The Identity of Canadian English

Seminar Paper , 1995 , 32 Pages , Grade: 2,0

American Studies - Linguistics

1. Introduction

The linguistic situation of Canadian identity has been subject of numerous debates and still there seems to be no real agreement on certain subject matters. Experts say that

"for historical reasons, Canadian English [is] the type of English associated with Southern Ontario, formerly Upper Canada, [that] has become the basis for a national norm, an imperfectly described but recognized standard across Canada.... As such, it ... has spread widely across the country, to be heard with increasing frequency among the educated, non-regionalized young in every province from the Ottowa River to the Pacific, including Newfoundland...."

However, opinions differ as to what really constitutes the uniqueness of Canadian English. The problem of a separate Canadian linguistic identity becomes best apparent in the various ways in which Canadian English has been defined by linguists as quoted by Görlach:

"Canadian English is a fairly recent hybrid which resembles American English in some respects and British English in other while exhibiting much that is singularly Canadian. It is, in fact, the composite of these characteristics which gives Canadian English its unique identity." (Avis 1973:43)


"Canadian English ... is not a composite of archaic or rustic features or a potpourri of British and American speechways but a true national language." (Bailey 1982:152)


This paper does not focus on the attempt to reconcile opposing views, but rather tries to show how far the Canadian English is both like and unlike American English as it resembles and differs from British English, yet, at the same time is distinctively Canadian, exisiting "in its own rights and [owing] its existence to the Canadians who have made it what it is."

However, in their struggle for a distinct linguistic identity "Canadians tread an ... apparently arbitrary path between British and American usage," thus Orkin writes, "with a strong leaning toward the American pattern."

Though the development of Canadian English towards a distinct linguistic identity is considered to be "not yet complete," it is the aim of the following to introduce the main linguistic characteristics of Canadian speech, focusing on the impossibility of separating phonological and grammatical Canadian features from the British and, especially, American influence.

Inhaltsverzeichnis (Table of Contents)

• Introduction
• The Origins of the Canadian Language
• The Characteristics of Canadian English
  • The historical vocabulary of Canadian English
  • Phonological features of Canadian English
    • The consonant system
      • The aspiration of voiceless stops
      • The variable (VtV)
      • The variable (ntV)
      • The velar nasal /ih/
      • The deletion of the semivowel "jod" /j/
      • The opposition between voiced /w/ and aspirated /hw/
      • The phoneme /I/
      • The postvocalic /r/
    • Vowels in Canadian English
      • Vowel neutralization
      • The Canadian diphthongs /ai/ and /aʊ/
      • The Canadian Raising
      • Stress features
  • The Canadian spelling
  • The Canadian grammar
    • The syntax of Canadian English
      • Prepositions
      • The 'have you' and 'have you got question forms
    • The morphosyntactic structures of Canadian English
      • Past perfect variants of the verb to sneak and the irregular verb to dive
      • Past tense variants of the verb to prove and the irregular verb to drink
  • The Americanization of Canadian English
    • Linguistic symmetries
    • Linguistic asymmetries

  Zielsetzung und Themenschwerpunkte (Objectives and Key Themes)

  This paper aims to present the main linguistic characteristics of Canadian English, focusing on the influence of both British and American English on its phonological and grammatical features. It investigates the development of a distinct Canadian identity in language, considering the historical factors that contributed to its unique nature.

  • The historical development of Canadian English
  • The influence of British and American English on Canadian English
  • The phonological features of Canadian English
  • The grammatical features of Canadian English
  • The distinct linguistic identity of Canadian English

  Zusammenfassung der Kapitel (Chapter Summaries)

  The introduction highlights the ongoing debate surrounding the definition of Canadian English and its unique characteristics. It emphasizes the complexity of establishing a distinct linguistic identity for Canada, considering the influence of both British and American English.

  The chapter on the origins of the Canadian language explores the historical context of its development. It discusses the role of both American and British settlers in shaping the language, focusing on the impact of the War of Independence and the influx of immigrants from different regions. It also examines the perceptions of British speakers towards Canadian English, highlighting their views on its vocabulary and pronunciation.

  The chapter on the characteristics of Canadian English delves into the specific linguistic features that differentiate it from other varieties of English. It examines the historical vocabulary, phonological elements, spelling, and grammatical structures of Canadian English, providing detailed examples to illustrate its unique aspects.

  The chapter on the Americanization of Canadian English analyzes the impact of American influence on Canadian English. It examines the linguistic similarities and differences between the two varieties, highlighting the ongoing debate regarding the extent of Americanization.

  Schlüsselwörter (Keywords)

  The key topics and concepts explored in this paper include Canadian English, linguistic identity, historical development, British English, American English, phonology, grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, Americanization, and influence.

• College: Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (Englische Philologie)
• Course: Language and Identity
• Grade: 2,0
• Author: Kirsten Vera van Rhee (Author)
• Publication Year: 1995
• Pages: 32
• Catalog Number: V177425
• ISBN (eBook): 9783640990795
• ISBN (Book): 9783640990634
• Language: English
• Tags: Canadian English, Linguistik Amerikanistik, Amerikanische Sprachwissenschaft