The study is primarily aimed at exploring the experiences of women who are victims of trafficking in women from Ethiopia to Sudan particularly through the Metema trafficking route. It demonstrates the way how the trafficking women victims were trapped by the web of the traffickers, means of transportations, and the manner of treatment throughout the trafficking process and the forms of exploitations faced by them at their arrival. Moreover, an endeavor is made to point out the human rights violations confronted by the trafficking women victims at each key stages of the trafficking process. The study is conducted in critical research approach and employed in-depth interviews, key informant interviews and focus group discussion vis-à-vis analysis of relevant literatures and secondary data sources as an instrument to solicit the necessary information for the research. The research found out that the women are pushed by poverty and allied factors and further hauled by the stories of attractive job opportunities and salary, pertaining to the false promises of the traffickers and individuals in the trafficking circle. Moreover, the findings signify that the women had experienced numerous human rights violations throughout the passage, in destination and prisons in Sudan. Thus, it is the belief of the researcher that the outcomes of the study will be helpful to all concerned stakeholders to take the necessary measures to see end the misery of many of Ethiopian women exposed and subjected to trafficking in women.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE: RATIONALE OF THE STUDY
1.1. Statement of the Problem
1.2. Research Objectives
1.3. Research Questions
1.4. Significance of the Study
1.5. Scope of the Study
1.6. Limitations of the study
1.7. Structure of the Study
1.8. Research Methodology
1.8.1. Study Area Description
1.8.2. Source
1.8.3. Sampling Design
1.8.4. Data Collection
1.8.4.1. In-depth Interview
1.8.4.2. Key Informant Interview
1.8.4.3. Focus Group Discussion
1.8.4.4. Document Analysis
1.8.5. Ethical Considerations
1.8.6. Data Processing and Analysis
CHAPTER TWO: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS AND THE GLOBAL, REGIONAL AND NATIONAL CONTEXTS OF TRAFFICKING
PART ONE: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS OF TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS
2.1. Contested Definitions of Trafficking
2.1.1. Overview of the Concept of Trafficking in Persons
2.1.1.1. Recruitment
2.1.1.2. Transportation
2.1.1.3. Exploitation
2.1.2. Irregular Migration vs. Trafficking in Persons
2.1.3. Human Smuggling vs. Trafficking in Persons
2.1.4. Trafficking in Women
2.2. Root Causes of Trafficking in Persons
2.2.1. Pushing (Supply Side) Factors
2.2.2. Pulling (Demand Side) Factors
2.2.3. Factors Create Impunity
PART TWO: THE GLOBAL, REGIONAL AND NATIONAL REALITIES ON TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN
2.3. The Global and Regional Trafficking Patterns
2.4. Human Trafficking Record of East African Countries
2.5. The National Context of Trafficking in Women
PART THREE: INTERNATIONAL, REGIONAL AND NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS RELEVANT FOR COMBATING TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN
2.6. International and Regional Instruments
2.7. National Instruments
CHAPTER THREE: THE SITUATIONS OF TRAFFICKING WOMEN FROM ETHIOPIA TO SUDAN THROUGH METEMA ROUTE
PART ONE: GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE RESPONDENTS
3.1. Background Information of Interviewees
3.1.1. Trafficking Women Respondents by Age
3.1.2. Trafficking Women Respondents by Marital Status
3.1.3. Trafficking Women Respondents by Residence
3.1.4. Background Information of FGD Participants
PART TWO: ANALYSIS OF THE EXPERIENCES OF THE TRAFFICKING WOMEN VICTIMS
3.2. Expectations and Reasons for Leaving
3.3. The Recruitment Process and Negotiation with Brokers
3.4. Means of Transportation
3.4.1. Risks in the Passageway
3.5. The Traffickers Web: Sharing Benefits
3.6. The Condition Confronts Women at Arrival
3.7. The Work Environment
3.8. The Moments of Being Captured by the Police
3.9. Life in Prison
3.9.1. Responses from the Ethiopian Embassy in Sudan and Other Stakeholders to the Women in Prison
3.10. Means of Returning Home
3.11. Preventive (Counter Trafficking) Measures
CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1. Conclusion
4.2. Recommendations
Objectives and Topics
The study aims to explore the experiences of women who are victims of human trafficking from Ethiopia to Sudan, specifically focusing on the Metema route. By adopting a human rights perspective, the research investigates the trafficking process, the forms of exploitation faced by women, and the effectiveness of current measures taken by stakeholders to combat these violations.
- The experiences and treatment of women throughout the trafficking process from origin to destination.
- Root causes of trafficking, including push and pull factors.
- Identification of human rights violations during passage, in destination, and in Sudanese prisons.
- An evaluation of governmental and non-governmental stakeholder responses and preventive measures.
- Analysis of the traffickers' network and their methods of deception and control.
Excerpt from the Book
3.4.1. Risks in the Passageway
All the women on the study (except Cases 2 and 8) reported that transporting through the deserts in foot has exposed them to many physical and psychological abuses and risky state of affairs. They mentioned deaths, hunger and thirsty, rape, robbery, kicking, punching, beating and insulations, being captured by security patrols and unknown people, and being lost in the deserts with no money to either return home or enter Sudan as risks the women commonly experienced in the passageway.
The following verbatim examples show how the women expressed the risks inflict upon trafficking women travelled in foot from Metema to Sudan:
The brokers have left the women alone in the desert after they took and robed their money. Some of the survivals are sometimes returned to home after staying a week and above in the deserts between, even with no single Birr to buy a drinking water. These women have faced a situation of neither getting to Sudan nor return home. They have wasted and died in between. (Case 1)
My first two attempts to cross the Ethio-Sudan border have not successful. In the first one, I have captured by the border security forces, and one other time we have incarcerated by unknown people in the desert. This person has robbed my gold necklace from my neck in addition to the money what we all have. For instance, they raid 150 Sudanese Pounds from me. Then, it was in my third attempt that I succeed to cross the border and enter to Sudan. In the way, we slept at the jungles in the desert just like as animals. We have starved and thirsting. We sometimes have eaten the fruit of a desert tree locally called ‘gaba’ and groundnuts to kill our starvation. Additionally, we have required to walk fast in the desert, and if we slow down they kicked us through sticks in behind. (Case 3)
In the passage, we have carried some food and water in a tiny bag. Besides, there was nothing to eat and drink in the desert. The brokers traveled with us in the deserts were very cruel.
Summary of Chapters
CHAPTER ONE: RATIONALE OF THE STUDY: This introductory chapter outlines the problem of trafficking, stating the research objectives, significance, and methodology used for the study.
CHAPTER TWO: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS AND THE GLOBAL, REGIONAL AND NATIONAL CONTEXTS OF TRAFFICKING: This chapter reviews literature on trafficking, discussing definitions, causes, and the global, regional, and national contexts relevant to the study.
CHAPTER THREE: THE SITUATIONS OF TRAFFICKING WOMEN FROM ETHIOPIA TO SUDAN THROUGH METEMA ROUTE: This chapter presents the empirical findings regarding the background of respondents and an analysis of their experiences during the trafficking process.
CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: This final chapter synthesizes the main research findings and provides recommendations for policy makers and stakeholders to mitigate trafficking.
Keywords
Women, human trafficking, trafficking in persons, human smuggling, migration, irregular migration, trafficking in women, trafficking women victims, trafficking women returnees, Metema, exploitation, human rights, Sudan, Ethiopia.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary focus of this thesis?
This thesis explores the experiences of Ethiopian women who are victims of trafficking, specifically focusing on those who travel to Sudan via the Metema route, analyzed through a human rights perspective.
What are the central thematic areas of the research?
The study centers on the recruitment and transportation methods used by traffickers, the exploitation faced by women in destination countries, their experiences in prisons, and the responses of various stakeholders.
What is the primary goal of the study?
The objective is to uncover the reality of the trafficking situation, identify human rights violations at various stages, and provide recommendations to address these issues effectively.
Which scientific methodology does the researcher employ?
The researcher uses a qualitative research approach, conducting in-depth interviews, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions, supplemented by literature and document analysis.
What topics are discussed in the main body of the work?
The main body covers the theoretical framework, the global and regional patterns of trafficking, the specific experiences of trafficking victims on the Metema route, and an evaluation of preventive measures.
Which keywords characterize this work?
The key themes include women victims, trafficking, human rights violations, Metema, Sudan, poverty, exploitation, and counter-trafficking measures.
What specific risks do women face during the journey?
Women face severe physical and psychological abuse, including rape, robbery, hunger, thirst, and potential death in the desert during their transit to Sudan.
How does the study describe the role of the Ethiopian Embassy?
The study reports that the victims feel the assistance provided by the Ethiopian Embassy in Sudan is insufficient, noting that officials often blamed the women for their decision to enter Sudan illegally instead of providing support.
- Quote paper
- Shewit Gebreegziabher (Author), 2013, The situations of trafficking women from Ethiopia to Sudan, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/229561
