Background - Owing to the role that micro-organisms play, it can be seen that the need to comprehend the composition and functionality of complex microbial groups, within ancient structures is important as to ascertain if it is dangerous to health. This research aims to demonstrate the possibility of showing this within a process of demolition and refurbishment on a heritage historical building information modelling platform.
Purpose - Little or no application exists regarding the implication or recording of health and safety information, (especially legislation), primarily aimed at ancient structures, specifically at designated areas of demolition and refurbishment, particularly considering the inclusion of the identification of micro-organisms, which have adapted to varying environmental conditions throughout time.
Aims - The production of a prototype working HBIM (Historical Building Information Modelling) model to identify micro-organisms found within an ancient monument or otherwise; to produce a full analysis within a platform that informs the stakeholder of the micro-organism communities present; its analysis; to highlight results and portray a document management system within a HBIM platform to indicate and create health & safety legislation required, or sought, within the refurbishment sector, by means of Act of Parliament.
Method - Initial collection of specimens from site were analysed using a PCR, (Polymerase Chain Reaction), to extract DNA as to determine the Genus within the community. All results have been portrayed within a HBIM model and data management system to ascertain the required Health and Safety legislation is required for refurbishment within this or a similar site.
Results – Experiments from the case study concluded to what data collection procedure would be more adaptable or suitable for the research, to give evidence and realisation seen from a HBIM precedent. Metagenomic analysis would satisfy a collection and creation of multiple datasets, however PCR would be required initially to amplify DNA. The research would have a significant impetus within construction, heritage, and the refurbishment of old and ancient monuments.
Conclusion & Recommendations - This process of the data collection method used, particularly within the metagenomic application and collection of data from questionnaires has created a standardisation and availability for such data from ancient monuments, hence, to make available all data stored.
An Overview of Research of Micro-organisms associated with Heritage Buildings for a HBIM Framework within Refurbishment
Dr. John Peter Cooney
The University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY
Purpose - Owing to the role that micro-organisms play, it was seen that the need to comprehend the composition and functionality of complex microbial groups within ancient structures is important to ascertain if it is dangerous to health regarding workers and occupiers who access the monument. This research aims to demonstrate the possibility of showing this within a process of demolition and refurbishment on a heritage building information modelling platform
Design/methodology/approach - Historical Building Information Modelling (HBIM) is now allowing the dissemination, improvement and strategy for planned conservation. Using two pilot case studies both being different in terms of size and scope of demolition and refurbishment, it was possible to access suitable methods of collecting and managing data, (structural or otherwise), to be generated by various software/disciplines. Little or no application exists regarding the implication or recording of health and safety information, (especially legislation), primarily aimed at ancient structures, specifically at designated areas of demolition and refurbishment, this is particularly considering the inclusion of the identification of micro-organisms, which have adapted to varying environmental conditions throughout time. Owing to the role that such micro-organisms play, it was seen that the need to know and to understand the structure and function of their complex microbial communities, within ancient structures is important as to ascertain if there is danger to health, within a process of demolition and refurbishment. Typical micro-organisms to exist within ancient sites are bacteria, cyanobacteria, archaea and fungi., from this, for reason of safe restoration, demolition and refurbishment within an ancient site, the following questions are asked in the research; i) what are types of micro-organisms present; ii) what are the functions of these micro-organisms; iii) how will these micro-organisms respond to restoration work being carried out; iv) what are the effects of the micro-organisms in the environment. The methods used for identification of such micro-organisms incorporated fingerprinting techniques, namely a polymerase chain reaction method, (PCR) to amplify DNA, and also incorporate a Metagenomic application - firstly to recognize the spores present, the use of acquisition tools, storage facilities and analysis. Also, its representation within a HBIM model, for stakeholders to view and determine health and safety legislation required or sought. Initially, the HBIM process was utilized to create a remotely based survey to obtain and collate data using laser scanner to produce a CAD model and hence evaluate and deduce the condition, make-up and stature of the monument. The Model platform incorporated all scientific results found. Collaboration amongst shareholders to portray results of the current condition of the monument, using scientific acquisition methods and architectural surveys was carried out to demonstrate the viability and integrity of the research. A documentation management system, (DMS) was devised to correlate the results found to enable a powerful tool to identify documentation required to enable safe refurbishment. Two experiments were conducted, for each of the periods being assessed, in laboratory conditions, as to establish specific suitability of the data collection method. This deduced a practical application of the samples' processing, from sequencing to data storage and sharing, as to establish and portray information onto an appropriate HBIM modelling platform. Each experiment had four separate specimens taken from each site; to give a typical cross section of results and deduce what microorganism communities exist within the structure.
Findings - A literature review shows and determines any gaps found within current research and subsequently results found did exonerate previous studies shown within a similar background. An analogy is shown from previous experiments carried out within extreme conditions, to underline and deduce that no other research has been proven within an ancient monument setting.
Research limitations/implications - Experiments from the case studies concluded to what data collection procedure would and has been adaptable or suitable for the research, and gave evidence and realization seen from a HBIM precedent. Metagenomic and PCR analysis gave a collection and creation of multiple datasets, however the PCR method was also required to amplify DNA. The research gave a significant impetus within construction, heritage and the refurbishment of old and ancient monuments.
Originality/value - This process of the data collection method used, particularly within the metagenomic application ,created a standardisation and availability for such data from ancient monuments, hence, to make available all data stored, as such analysis becomes substantially important to enable the production of datasets for comparison, from within the framework of this research.
Keywords
DNA,Genome, HBIM, Micro-organism, Metagenomics, Norman, Polyremase Chain Reaction,Tudor. Paper type - Research paper.
1. Introduction
Ancient monuments in the United Kingdom, indeed are significant representations of the country’s heritage, (Darvill.,et al (1987). Across an extended timespan, these monuments have experienced considerable deterioration as a result of various factors. These include erosion caused by weather patterns, exposure to physical, biological and chemical factors, the initial process of construction and their historical age. Darvill & Fulton (1998). However, in view of such occurrences, this paper discusses methods of initial retrieval of micro-organism that may have been encapsulated during the buildings construction or otherwise, to create a means of identification using primary analytic techniques, based on scientific methods applied in a monument as a case study. Results produced is highlighted using a HBIM platform, as to enable a correlation of such results to identify any hazards that may be encountered within a refurbishment setting. The very important features to be taken into consideration are the health and safety implications that may or may not be intrinsic to any or all micro-organisms found within the monument, it's effect and affect within the monuments environment, and to show such information within such a HBIM environment. Such anomolies can be characterized and shown within a historical and building information modelling platform to deduce any health and safety legislation sought specifically within a refurbishment background. One of the monuments, under discussion, Moreton Corbet castle, consists of two separate buildings, namely a stone castle (that was first constructed in 1200's), and further an Elizabethan structure, (constructed in the late 1600's). This part of the structure is modelled on an Italian design, with ground works suggesting the survival of a large garden. Sir Andrew Corbett, redesigned the Tudor element of the castle, to preserve the overall castle and its appearance. The castle currently is a ruin, and is under the guardianship of English Heritage. The identification of any such micro-organisms inherent, within this site, is a very important factor regarding microbial communities, to consider. Two types of data collection method and techniques are proposed. These are: Polymerase Chain Reaction, (PCR), and a Metagenomic application. These methodological techniques make the process of determining the genomic profile more rapid and efficient, henceforth such an analogy would be a mainstay for a potential data collection process to be carried out within the context of an ancient monument, Liu, et al, (2015), correlate a functional composition analysis of the known four types of micro-organism under consideration, that being Bacteria, Cyanobacteria, Fungus and Archaea, or indeed none. It also is seen as a powerful application that includes the generation of individual and specific hypotheses of microorganism functions, to include an ammonia-oxidizing Archaea, (Wilmes et al), metagenomic sequencing also would show and give access to micro-organism composition derived from communities that may inhabit the structure. However,(PCR), would give primary results to acquire a profile of the community or “fingerprint” by utilizing this kind of sequencing and amplification, specifically the 16S rRNA gene. Typically, an association can be established with this distribution, the entire data extracted from the monument as collected through this data collection technique and site being investigated. Eight sites have been specifically chosen as to enable data collection utilizing both techniques. Primarily, a simple process of using a cordless drill utilising a 22-30mm diamond core drill to retrieve samples taken from the internal face of the specified structure, to a soil specimen for contrast in weather and internal structural detail. This gives an overview of analysis to both types of data methods, in a pertinent manner to conclude findings to deduce a method suitable for the research, and to define its effect within refurbishment and portrayal within a HBIM platform.
2. Literature Review
2.1 Historical Building Information Modelling
Within 3-D construction, recording and documentation of current heritage sites is a complex method and undertaking. It involves a novel approach to the visualization of 3-D objects, such as data collected from a survey, CAD drawings and images/subject matter that would be obtained using remote means, such as laser scanning and photogrammetry, El-Hakim.,et al (2005), Remondino.,et al (2009). The use of 3-D scanning technologies is perceived to have relevance in the development of gathering data on extant constructions, specifically in situations where the object being examined could present a certain level of risk El- Hakim.,et al (2005). Laser scanning devices have the ability to create a geometric model of 3-D objects highly efficiently through the use of a vast number of points in the cartesian format, namely x, y and z Yusuf, A. (2008). It was proposed by Penttila, et al. (2007), that colour schemes are employed by outside cameras, which implies that this process maintains the original condition and shape of the historical object being analysed. In recent years, it has been observed that research studies that have utilized work-flows based on data obtained from historical constructions have produced superior quality animations and models. The main factors that are important in documenting historical buildings are superior visual quality, numerical precision and the utilization of various different instruments. Over time, the process of documenting heritage buildings has increasingly adopted intelligent data, as it is perceived to be beneficial for analysing cultural objects and maintaining extant historical constructions Pauwels et al. (2008). Attar et al., (2010), indicated that as a result of this new data, HBIM technology is being increasingly adopted as a result of the expanding need for a multidisciplinary database, which is considered to be critical for the project management process involved in restoring and developing the increasing amount of heritage sites. Additionally, they emphasized the increasing acknowledgement of the possible role that HBIM could play in with regard to the relation among potential and non-potential heritage. This fundamental proposition offers a foundation for research and projects focused on heritage buildings.
2.2 Micro-organisms
Micro-organisms have been discovered and subsequently survived long periods of time at temperatures below zero. Karl et al., (1999) and Priscu et al., (1999), found viable micro-organisms in surface ice above a glacial lake in Antarctica. They suggest that any surviving community could present either an environmental threat or other health threat if ice did break from a sheet, Martel, (1984) and Sanin et al., (1994), highlight and indicate that the survival of several species of pathogens that have been frozen in sludge, the effects of freezing had a negative impact on most type of pathogens. However, a significant amount did survive, in particular helminth ova. Other bacteria can survive, specifically in snow, suggests Parker et al.,(2000). Many types of ancient micro-organisms are known to exist within extreme areas of the planet, in particular the Arctic and Antarctic as suggested, and have been isolated in these regions for thousands of years, the oldest being recorded at 3 million years in the Arctic and 5 million years in the Antarctic. Abyzov, (1993), Kapitsa et al., (1996), Karl et al., (1999), Priscu et al., (1998), Petit et al., (1999).Skidmore et al.,(2000) and Miteva et al.,(2004), indicate that the Biota of Greenland ice sheets, which date back over 400,000 years, have been studied for microorganisms up to 4 km. Other specimens were identified within an ice pack of 500,000 years. Thompson et al., (1997), states other immersed bacteria were identified at Guliva ice cap on the Tibetan Plateau, Christner et al., (2003) concurs. This indicates that there is no drop in the number of micro-organisms, as the bacteria were first immersed many millennia ago. Abyzov, (1993), elaborated that the amount of cells inside the communityis considerably higher in dusty conditions. Miteva & Brenchley, (2005) further deduces that minute cells were dominating. An analogy of this suggests and shows a direct or very close similarity of such micro-organisms within the properties of these types of communities that exists in heritage buildings. Degradation in historical structures is a persistent problem due to the fact that it instigates and promotes the existence of particular micro-organisms, specifically all four of the microorganisms identified. As a result of their situation within the environment, monuments constructed of stone, from which the researcher is sourcing data, are vulnerable to severe climatic events and are highly exposed Van Grieken et al., (1998), Albertano,(1995) and Caneva et al., (1992). Stone degredation, over the years is seen to be progressive and irreversible, the invasion of micro-organisms is timely depending on the structural state and general characteristics of the monument. When micro-organisms colonise a historic monument, this can have a detrimental impact on the object, particularly if the community developed within the structure at some point in the past, as the progressive degradation allows it to be released into the environment, or alternatively restoration or destruction techniques. The Microbiology Society suggests that a few harmful microbes, on a surface, as opposed to within, less than 1% of bacteria can be harmful to human health, Microbiology Society, (2020). Dornieden et al., (2000), Macedo et al., (2009), Gaylarde et al., (2005), Bellinzoni et al., (2003) and Caneva G., et al (1995), suggest and highlight that this manifestation of micro-organism typically results on environmental and climatic conditions, because of the nature of material of the monument. A lime based mortar was prevalent during the middle-ages and later. Saiz-Jimenez, (1995), indicates that whilst several strain of micro-organisms populate structures in urban environments, which contribute to bio-deterioration, the interactions between these micro-organisms and structure have barely been investigated. There are various methods of collection for the identification of micro-organisms from specific sources. Four basic questions will be considered within the research, namely, i) what types of micro-organism are present; ii) what are the functions of these micro-organisms; iii) how will these micro-organisms respond to restoration work being carried out; iv) the effect of the microorganism in the environment, would be based on a specific type of collection method. Schabereiter-Gurtner et al., (2001), proposed that culture-based techniques have been utilised in the detection and identification of microorganisms within ancient structures; nevertheless, these techniques are unable to offer clarity with regard to the diverse nature of the culture. On this basis, this project involves the process of collecting and identifying microorganisms and based on an additional analysis conducted within the project and further development, all specimens identified could be regarded as non-culture microorganisms. Ripka et al., (2006), proposed and specified that these should be grouped into three categories: i) microorganisms that do not have the ability to grow in micro-biological conditions, ii) recognised species for which the culture preservation appears to be insufficient, iii) unrecognized species where identification is not possible as a result of the absence of suitable identification techniques. Rastogi & Sannez, (2005), Dakal & Arora., (2002). Previous researchers have concurred and proposed the particular utilisation of culture-based techniques is not enough for the characterization of a given region that has been contaminated. Ripka et al., (1979) claimed that these techniques have increased sensitivity in comparison to different processes due to the quality of sampling, and can only identify a minute amount of the microorganisms that exist within a given sample, Darienko et al., (2003). Furthermore, they can identify both active and inactive types of micro-organism, like non-culture specimens. It was suggested by Cecchi, (2000) and Tomaselli, (2000), that qualitative analysis is beneficial for identifying these types of micro-organisms visually. Identification methods using fingerprinting, which the researcher proposes will be the main technique for identifying potential micro-organisms, is a genetic approach founded on an electrophoretic system that utilises PCR. This is perceived to be an innovative approach for identifying bacteria and fungi. As well as detection abilities, fingerprinting additionally enables quantitative changes in the composition of the monument to be determined. It also suggests a rapid and efficient method of studying the diversity of micro-organisms in the structure, to include non- culturable, Gurtner et al., (2000), Gonzalez & Saiz-Jimethe specimen isolation, the PCR product is utilised with the use of electrolytic gel, which would indicate its identification,being compared with current databases, then to being catalogued, suggests Muyzer,(1999), Rastogi & Sani, (2011).
2.3 Production of Health and Safety Documentation
Within architectural, engineering and construction, there is a separated use of documentation and 3-D model integration, Ku et al., (2008). HBIM software that exist and are being utilised are primarily focused on a specific or all design contingent, to produce building design, 3-D modelling and associated visualizations. The overall life cycle of these kinds of operations, including maintenance, operations, the generation of related materials and the arrangement of trades, is still not sufficiently supported by HBIM platforms. According to Gu & London, (2010) and Kiviniemi, (2013), the lack of sufficient progress in implementing the BIM procedure in the AEC sector is related to these operations, in spite of the advantages that materialise at the culmination of the BIM procedure. Azhar, (2011). also concurs. However, within the model platform, linking both the model to specific documentation, for referencing external sources directly to the model can be instantiated, BuildingSmart, (2009). The creation, use and proliferation of documents will be created, to show all data collected from initial results from its collection from the structure. A linkage between the HBIM model and a document would be shown to connect analysed data by incorporating a specific information process with the establishment of an integrated information source, that being results obtained to establish a co-existence with the 3-D model and documentation produced. These linkages would be created and stored in a documentation management system, (DMS) data base as to enable the analysis of data from the 3-D model. This model enquiry method will enable evaluation, summarization and account of data obtained, for the selection, grouping and sorting of stored data, hence to identify all relevant documents which will be affected by results, i.e., what communities have been found, structural analysis within the 3-D model, particular attention being paid to health and safety documentation. This method would also be tried retrospectively, to test the process for validity - the 3-D model may be inspected for analysis from the document management system itself, to give a visualization and
track progress or to enable what specific health and safety aspect/document is required for specific contractors, historical bodies, and to produce a related set of documents. Retrieving data from the HBIM model would use linkages as previously indicated, from either side of the process, this being the building model itself and the documentation management facility, primarily to search for elements which are directly linked to a specific document. This “instruction” would evaluate and deduce the stored link based on tracing electronic information given from the model or a document management system. It would be seen as being very important, from the initial stages of the project that such a linkage would be correctly set up and maintained, within the documentation management system and the model, as it will ensure a measure of integrity and consistency, for subsequent portrayal of the required documentation. Protections could be introduced, such as, for example, if a document is deleted, the related link is retained, as used similarly in software such as Acad, where a back-up file is automatically created, (.bak), or (ac$), with Microsoft.
Fig (1) shows graphically the transfer of data and information to document creation and storage, from the historical building information platform to the document management system approach comprising multiple models. Fuchs et al., (2011) allows non-BIM data to be integrated to conventional or lower quality models without the necessity to further expand the BIM model. This suggests that the given models are connected through the implantation of model that can be managed individually, Liebich et al., (2010).
Illustrations are not included in the reading sample
Fig. 1 - General link creation process (by author)
3. Masonry
The fundamental science surrounding the preservation of cultural heritage buildings is still at the early stages of development Koestler et al., (2003) In numerous instances, minimal knowledge is available regarding the physical, biological and chemical procedures that cause the deterioration of historical monuments that are fundamental components of a country’s cultural existence. Numerous cultural heritage sites, in particular, Moreton Corbet castle, have been vulnerable to biodegradation, primarily within wall and structure. It has been demonstrated also, that micro-organisms contribute to the degradation of other mediums, such as artworks, wooden structures, metals, paper, textiles, polymers and coatings, and stone. Bousher et al.,(1995), Koestler et al., (2003). Prior to initiating a discussion within this paper, regarding the possible distribution of micro-organisms to the degradation of cultural heritage materials, it is important to mention the specific factors that underly the ability of micro-organisms to cause degradation: their diverse genetic and metabolic nature,and their ability to create possible biofilms, within the structure.
3.1 Microbial Elements
The microbial degradation of cultural heritage substances largely happens via the creation and expansion of biofilms, which are complicated groups of micro-organisms that attach to a given surface .The creation of biofilms commences by the micro-organism firstly adhering to the surface. In a suitable environment, the division of cells generates a vast number of new cells, defined as microcolonies Costerton et al., ( 1999). When the size of the population is sufficiently large, the process of communication between cells instigates the creation of the mature biofilm. The bacteria in the biofilm generate significant volumes of exopolymer (EPS), which largely comprises polysaccharides ia ddition to pigments, proteins and lipids Christensen & Characklis, (1990).The EPS has multiple functionalities, such as the protection of micro-organisms against desiccation, erosion, antibiotics and disinfectants, and also acts as a reservoir for storing energy and nutrients. The EPS is also a primary factor in the degradation of cultural heritage objects formed of stone. After their establishment, it can be significantly challenging to eliminate biofilms, and there is the possibility that further micro-organisms will be dispersed to different habitats Costerton et al. (1999).
3.2 Micro-organism Interaction with Mortar and Stone
The interactivity among carbonate stone and microorganisms is characterized by its complexity. In certain cases, the existence of microbial development on stone only has an aesthetic impact, as the presence of pigmented micro-organisms can change the visible characteristics of statues or buildings. Nevertheless, in numerous instances, micro-organisms are the primary reason behind the degradation of stone, Warscheid & Braams, (2000). This in turn, can have a detrimental effect within the structure, such as spread of genus into mortar and others. Additionally, it was shown by Papida et al. (2000) that a combined population of microbes worsened the erosion of dolomite and limestone. The degradation of stone by microbes is believed to happen as a result of the activity of organic and inorganic acids, which are generated as metabolic byproducts, Sand and Bock, (1991). Nonetheless, as well as metabolic acids, biofilm EPS's have the ability to elevate the rate of dissolution of calcium carbonate, thus indicating that they could also lead to the degradation of cultural heritage objects formed of stone Perry et al., (2004). As well as causing growth on stone surfaces, microorganisms have also been detected within porous stone, like limestone. Such organisms colonise the inside of the stone via cracks and pores in the stone that form as a result of erosion. However, such processes can also affect the surrounding internal masonry. This endolithic microflora could lead to degradation of stone items that have considerable cultural importance via the same processes by which micro-organisms affect surfaces. Additionally, the absorption of water by the biofilm matrix causes the EPS to shrink and swell, leading to mechanical stress that causes fissures and cracks to form in the stone Warscheid & Braams (2000). With regard to endolithic cyanobacteria, it has been demonstrated that the aforementioned process causes the surface layers to exfoliate and the development of crusts Krumbein, (1998). Scientifically speaking, the conservation of cultural heritage poses problems that are as challenging as those relation to the protection of natural resources. This is exemplified by the necessity for experts from various fields to collaborate on the problem of the degradation of stone and mortar because of microbial elements. within the monuments wall. The collection of pollutant substances on historical stone buildings as a result of the burning of fossil fuels is the primary reason behind degradation Saiz-Jimenez, (1993). Air pollution in urban environments could also initiate the development of sulphur-oxidising bacteria that create sulphuric acid, which has highly corrosive properties Mitchell & Gu, (2000), thus indicating that degradation could result from both biotic and abiotic factors. The conservation of historic stone objects, in addition to different cultural heritage substances, necessitates the cooperation of conservationists and scientific experts from fields including chemistry, micro-biology and materials science.
4. HBIM within the use of Heritage.
4.1 HBIM for the Monument
The aim of Historic Building Information Modelling is for the portrayal and amalgamation of data content of the monument (e.g.,structure and location of micro-organisms). It also indicates the purpose of acquiring a 3-D object representation depicted as georeferenced patial data on a hierarchical framework of groups (structural components, including vaults, walls, and any other specific structure). Pauwels et al., (2008), indicates a similar strategy. HBIM has been referred to as a process by which both graphical and non-graphical components of the whole building lifecycle are modelled in a combined database management system, which emphasises the exact relationship among object modelling and data associated with various dimensions, which play a key role in the efforts to maintain buildings. BIM programs were first utilized for managing new construction projects Lee et al., (2006), Eastman et al., (2008). In more recent years, they have increased the potential for documenting heritage and conservation management systems. However, their utilization still necessitates a methodological debate and practice implementations before they are capable of being employed in complex models of non-uniform historical buildings, which will allow them to be highly beneficial for activities targeted at preserving and maintaining such buildings, Oreni et al., (2012). Parametric models have a process to provide 3-dimensional parametric representations, which allow the drawing of object models by users in addition to the management of associated data on aspects of historical architecture, in a universal exchange format. The case study shown in ion with data contained within a
database and when a parameter is changed, this leads to changes in the elements’ shape Boeykens, (2011), Boeykens et al., (2012), nevertheless, there is currently no shared database for historical components. The need for such a database necessitates the establishment of suitable methods and algorithms to utilise data surveys, particularly point clouds, and for modelling in HBIM software Murphy et al., (2013), Chevrier et al., (2010), thus preventing the shapes from being oversimplified. Consequently, it is important to take into account how detailed the models are for conservation activities in addition to their complexity. Moreover, they should provide the option of modifying the parameters of the shape of the architectural components, particularly historical features that are frequently not regular, in anisotropic way. Research into HBIM shows how a database of interactive parametric objects can be constructed. Tang et al., (2011), predominantly commencing with historical dimensions noted in books on architectural patterns Fai et al., (2011). To achieve that aim, the individuation of shape grammar and stylistic guidelines can be utilised to construct a preliminary database representing historical components of building heritage. However, it is evident that significant possibilities presented by the establishment of a BIM library can be observed in the instrument and functionalities sample, the sharing of which is facilitated via digital generation to provide support for their
individual cases, thus preventing the scenario in which object typologies are utilised in an uncritical manner that is has no association with the real situation. The concentration on the rigid association among geometry and construction technologies can be advantageous for this type of process. Due to the complex process associated with the generation of objects, like a vault, starting from a precise laser scanner survey to ultimately producing 2-D texturing, the generation of sample parametric objects could potentially present a feasible option. Additionally, a database of spatially referred objects can be supportive of a potential library of objects in addition to a geographic chronicle of the expertise and methods used throughout Europe, which are largely unfamiliar to the general population and experts as a result of the inadequate relationships between them. In summary, HBIM, is fundamentally an interoperable tool of geospatial object/data libraries, representing a challenging area with significant potential for additional investigation to develop a stronger multi-disciplinary methodology in the field of historical buildings.
4.2 Survey
When the monument was surveyed, the buildings dimensions, geometry, the construction style used and its materials, amongst other things, are taken into account. This stage of the process is critical, as it is beneficial for improving the understanding of the building Williams, J. (2009), and is actively supportive of conservation planning Williams, J. (2009), Guilio, R. (2014). In the past, such surveys were performed using triangulation techniques, which is comprised of measuring the building the building manually, attaching reference-points (known as stations) and then triangulating each corner using a laser instrument or a metre rule tape. The propagation of errors is limited due to the fact each of the building’s points is ascertained using at least two measurements, Carpiceci, (2000). Nevertheless, current practices involve the combination of digital photogrammetry with laser scanning, as can be observed in numerous articles evaluated, (Worrell, (2015), Baik et al., (2013), Chenaux et al., (2011), Murphy & McGovern, (2009), Murphy et al., (2013),Williams, J. (2009), Koehl et al., (2013), Tang et al., (2010), Baila et al.,(2014), Balletti et al., (2014), Cuca et al., (2014), Garagnani, (2012), Garagnani, (2018), Micoli et al., (2013), Surwadi et al., (2015), Dore & Murphy, (2014). The digital photogrammetry technique is founded on the principles of triangulation, Murphy & McGovern, (2009), Dore & Murphy, (2014), Beraldin, (2004), due to the fact that the images generated are taken from distinct angles, Dore & Murphy, (2014). The combination of this technique with laser scanning enables high-resolution photographs to be taken that capture the textures of the materials Fornos, (2013), Murphy & McGovern, (2009), Odgers & Henry, (2012), Beraldin, (2004), Rossi, (2012),which consequently provides information about the level of deterioration of the materials Odgers & Henry, (2012). It is necessary to post-process the photographs, and this can generally be achieved with only one type of software, Bail et al., (2014), Baik et al., (2013). Nonetheless, the process of combining the aforementioned techniques must be precise, as the devices used must be appropriately calibrated, and there is a high likelihood of error propagation Beraldin, (2004). All such procedures were carried out, to detail and give a thorough representation of the monuments unique architecture, pertinent to its architecture. - structure from motion (SfM), Micoli et al., (2013), Manferdini & Galassi, (2013). Figures (2 - 6). This methodology can also be applied to model a building based on high resolution imagery. The basic principle of the SfM technique is that it is possible to detect four noncoplanar surfaces using three orthographic projections Manferdini & Galassi, (2013). This technique involves photographs being taken by a continuously moving camera, followed by the detection of any convergent images, and then the geometry can be digitally reconstructed Manferdini & Galassi, (2013).
Fig. 2 - TLS Image of monument using point cloud method (by Author)
Illustrations are not included in the reading sample
Fig. 3 - TLS Image of monument using point cloud method (by Author)
Illustrations are not included in the reading sample
Certain terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) are also founded on the principle of triangulation, Arayici, (2008), Murphy & McGovern, (2009), Beraldin, (2004), Kurdy et al., (2012). They generate a point cloud of the object being scanned, (Garagnani, 2018), which subsequently requires post-processing followed by the process of transforming it into a 3D model Bail et al., (2014), Baik et al., (2013), Murphy & McGovern, (2009), Garagnani, (2018), Allen et al., (2003), Basir et al.,(2014). However, the post-processing of point clouds can be a lengthy process Volk et al., (2014), Arias et al., (2007), Allen et al., (2003), even though various researchers have tried to accelerate the procedure Garagnani & Manferdini, (2013), Garagnani, (2012), Garagnani, (2018). Oreni et al., (2014). It is possible to integrate TLS with a Geographic Information System (GIS), in order to geo-locate the object being scanned via Cartesian coordinates, which will enable the analysis of geospatial information Arayici, (2008), Dore & Murphy, (2012), Saygi et al., (2013), Baik et al., (2015).
Fig. 4 - TLS Image of monument using point cloud method (by Author)
Illustrations are not included in the reading sample
The outputs of TLS are point clouds and processing is required before they can be utilized in constructing the BIM model Williams, J. (2009), and as utilized within the scanning of the monument. There are not particular problems associated with heritage in this practice; nevertheless, it is a propaedeutic endeavour to construct the BIM model, in this case the monument. The most frequent functions included: The elimination of noise, Baik et al., (2013), Murphy & McGovern, (2009), Baik et al., (2015), which comprises the detection and elimination of scanned items that fall outside the scope of the case study within the research; Point cloud registration Baik et al., (2013), Murphy & McGovern, (2009), Garagnani, (2018), Allen et al., (2003), Basir et al.,(2014), which is comprised of the merger of distinct point clouds of the identical object, sourced from different scanning processes; Meshing, (Murphy et al., (2013), Arias et al., (2007), Allen et al., (2003), which comprises the creation of triangulated surfaces that can subsequently be transformed into 3-D models - this is achieved using specifically designed software. Although this process can be lengthy and complex, efforts have been made to achieve a level of automation Garagnani & Manferdini, (2013), Koehl et al., (2013), Garagnani, (2012), Garagnani, (2018), Allen et al., (2003), Quattrini et al., (2015). Researchers are actively focusing their attention on automation, due to the fact that it would enable more efficient and cost-effective surveys when implemented in the field of heritage. Furthermore, architects or restorers who are tasked with digitising and managing a project involving the conservation of a heritage structure would experience significant problems if they were required to postprocess point clouds without any form of automated assistance. This type of work is generally not simple and requires particular knowledge of photogrammetry. As an example, an innovative plug-in was designed by Garagnani named the GreenSpider, which enables the importation of point clouds to be automated Garagnani & Manferdini, (2013), Garagnani, (2012), Garagnani, (2018).
Illustrations are not included in the reading sample
Fig. 5- TLS Image of monument using point cloud method (by Author)
Various points of the point cloud are chosen and then importedby GreenSpider, which are subsequently transformed into snaps (or reference points), thus enabling the bonds to be retraced and turned into 3-D smart objects. In practical terms, GreenSpider permits users to choose the specific points of the cloud that are necessary, which are then converted into masses Pocobelli et al. Herit Sci (2018) 6:30 Page 4 of 15 (i.e., 3-D undefined objects). It is then possible to import such masses into any type of 3-D modelling platform, subsequent to being embedded with semantic data, including materials, dimensions, among others, and then introduced to the BIM model in the form of “families”, or categories of objects that are similar.
Illustrations are not included in the reading sample
Fig. 6- TLS Image of monument using point cloud method (by Author)
An important stage within the process is building analysis, at which time information from a variety of different sources, could be amalgamated Arias et al., (2007), Odgers & Henry, (2012), McCaig, (2013), Williams, J. (2009). Conventionally, building analysis is performed manually, particularly at the survey stage. This is via triangulation and digital photogrammetry, the geometric and texture/material characteristics of buildings, whereby the obtained data can subsequently be digitised on a CD platform, and a 3D model is generated. Simultaneously, historical analysis can be conducted, which involves the examination of previous sources, documents and essentially all available evidence Williams, J. (2009).
5. HBIM 3D Scanning of Monument
5.1 Laser Scanning Technique
Laser scanning is as a rule progressively being used because of its ability to facilitate the collection of spatial data of surviving structures or surfaces. Laser checking gadgets are divided into two particular settings, - earthbound and aeronautical Besl et al., (2013). Both reach an exactness that are fitting for their proposed use. In particular, laser scanner technologies (TLS) work using a laser bar that is coordinated towards the area being examined, giving the capacity to quantify separations and points with an exactness of centimeters or millimeters Lerones et al., (2010). Subsequently, TLS can create an exact and extensive remaking of 3- dimensional items in a quick way Doret et al.,(2017), involving a great many focuses (a point cloud), with the geometric directions (X, Y, Z), Lerones et al., (2010) , in a virtual domain utilizing both radiometric and metric information. Also, three unmistakable types of TLS frameworks have specific aims: triangulation, stage distinction, and Time of Flight (TOF). Every such framework can create point billows of given objects; in any case, the accuracy and thickness of the point mists delivered will contrast based on the type of scanner chosen, within this research criteria, a Faro 150 is utilised., notwithstanding the measure of angles directed, as depicted in Fig (7), Alsadik et al., (2013). In the current condition, TLSs have critical significance in an expansive extent of procedures that have an immediate connection with social legacy Golparvar-Fard et al., (2011), for example, following-up an intercession Baselga et al., (2011), the ID of anomolies, Mahdjoubi et al., (2013), or the remaking of surviving models Mukupa et al., (2013), Besl et al., (2013). All things considered, the such expenses related with such innovations could be viewed as risky and additionally a downside. It is important to think about that it is typically not practical to record all the geometric information of specific articles or outside surfaces from just one checking edge, as there could be various items obstructing the perspective on the scanner. The monument, however is in a rural setting, with a small church directly adjacent to the ruin, that being St. Bartholomews. Resultantly, the scanner must be set in an assortment of areas with respect to the object of intrigue. These procedures are regularly empowered by clients with explicit programming intended to deal with point clouds because of the way that scene translation is required (i.e., clean focuses from trees, people, or anomalies). Then again, polygon surface cross section can be utilized for preparing the information. Utilizing this strategy, a surface including triangles is created on the point cloud. The consequent work is then altered with the goal that the openings in the cloud can be filled, and furthermore to smoothen and decrease the purposes of the model Cera et al., (2017). It is of impressive significance that this information is pre-prepared, as the assembled information must be definitely referenced if the point cloud is appropriately adjusted and fixed.
Illustrations are not included in the reading sample
Fig. 7 - Scanning delineation (by Author)
6. Refurbishment
6.1 Overview of Refurbishment within Projects
Restoration activities are considered to have greater complexity compared with new constructions as a result of complex building data Ali, Rahmat, & Hassan, 2008), complex cost distribution, Miller & Buys, (2011) and broad interactions among stakeholders Klotz & Horman, (2010). Difficult refurbishment projects are characterised by single to multi-level construction projects, whether newbuilds or otherwise, with particular user needs for multi-faceted constructions, complex properties, complexities in the layout of the site, the structural age, the participation of multiple organisations and stakeholders, and extended structural history Ali, (2004); Bryde & Schulmeister, (2012; Kemmer & Koskela, (2012). The implementation of an intricate construction project requires a novel input to resolve the related to structural and technical design aspects with unique purpose provisions, such as the cooperation between expert professionals to prepare the project paperwork and contract details Killip, (2013); Li & Yang, (2014). The realisation of these kinds of projects is reliant on a suitable practice framework and sufficient professional resources and funding for successful outcomes Choi, Choi, & Kim, (2014), Volk, Stengel, & Schultmann, (2014). Nevertheless, the restoration properties or features should be clarified in order for the research being carried out within the HBIM to ensure that the properties are suitably aligned with the possible aspects of a HBIM solution at the monument. It should also cater for complicated refurbishment activities. This research thus seeks to include any encounter with the four (or any), micro-organisms, to deduce a framework of collaboration with all stakeholders to identify and portray any findings and results within the HBIM platform.
6.2 Refurbishment within HBIM
Different researchers have endeavored to advocate for the application of HBIM for restoration projects, Volk, Stengel, and Schultmann (2014), for example concentrated on the technical issues associated with the application of HBIM, such as streamlining and managing the ambiguity of BIM data for extant constructions. Another research developed a framework for understanding the instruments and drivers that encourage the implementation of HBIM in restoration projects Gholami et al., (2014; Sheth, Price, and Glass, (2010), furthermore a different study concentrated on the proclivities of building proprietors and the impact this has on the application of HBIM in restoration activities Park and Kim, (2014). Fundamentally, the preferences of clients are largely influenced by cost balanced with the mode of building restoration, or the form of IT that on-site contractors prefer. Additionally, an examination of the obstacles that prevent the application of BIM in building restoration Kim & Park, (2014) determined that there were two major barriers: (i) insufficient knowledge of clients with regard to restoration technology, and (ii) insufficient competences and uncoordinated practices among industry experts. Additional scholars like Alwan, Greenwood, & Gledson (2015), explored the viability of a procedure involving 3-D simulation transfer for the environmental evaluation of extant constructions, and potential of generating 3-D CAD and HBIM models for extant buildings founded on specified methods Arayici, (2008). However, Alwan
(2016), proposed a performance framework that largely involved the application of software. In a fundamental sense, these researchers are founded on the technical dimension of the adoption of HBIM. In general, the obstacles to such adoption are considered to be related to business, organizational and legal areas Park & Kim, (2014). The current research therefore proposes that there is an urgent necessity to create a framework aimed at the effective enhancement of HBIM adoption in restoration activities. The research covered the main obstacles preventing its application. The resulting HBIM framework is envisaged to investigate the necessity to optimize disorganized practices, resolve the insufficient knowledge of clients with regard to restoration technology, expert competencies, as well as business, organizational and legal obstacles.
6.3 Adoption of HBIM within Refurbishment
Numerous researchers have indicated the necessity for HBIM to be adopted in restoration activities, Ilter and Ergen, (2015; Park and Kim, 2014); however, only a limited number have suggested frameworks in terms of how HBIM can be adopted in such projects. Works by Alwan (2016), Gholami et al., (2013), have largely concentrated on the technical dimensions of HBIM and have not addressed the interaction among key stakeholders in restoration and refurbishment projects. Exhaustive studies in the area of information technologies indicate that the introduction of innovative software could necessitate the organisation to modify its objectives and aims in relation to a project Holmstrom & Stalder (2001). Also, a review of the literature as depicted in this research demonstrates the use of a data collection system as HBIM being the primary platform for result portrayal and analysis - see fig (1). The transition from the original plan or intention of the organisation due to the application of new technologies could be perceived as an interaction among the unambiguous technology and multi-layered context Linderoth 2010; Walsham (1993), whereby the integration and development of knowledge assert a significant impact on the adoption and usage of the technology Andersson & Linderoth, (2008). Essentially, this multi-layered context that is integrated into the adoption and application of information technologies could be affected by the industry attributes, rules and regulations, conventions, stakeholder perspectives and the organisational culture Linderoth, (2010). Thus, if BIM is regarded as a form of IT, it will enable all stakeholders to have an involvement in the changing objectives and solutions in the design stage. This will enable the creation and evaluation of suitable solutions Shen, Shen, & Sun, (2012). Hence, an appropriate HBIM framework should be sufficiently wide-ranging to cover all
pertinent HBIM problems, as a consequence of initial research. Additionally, it should be succinct to allow the main problems to be presented with greater clarity, see fig (1).
7. DNA Amplification and Sequencing
7.1 Polyremase Chain Reaction (PCR)
PCR, that being a polyremase chain reaction, is a straightforward, yet a unique system of measurement. It amplifies and enhances an explicit DNA piece from a sample of DNA, (deoxyribonucleic acid, a material that self replicates and is found in most, if not all living organisms and micro-organisms, the main contingent found in chromosomes).The genomes eukaryotic and prokaryotic include dispersed repetitive sequences dividing individual copy DNA sequences of greater length Lupski & Weinstock., (1992). The PCR, as part of the data retrieval process, is shown in fig (8). PCR can be demonstrated by using DNA at source from a specific material., DNA samples are essential for PCR to generate a sufficient number of duplicates that can be broken down through the application of conventional research approaches.
Illustrations are not included in the reading sample
Fig. 8 - Prototype method of analysis for collection of data
8. Metagenomic Process
Metagenomics has become one of the primary processes for studying microorganisms, which can be utilised for considering individual microbial communities to the capacity of part life forms, which will be purified under research conditions using standard segregation; moreover, the microbial community will be portrayed within an environment where it is not possible to refine
or culture multiple cultures. In the metagenomic process, DNA is extracted from a network with the objective of collecting most of the genomes within the community. The metagenomic process, from data and samples collected from the ruin, is shown in fig (9).
Fig. 9- A Metagenomic process (by Author)
Illustrations are not included in the reading sample
Two different extractions were performed: initially, a sample will be extracted from the ground directly below the area of sample extraction within the wall, with GPD co-ordinates taken at each sample location.
9. Moreton Corbet Castle - Case Study
All primary data collection involved the visitation on site to the monument being considered for the research, that being Moreton Corbet castle, situated in Shawbury, Shropshire. Data extraction will require the utilization of a diamond core drill equipped with a shaft of sufficient length to facilitate depth of structure within four areas under consideration, within the Tudor aspect of the ruin, and the remaining points selected at the Norman aspect of the ruin. During extraction, notes will be taken as to ascertain the areas highlighted, in the event that a likely visit needs to be carried out to reevaluate or re-define any results that may be unlikely pertinent to what was, or may be expected. In each area, two different extractions will be performed: initially, a sample will be extracted from the ground, directly below the point of sample collection, with GPS co-ordinates taken at each collection point throughout the survey and wall/window jamb surface in order to determine and assess the specific micro-organisms that exist.
Fig. 10 - Plan of Moreton Corbet Castle — showing primary points of data collection (by Author)
Illustrations are not included in the reading sample
Subsequently, a sample will be extracted from the inside area of the wall/window jamb. From an overall graphical plan of the site, all specific points are identified with roman numerals in fig (10), the specific areas to be inspected, within the Norman and Tudor contingent. Careful consideration was taken regarding the specific areas of sample collection, as it may be found that mortars from the different periods differ in hardness, due to percentage lime content and hardening over time. The primary objective for this methodology of extraction will give evidence of spores encapsulated within structure, since initial construction, to establish a dichotomy of established communities both from the medieval period to modern day. This process will be observed for both parts of the monument. The method of retraction will be considered, that being the use of a diamond tipped sampling core drill with long breach (300mm) to take samples of 22-30mm.
10. HBIM Platform Development
All data obtained and collated from selected data collection process was uploaded onto a suitable and approved HBIM platform, for all stakeholders concerned, for the retrieving of such data, to be reviewed as required. This can be seen briefly in the review of the literature, the process is denoted in fig. (1). This process of sharing information has an extensive history within an area of genomic studies; nevertheless, for all associated data, this would necessitate a considerable amount of equipment for storing this data for organizations operating in the fields of both science and industry. Various mathematical languages are used regarding the scripting of such apparatus. This may raise a suggestion of who pays for what, should it be centralized or decentralized, however these concerns and questions would ordinarily be defined and discussed at the initial stages of all data collection, analysis and results.
Illustrations are not included in the reading sample
Fig. 11- General scheme of micro-organism analysis storage (by Author)
Fig (11) indicates a sequence of events from initial data collection, storage, to the production of the proposed health and safety documentation required from the research. The figure also presents the sequence of data and analysis of results from an initial prototype method, it can be seen that this process would be utilised and shows specifically how such data is sequenced, the creation of the original image using laser scanning, and to show how data would be produced for health and safety issues. The figure also presents the sequence of data and analysis of results from an initial prototype method, it can be seen that this process would be utilized and shows specifically how such data is sequenced, the creation of the original image using laser scanning, and to show how data would be produced for health and safety issues. In this research, the problems related to preserving and documenting historical structures are investigated, along with identification of the more extensive contribution of HBIM in the documentation and refurbishment of cultural heritage monuments. The figure also illustrates the various stages that comprise the process of recognizing and fitting the 3-D data, which are explained briefly as follows. The data retrieval process incorporates both surveys and recordings to scale, as well as the 3D models for digitally documenting the monument. The research develops a HBIM database for building materials, samples and methods that can be utilized for the purpose of representing heritage features within an aspect of refurbishment, and for retrieving data. Figure (12) shows point cloud of subterranean element of the monument.
Fig. 12- Point cloud of subtteranean element of monument (by Author)
Illustrations are not included in the reading sample
The process of generating parametric models of buildings involves describing construction objects as well as the parametric associations that exist between them. The aforementioned procedures are initiated via the acquisition of spatial information at the location with the use of surveying techniques, including photogrammetry and laser scanning, as previously indicated Subsequently, digitized data and documentation gathered is then transferred into a 3-D surface and space in an automatic process with specific points to be analyzed. The individual points on the 3-D surface collectively represent a general observation of all the data, allowing all object types to be identified, particularly the micro-organisms, via a search of a database comprised of standardized objects and cultures that could be observed in the structure, in addition to the adaptation of algorithms for the process of registration and identifying health and safety regulations. With regard to environmental and spatial modelling, the procedure of recognizing 3-D data requires the identification of components that are have a relationship with the building of the heritage structure. As suggested by Brilakis and Sobelman - Brilakis et al., (2008), the process of recognizing objects in environmental and building structures is conducted on the basis of the characteristics of material images, which exhibit reduced variability and opposite simulation. When attempting to recognize objects, standard recognition techniques (e.g.,face, fingerprint etc.) are unable to meet the specific requirements for applications related to the environment and architectural heritage.
Various techniques have been designed for recognizing building objects, which are based on materials ( mortar with micro-organisms) and shapes (structure of monument). In the acquisition of 3-D geometrical data, these are the primary techniques used for recognition inthe HBIM system.
In the process of recognizing objects based on materials, aspects like colour, structure and texture are utilised in the identification and classification of object components within images. Recognition based on materials is comprised of three stages in which the object is represented, matched and classified. Firstly, every image is decomposed into its fundamental aspects like colour, structure and texture. Subsequently, through the application of the filtering method, cropping of the surface material is achieved by employing clustering techniques to compute each cluster’s material signature. Identification and isolation of every cluster is then performed via the comparison of its signature with the vectors and materials of material images saved in in the database, in this instance within a laboratory environment with the PCR contingent, to isolate DNA from the material (sample). Recognition based on materials facilitates the extraction and storage of building and environmental material data in a knowledge-based framework based on the material data.
Brilakis et al., (2005). The recognition of object features is the following part of the process, which is where the object’s discernible properties are identified through the utilization of image processing systems. In this stage, the input consists of the previously rendered 3-D surface, which incorporates the correlated visual and spatial data of the target structure (monument). The output consists of the augmented 3-D surface, which contains identified spatial and visual aspects of possible objects in addition to the surroundings. This procedure focuses on identifying and selecting the most suitable spatial and visual aspects, the selection of an appropriate algorithm that is capable of sufficiently representing the unique pattern of every feature, and lastly, it incorporates an innovative technique that renders the representation of features invariant with regard to different perspectives and environmental conditions on site. The generated model is a concise summary of both the visual and geometric information pertaining to the object. Dissimilar to other methods used to categorize 3-D objects, for producing and demonstrating the data analysis for the four given micro-organisms, or even none, the level of supervision required by the framework is limited and it facilitates the process of estimating the orientation of an object as well as its genus in its specific community. As the representation of the object is founded on a linked structure of the distinct components, the recognition process remains effective where objects are partially occluded; even were individual or numerous components are occluded, different components still have the capability to acquire additional evidence for the target, namely the 3-D model rendered at the monument site. Such a framework is capable of the accurate detection and recognition of objects from architectural heritage, thus enabling the HBIM platform to detect the existence of health and safety factors in the refurbishment, as highlighted in the hierarchical processes depicted in fig. (6). Although results will not be of an empirical nature, what would be obtained from such a test procedure would be an analysis to identify the integrity of the HBIM software, the 3 -D model and its ability to portray the results in a manner that the researcher can validate. With the use of said software, the production of literature required would then be obtained and collated to the ends of the research. Whilst it is very important for persons working within a refurbishment programme, to be be made aware of any untoward micro-organisms during the procedure, an assessment of risk occurs within the context of risk management to facilitate the process of making decisions in relation to such microbiological hazards. It takes into account information the exact nature of the hazard and the probability that something will be exposed to that hazard, such as the contractor Assessing risk in the microbiological context can differ, ranging from an individual specialist assessment to a more exhaustive process of qualitatively and quantitatively assessing risk on the basis of the principles detailed in “Principles and Guidelines for the Conduct of Risk Assessment” (CAC, 1999). The process of qualitatively assessing risk requires information to be descriptively treated so as to evaluate the extent of the risk in addition to the effects of factors that impact risk; alternatively, quantitatively assessing risk involves the utilisation of numerical information, Fazil, (2005). Nevertheless, in practice, the borders between these categories are ambiguous as they denote a progression of quantification and sophisticated analysis, in this case a prudent application regarding micro-organism exposure and data collection. When assessing risk quantitavely it is still necessary to employ quantitative information and analyses, and the process is often considered as “semiquantitative” Lammerding, (2007). This document identifies the different stages of the risk assessment procedure, it explains and gives declaration of purpose, identification of hazards, description of the hazard, assessment of exposure, description of the risk, notation, and re-evaluation. With such data collection and risk assessments being made, the risk being deduced primarily,all information would be uploaded and viewed within the HBIM model to stakeholder satisfaction.
11. Conclusion.
It can be seen that from both methods described in this paper, that being a PCR method and Metagenomic method of analyzing samples taken from the ancient monument in question, both have advantages and limitations. Both sequences would avail and identify results that may or may not be harmful to a refurbishment worker, however, it will provide a way to identify core elements of microorganisms that are present, to such operatives and others. PCR is seen to be a very powerful tool, to amplify very small amounts of nucleonic acids. However, because of its sensitivity, it is seen to be a very important part of data analysis, particularly within research for infectious and other microorganisms. PCR methods have an ability to analyse samples, taken and within poor conditions, because of short sequences of DNA available at the time of data collection, due to the condition of the subject being analysed and conservation of the DNA sample to be collected. This method is not only a sensitive process, it is very specific to what specimen needs to be analysed, it requires that sequence information is necessary for at least part of any DNA that needs to be amplified. Both analytical techniques will be tried out and tested, from all sixteen specimens taken from the monument, to be stored in an appropriate environment until as and when such an analysis method will be considered to identify the four micro-organisms, indeed all, other or none, in question. Metagenomic analysis, however, has the potential to identify micro-organisms within the natural environment and has the ability to identify specific specimens under consideration. It is a culture based and independent analysis platform that is divided into sequence and function analyses. The two collection methods would be subject to risk assessments, which will for a very important part of the data collection and sequencing, either in outside environmental or laboratory conditions. In spite of the fact that the requirement for HBIM within refurbishment has been recognized by analysts and professionals, HBIM is still not being viably used in this stage generally. It can be seen from this paper that an attempt will be made to utilize such a HBIM platform, to show a scientific analysis from a series of pre-determined points from the monument in question. Nonetheless, the pattern in distributed articles shows that the enthusiasm for HBIM for building refurbishment and upkeep is ceaselessly developing. The gradual ascent in the quantity of test/models over recent years features that the past research on general experiences and review in the previous years has established a framework for growing increasingly exploratory models. From the research, it will be important to recognize a correct methodology which will embrace various advancements. Existing research in this field can be grouped in the accompanying subtopics: (i) building review of stored model on HBIM, (ii) displaying and overseeing results, (iii) plan appraisal, (iv), access to and incorporation of support data and learning, and (v) data trade and interoperability, using a data management system at the end of the process. Such documentation would be produced to identify any or none of the microbial communities in question, to be portrayed on a HBIM platform for stakeholder and health and safety consideration. The whole process does specify four types of culture, however more or none would be seen as just as important to conclude within this research.
Acknowledgements
The author wishes to thank everyone for all their help during this research shown in this paper. Also, I would like to thank the University of Wolverhampton for its support during my Doctorate.
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