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Pentamycin – a new option for the treatment of infections with Trichomonas vaginalis?

Title: Pentamycin – a new option for the treatment of infections with Trichomonas vaginalis?

Diploma Thesis , 2011 , 184 Pages , Grade: 1

Autor:in: Markus Kranzler (Author)

Biology - Micro- and Molecular Biology
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Summary Excerpt Details

The protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of trichomonosis
which is – with more than 170 million new cases each year – the most prevalent
non-viral sexually transmitted disease (STD) worldwide. Although trichomonosis is
not a primarily lethal disease, the clinical picture can include severe urogenital
inflammations. Chronic infections have been associated with cervical/prostate cancer
and a predisposition of HIV infections. In case of pregnancy, chronic infections can
also lead to preterm delivery and low birth weight. For more than 50 years,
metronidazole, a nitroimidazole antibiotic, has been in use for the treatment of
trichomonosis. It is applied orally and although it is mostly compliant, it can have
serious side effects. It is also not applicable for pregnant women due to its ability to
pass the placenta. Furthermore, an increasing number of emerging metronidazoleresistant
T. vaginalis strains has lead to more treatment failures in the last few years.
To this day, however, there is no effective alternative drug against trichomonosis
available.
Pentamycin is a polyene antimycotic and has been in use in the treatment of
candidiasis, in preliminary studies it also turned out to be effective against
trichomonads.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of pentamycin against T. vaginalis
and the ability to develop resistances in vitro. For these purposes, the dose-effect
relationship between pentamycin and four differently metronidazole-sensitive T.
vaginalis strains was investigated. Moreover, the protein composition before and after
the treatment was compared. To induce resistance, strains were treated with
sublethal concentrations of pentamycin within a time of six months.
It could be shown that pentamycin is highly effective against T. vaginalis. A 100%
eradication of trichomonads was reached with a concentration of 15 ;g/ml and an
incubation time of 1h. All four differently metronidazole-sensitive strains showed
almost the same sensitivity to pentamycin. The comparison of the protein profiles of
untreated and treated cells analysed by SDS-PAGE showed that the mode of action
of pentamycin is based on an interaction and subsequent damage of the cell
membrane which consequently leads to total lysis and death of the cell. [...]

Excerpt


Inhaltsverzeichnis

1 Introduction

1.1 Trichomonads

1.1.1 Parasitism and protozoa

1.1.2 Research history

1.1.3 Systematics and evolution

1.1.4 The Trichomonadea

1.2 Trichomonas vaginalis

1.2.1 Morphology

1.2.2 Distribution

1.2.3 Life cycle

1.2.4 Metabolism

1.2.5 Genetics

1.3 Trichomonosis

1.3.1 Epidemiology

1.3.2 Clinical manifestations

1.3.3 Pathomechanism

1.3.4 Diagnostics

1.3.5 Therapy

1.3.6 Immunity and prophylaxis

1.4 Scientific background

1.4.1 Pentamycin – a polyene antibiotic

1.4.2 The field of proteomic research

1.5 Aims of the study

2 Materials and Methods

2.1 Strains

2.2 Cultivation of Trichomonas vaginalis

2.3 Preparation of drugs

2.4 Treatment of trichomonads

2.5 Staining with Giemsa stain

2.6 Staining with Trypan Blue stain

2.7 Counting cells with the Fuchs-Rosenthal Hemacytometer

2.8 1D SDS-PAGE

2.8.1 Sample preparation

2.8.2 Gel preparation

2.8.3 Electrophoresis

2.8.4 Staining with Coomassie stain

2.8.5 Protein diminishment assay

2.9 2D SDS-PAGE

2.9.1 Sample preparation

2.9.2 First dimension – Isoelectric focussing

2.9.3 Gel preparation

2.9.4 Equibrilation

2.9.5 Second dimension – Electrophoresis

2.9.6 Staining with Coomassie stain

2.9.7 Staining with Silver stain

2.10 Microtiter assays

2.11 Long-term treatment

2.12 Lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activity assay

2.13 Cell permeability assay

2.14 Nile red stain and fluorescence microscopy

3 Results

3.1 Morphology of pentamycin-treated trichomonads

3.2 Correlation between cell density and dose rate

3.3 Effective and inhibitory concentrations (EC50/90, IC50/90) of pentamycin on four T. vaginalis strains

3.4 Protein composition pre and post treatment

3.4.1 Comparison of treated versus untreated cells

3.4.2 Protein diminishment assay

3.5 Long-term treatment and adaption

3.5.1 Morphology of trichomonads in long-term treatment

3.5.2 Recordable adaption to pentamycin

3.5.3 Cross resistance to amphotericin B

3.5.4 Comparison of the protein profile of wildtype and adapted strains

3.5.5 Lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activity assay

3.6 Cell permeability assay

3.7 Nile Red stain

4 Discussion

4.1 Mode of action of pentamycin

4.1.1 Phenotype of pentamycin-treated trichomonads

4.1.2 Protein profiles of pentamycin-treated trichomonads

4.1.3 Mode of action of pentamycin at molecular level and compared to metronidazole

4.2 Dose-response relationship

4.2.1 Microscopic observations

4.2.2 Efficacy of pentamycin

4.3 Resistance

4.3.1 Phenotype of adapted trichomonads

4.3.2 Establishment of an adaption to pentamycin and cross resistance to amphotericin B

4.3.3 Protein profile of long-term treated trichomonads

4.3.4 Mechanisms of adaption

4.4 Relevance of temperature

4.5 Advantages of pentamycin as a pharmaceutical drug

5 Summary

Zielsetzung und thematische Schwerpunkte

Die Arbeit untersucht das Potenzial von Pentamycin als alternative Behandlungsmöglichkeit für Infektionen mit dem Parasiten Trichomonas vaginalis, insbesondere angesichts zunehmender Resistenzen gegen das Standardmedikament Metronidazol.

  • Untersuchung der Wirksamkeit von Pentamycin bei unterschiedlichen Dosierungen und Inkubationszeiten.
  • Analyse des Wirkmechanismus auf mikroskopischer und proteomischer Ebene.
  • Untersuchung der Entstehung potenzieller Resistenzen durch Langzeitbehandlungen.
  • Vergleich der Effektivität von Pentamycin gegenüber Metronidazol-sensitiven und -resistenten Stämmen.
  • Bewertung der Stabilität und Selektivität des Wirkstoffs bei humanpathogenen Bedingungen.

Auszug aus dem Buch

1.4.1 Pentamycin – a polyene antibiotic

Pentamycin was discovered and described in 1958. It has been investigated as a drug against fungal infections, like candidiasis, a common co-infection of trichomonosis (UMEZAWA et al., 1958; CHEN et al., 1978; BALMER, 2009).

Chemically it belongs to the polyenes, a subdivision of the macrolide class. Substances in this class are characterized by a macrocyclic ring of carbon atoms closed by lactonization. The polyene group has, in addition, a series of conjugated carbon-carbon double bonds. The number of these bonds allows to classify polyenes into dienes (two bonds), trienes (three bonds), tetraenes (four bonds), pentaenes (five bonds), hexaenes (six bonds) and heptaenes (seven bonds) (HAMILTON-MILLER, 1973).

A feature allowing classification of polyenes is the highly characteristic ultraviolet absorption spectrum, leading to specifically emitted colors: Trienes are colorless, tetraenes are pale yellow, pentaenes are yellow, and heptaenes appear orange. Many polyenes are amphoteric, possessing one basic and one acidic group, and also many act as antibiotics, mainly antifungals, and are produced by several Streptomyces species. The most effective antifungals belong to the heptaenes, like amphotericin B and candidicin, but also trienes, tetraenes, pentaenes and hexaenes include such strong substances. As its name indicates, pentamycin belongs to the pentaenes (HAMILTON-MILLER, 1973).

Zusammenfassung der Kapitel

1 Introduction: Bietet einen Überblick über Biologie, Genetik und Epidemiologie von T. vaginalis sowie den aktuellen Stand der Forschung zu Pentamycin und Proteomik.

2 Materials and Methods: Beschreibt die verwendeten Stämme, die Kultivierungsbedingungen sowie die spezifischen experimentellen Ansätze (SDS-PAGE, Mikro-Titer-Assays, Staining-Verfahren) zur Wirkungsanalyse.

3 Results: Präsentiert die Ergebnisse zur Wirkung von Pentamycin auf Morphologie, Vitalität, Proteinzusammensetzung und die Entwicklung potenzieller Resistenzen über sechs Monate.

4 Discussion: Diskutiert den Wirkmechanismus (Membranlyse) und die Eignung von Pentamycin als Alternative zu Metronidazol sowie die Herausforderungen bei der Resistenzen-Adaption.

5 Summary: Fasst die Kernergebnisse der Studie zusammen, die eine hohe Wirksamkeit von Pentamycin auch bei Metronidazol-resistenten Stämmen belegen.

Schlüsselwörter

Trichomonas vaginalis, Pentamycin, Metronidazol, Polyene, Antibiotika, Parasitologie, Proteomik, Medikamentenresistenz, Zelllyse, Membranpermeabilität, Antimyotika, 2D SDS-PAGE, Infektionskrankheit, Reproduktionsmedizin.

Häufig gestellte Fragen

Worum geht es in der Arbeit grundsätzlich?

Die Diplomarbeit untersucht den Wirkmechanismus und die Effektivität des Antibiotikums Pentamycin bei der Behandlung des Parasiten Trichomonas vaginalis, um eine Alternative zu den zunehmend wirkungslosen Metronidazol-Behandlungen zu finden.

Was sind die zentralen Themenfelder der Arbeit?

Zentrale Themen sind die Mikrobiologie von T. vaginalis, die chemische Wirkung von Polyen-Antibiotika, die proteomische Analyse zellulärer Veränderungen unter Stress sowie die Erforschung von Resistenzmechanismen.

Was ist das primäre Ziel oder die Forschungsfrage?

Das Ziel ist die Evaluierung, ob Pentamycin eine effektive, wirkungsstarke Alternative zur Behandlung von Trichomonose darstellt und ob der Parasit in der Lage ist, Resistenzen gegenüber Pentamycin zu entwickeln.

Welche wissenschaftliche Methode wurde verwendet?

Es wurde eine Kombination aus mikroskopischen Untersuchungen (vital/im-motil), biochemischen Analysen (1D- und 2D-SDS-PAGE zur Proteinprofile-Bestimmung) und statistischen Auswertungen (EC- und IC-Werte) angewendet.

Was wird im Hauptteil behandelt?

Der Hauptteil konzentriert sich auf die experimentelle Testung verschiedener Pentamycin-Dosen an vier Stämmen, die Analyse der Proteinveränderungen durch Gelelektrophorese und die Beobachtung über einen Zeitraum von sechs Monaten zur Resistenzerkennung.

Welche Schlüsselwörter charakterisieren die Arbeit?

Die wichtigsten Begriffe umfassen Trichomonas vaginalis, Pentamycin, Resistenzbildung, Membranpermeabilität, Protein-Profiling und therapeutische Wirksamkeit.

Wie unterscheidet sich Pentamycin in der Anwendung von Metronidazol?

Pentamycin wirkt primär durch Membranlyse, während Metronidazol in die Zelle diffundiert und DNA-Schäden induziert; Pentamycin zeigt zudem eine deutlich schnellere Wirkung und bietet Potenzial für resistente Stämme.

Konnte eine Resistenzentwicklung gegenüber Pentamycin nachgewiesen werden?

Nach sechs Monaten konnte keine echte, vererbbare Resistenz nachgewiesen werden, lediglich eine reversible Anpassungsreaktion (Pseudo-Resistenz) unter sublethalen Konzentrationen wurde beobachtet.

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Details

Title
Pentamycin – a new option for the treatment of infections with Trichomonas vaginalis?
College
University of Vienna
Grade
1
Author
Markus Kranzler (Author)
Publication Year
2011
Pages
184
Catalog Number
V190123
ISBN (eBook)
9783656145653
ISBN (Book)
9783656145516
Language
German
Tags
pentamycin trichomonas
Product Safety
GRIN Publishing GmbH
Quote paper
Markus Kranzler (Author), 2011, Pentamycin – a new option for the treatment of infections with Trichomonas vaginalis?, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/190123
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