A total of 256 sputum samples, were stained using Ziehl Neelsen method, in Medical Laboratory section of Hospital of Porto Novo, between 3rd of July, 2008 to 30th of April, 2012. A total of 16 (6.25%) of the samples were positive for mycobacterium tuberculosis, while 240 (93.75%) were negative. Males (n=131) showed higher infectivity 14 (10.68%) than females (n=125) that recorded 2 (1.6%).This research concluded that, free and appropriate treatment for all the infected persons, improving laboratory diagnostic facilities, and further research, to include, cultural and antigen detection assay were the areas that needed immediate attention.
Table of Contents
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Methods
Results
Discussion & Conclusion
Appendice
References
Research Objectives and Key Topics
This study aims to assess the incidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.TB) infections in the Porto Novo province of Cape Verde using direct microscopic sputum staining. The research focuses on evaluating the prevalence of tuberculosis within specific demographic groups and analyzing the diagnostic reliability of standard microscopic techniques in a rural clinical setting.
- Prevalence of M. tuberculosis in Porto Novo, Cape Verde.
- Comparative analysis of TB infection rates between males and females.
- Age-specific distribution of TB positive cases.
- Evaluation of microscopic sputum staining (Ziehl Neelsen method) as a diagnostic tool.
- Correlation between sputum macroscopic appearance and diagnostic outcomes.
Excerpt from the Publication
INTRODUCTION
Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis which kills more people than any other infectious disease. In 1993, because of the serious public health threat posed by tuberculosis, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared it a global emergency. Since then, the incidence of the disease has continued to rise with over 7 million people developing tuberculosis each year, and around 3 million dying from it. The people mostly infected were adults and children in developing countries, specifically Southeast Asian, sub-Sahara Africa, Latin America, and western Pacific ,(WHO 1998).
Factors contributing to the resurgence of tuberculosis in developing countries, and problems in its control include; co-infection with HIV (most important factor), emergence of multi-drug resistivity, inadequate treatment, continuing poverty, malnutrition, overcrowding, armed conflict and increasing numbers of displaced persons. Infection with HIV greatly increases the risk of developing tuberculosis, and accelerates its progress. Progression to AIDS is also accelerated in those co-infected, and HIV has a significant effect on the risk of relapse of tuberculosis. WHO estimates that tuberculosis causes up to 40 % of AIDS deaths in Africa and Southeast Asian.
Most infections with M. Tuberculosis are caused by inhaling cough droplets or dust particles containing tubercle bacilli which become lodged in the lungs, forming a small inflammatory lesion. Bacilli also infect adjacent lymph nodes. Activated macrophages form a granuloma around the site of primary infection which usually limits it. In most people, the primary lesion is self healing, although, not all the bacilli may be destroyed, (some remain dormant in lymph nodes and may reactivate causing post- primary disease). There may be fibrous scarring and sometimes calcification of the healed area.
Summary of Chapters
Abstract: Provides a statistical overview of 256 analyzed sputum samples, noting a 6.25% positivity rate and highlighting the need for improved diagnostic facilities.
Introduction: Reviews the global burden of tuberculosis, factors contributing to its resurgence, and the biological transmission process of M. tuberculosis.
Materials & Methods: Describes the study design, collection of 256 sputum specimens, and the procedural implementation of the Ziehl Neelsen staining technique.
Results: Presents data on TB prevalence broken down by age, gender, year of collection, and macroscopic appearance of sputum samples.
Discussion & Conclusion: Interprets the findings in the context of previous studies, evaluates the efficacy of microscopic diagnosis, and concludes with recommendations for public health policy.
Appendice: Outlines laboratory identification criteria for M. tuberculosis and guidelines for TB service provision in developing countries.
References: Lists the academic and institutional sources utilized for the research.
Keywords
Microscopy, AFB, Ziehl Neelsen, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Sputum, Infection, Prevalence, Diagnosis, Public Health, Gender, Respiratory Disease, Clinical Laboratory, Developing Countries, TB Control, Bacteriology.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary objective of this research?
The primary objective is to assess the prevalence and impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.TB) infections in the province of Porto Novo, Cape Verde, utilizing available microscopic diagnostic tools.
Which diagnostic method was primarily used in the study?
The study utilized the Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) microscopic staining technique to examine 256 sputum specimens collected from patients.
What were the key demographic findings regarding gender and TB infection?
The research found that male patients (10.68% positivity) showed a significantly higher infectivity rate compared to female patients (1.6% positivity).
What are the limitations of relying solely on direct smear microscopy?
Direct smear microscopy has low sensitivity and cannot detect smear-negative tuberculosis cases, which are often prevalent, especially in co-infected HIV patients.
What do the results suggest regarding the age-based prevalence of TB?
The data indicates that within the male category, the age group of 31-40 years exhibited the highest rate of positive TB tests.
Why is tuberculosis considered a major public health concern in developing countries?
It is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity, further exacerbated by poverty, malnutrition, overcrowding, and limited access to advanced diagnostic culture facilities.
How did the study classify the macroscopic appearance of sputum samples?
Samples were classified into five categories: purulent, mucopurulent, mucoid, mucosalivary, and bloody/blood-stained, with mucosalivary being the most common.
What is the author's final recommendation for TB control?
The author recommends providing free, appropriate treatment, improving laboratory diagnostic facilities, and conducting further research incorporating culture and antigen detection assays.
- Arbeit zitieren
- Dr. Peter Ubah Okeke (Autor:in), 2012, Re-evaluation of the Existence of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis using Microscopicf, Sputum Staining Examination, München, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/193857
