige Forschung zur Görlitzer Psychiatrie und die angewandte Methodik der Quellenforschung, mit Fokus auf biographische Aspekte und die Entwicklung der Anstalt unter Reimer und Kahlbaum. Es werden die verwendeten Archivmaterialien und Literaturquellen erläutert.

3 Unterbringung psychisch Kranker im 19. Jahrhundert in Europa: Dieses Kapitel beleuchtet die Entwicklung der Unterbringung psychisch Kranker in Europa vom 18. bis zum späten 19. Jahrhundert, beginnend mit der gemeinsamen Unterbringung mit Straftätern bis hin zur Entwicklung verschiedener Anstaltstypen (getrennt, relativ verbunden, kombiniert) und alternativer Formen wie Familienpflege und Irrenkolonien. Es wird die Rolle von Persönlichkeiten wie Pinel und Esquirol sowie die Entwicklung der „irrenärztlichen“ Ausbildung diskutiert.

4 Görlitz zwischen Gründerzeit und Jahrhundertwende: Dieses Kapitel skizziert die historische Entwicklung Görlitz' im 19. Jahrhundert, beginnend mit mittelalterlichen Privilegien bis zur Industrialisierung und dem Aufstieg zur bedeutendsten Stadt der preußischen Oberlausitz. Es werden wichtige gesellschaftliche und kulturelle Entwicklungen und Institutionen beschrieben.

5 Die „Irrenversorgung“ in Görlitz: Dieses Kapitel beschreibt die „Irrenversorgung“ in Görlitz vor der Gründung der Reimerschen Anstalt, die Rolle des Siechenhauses und des Stadtkrankenhauses, und die Ablehnung eines Antrags für eine öffentliche „Irrenanstalt“. Es wird der zunehmende Bedarf an Betreuungsplätzen für psychisch Kranke hervorgehoben.

6 Die Heil- und Pflegeanstalt für an Epilepsie Erkrankte in Görlitz: Dieses Kapitel behandelt die Biografie von Hermann Andreas Reimer, seinen beruflichen Werdegang und seine Motivation zur Gründung der ersten privaten Anstalt für Epileptiker in Görlitz. Es werden seine therapeutischen Ansätze, seine gesellschaftlichen Aktivitäten und seine späteren beruflichen Stationen in Dresden und Schwerin detailliert beschrieben.

7 Die private Heil- und Pflegeanstalt für Gemüts- und Nervenkranke 1867-1899: Dieses Kapitel fokussiert auf die Biografie von Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum, seine akademische Laufbahn, seine Anstellung bei Reimer und die Übernahme der Anstalt. Es werden seine Beiträge zur Psychiatrie, sein psychiatrisches Konzept, die architektonische Entwicklung seiner Anstalt, seine therapeutischen Maßnahmen, die Entwicklung der Patientenzahlen und des Personals sowie seine Persönlichkeit detailliert dargestellt.

Schlüsselwörter

Psychiatrie, Görlitz, 19. Jahrhundert, Hermann Andreas Reimer, Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum, Epilepsie, Gemütskrankheiten, Nervenkrankheiten, Anstaltspsychiatrie, Privatanstalt, Heilanstalt, Pflegeanstalt, Therapie, Einheitspsychose, Katatonie, Hebephrenie, Heboidophrenie, Klinische Psychiatrie, Milieutherapie, Moral Management, No-Restraint-System, Sozialpsychiatrie, Medizingeschichte, Oberlausitz, Gewerbeverein, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Oberlausitzische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften.

Häufig gestellte Fragen

Was ist der Inhalt des Inhaltsverzeichnisses dieses Dokuments?

Das Inhaltsverzeichnis umfasst Einleitung, Quellen und Methodik, Unterbringung psychisch Kranker im 19. Jahrhundert in Europa (einschließlich verschiedener Anstaltstypen und "Irrenärztliche" Ausbildung), Görlitz zwischen Gründerzeit und Jahrhundertwende, die "Irrenversorgung" in Görlitz, die Heil- und Pflegeanstalt für an Epilepsie Erkrankte in Görlitz (mit Fokus auf Hermann Andreas Reimer), und die private Heil- und Pflegeanstalt für Gemüts- und Nervenkranke 1867-1899 (mit Fokus auf Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum).

Welche Zielsetzung und Themenschwerpunkte werden in diesem Dokument verfolgt?

Die Arbeit untersucht die Entwicklung der Psychiatrie in Görlitz im 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert. Der Fokus liegt auf den Beiträgen von Dr. Hermann Andreas Reimer und Dr. Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum. Ziel ist es, die Bedeutung beider Ärzte hervorzuheben, wobei besonders Dr. Reimer, der Gründer der privaten Anstalt, mehr Beachtung erhalten soll. Die Arbeit analysiert die Gründung und Entwicklung der Anstalt, therapeutische Ansätze und den Einfluss der Ärzte auf die regionale Medizingeschichte.

Welche Themen werden in den einzelnen Kapiteln zusammengefasst?

Die Einleitung beschreibt das Interesse an der Geschichte der ehemaligen Reimerschen/Kahlbaumschen Nervenheilanstalt. Das Kapitel zu Quellen und Methodik beschreibt die Forschungslage und die angewandte Methodik. Die Unterbringung psychisch Kranker im 19. Jahrhundert in Europa beleuchtet die Entwicklung der Anstaltspsychiatrie. Görlitz zwischen Gründerzeit und Jahrhundertwende skizziert die historische Entwicklung der Stadt. Die "Irrenversorgung" in Görlitz beschreibt die Situation vor der Gründung der Reimerschen Anstalt. Das Kapitel über die Heil- und Pflegeanstalt für an Epilepsie Erkrankte behandelt die Biografie von Hermann Andreas Reimer. Die private Heil- und Pflegeanstalt für Gemüts- und Nervenkranke 1867-1899 fokussiert auf Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum und seine Beiträge.

Welche Schlüsselwörter sind für dieses Dokument relevant?

Relevante Schlüsselwörter sind: Psychiatrie, Görlitz, 19. Jahrhundert, Hermann Andreas Reimer, Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum, Epilepsie, Gemütskrankheiten, Nervenkrankheiten, Anstaltspsychiatrie, Privatanstalt, Heilanstalt, Pflegeanstalt, Therapie, Einheitspsychose, Katatonie, Hebephrenie, Heboidophrenie, Klinische Psychiatrie, Milieutherapie, Moral Management, No-Restraint-System, Sozialpsychiatrie, Medizingeschichte, Oberlausitz, Gewerbeverein, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Oberlausitzische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften.

Was wird über Hermann Andreas Reimer ausgesagt?

Hermann Andreas Reimer wird als der Gründer der ersten privaten Anstalt für Epileptiker in Görlitz dargestellt. Seine Biografie, sein beruflicher Werdegang, seine therapeutischen Ansätze, seine gesellschaftlichen Aktivitäten und seine späteren beruflichen Stationen werden detailliert beschrieben. Er ist bisher weniger beachtet worden.

Was wird über Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum ausgesagt?

Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum wird als bedeutender Psychiater dargestellt, der die Reimersche Anstalt übernahm und weiterentwickelte. Seine akademische Laufbahn, seine Beiträge zur Psychiatrie (Einheitspsychose, Katatonie, Hebephrenie), sein psychiatrisches Konzept, die architektonische Entwicklung seiner Anstalt und seine therapeutischen Maßnahmen werden detailliert beschrieben.

Welche therapeutischen Konzepte wurden in der Anstalt angewendet?

Die Arbeit geht auf therapeutische Ansätze ein, die in der privaten Heil- und Pflegeanstalt angewendet wurden. Dies umfasst Milieutherapie, Moral Management und das No-Restraint-System. Eine detaillierte Beschreibung der spezifischen therapeutischen Maßnahmen Kahlbaums ist ebenfalls enthalten.

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Details

Title
Die Entwicklung der Psychiatrie in Görlitz unter Dr. Reimer und Dr. Kahlbaum
College
Dresden Technical University  (Geschichte der Medizin)
Grade
Magna cum laude
Author
Friederike Schlichting (Author)
Publication Year
2021
Pages
376
Catalog Number
V1582474
ISBN (PDF)
9783389129302
ISBN (Book)
9783389129319
Language
German
Tags
Reimer Kahlbaum Psychiatrie Hebephrenie Katatonie Fröding Herzlieb Ärztliches Pädagogium Görlitz Medizingeschichte
Product Safety
GRIN Publishing GmbH
Quote paper
Friederike Schlichting (Author), 2021, Die Entwicklung der Psychiatrie in Görlitz unter Dr. Reimer und Dr. Kahlbaum, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/1582474
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  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
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  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
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  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
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  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
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  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
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  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
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  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
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  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
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  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
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  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
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  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
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  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
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  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
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  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
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  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
  • Depending on your browser, you might see this message in place of the failed image.
Excerpt from  376  pages
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