The application of wireless sensor networks a increasing day by day. As the demand for this network increase so is the need to evaluate the characteristics of the existing networks so as to maximize the performance of these networks. Once implemented, the network is in- accessible to the user hence the design of the network should be in an energy efficient manner. Wireless sensor networks are formed by a number of sensor nodes which are battery powered with limited energy available per node. Wireless sensors are not only used for monitoring but also for gathering data from the network. Extracting data should be performed with minimized energy as sensor networks are battery powered and wastage of which will result in the inefficient functioning of the network. The Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) is the most popular protocol in this category which is based on adaptive clustering technique. This paper presents a study on the various cluster-based routing protocols and their performance in simple wireless network in terms of routing and energy issues related to it.
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN), Routing Protocols, energy efficiency, cluster head.
Abstract
The application of wireless sensor networks a increasing day by day. As the demand for this network increase so is the need to evaluate the characteristics of the existing networks so as to maximize the performance of these networks. Once implemented, the network is in- accessible to the user hence the design of the network should be in an energy efficient manner. Wireless sensor networks are formed by a number of sensor nodes which are battery powered with limited energy available per node. Wireless sensors are not only used for monitoring but also for gathering data from the network. Extracting data should be performed with minimized energy as sensor networks are battery powered and wastage of which will result in the inefficient functioning of the network. The Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) is the most popular protocol in this category which is based on adaptive clustering technique. This paper presents a study on the various cluster-based routing protocols and their performance in simple wireless network in terms of routing and energy issues related to it.
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN), Routing Protocols, energy efficiency, cluster head .
I.INTRODUCTION
Wireless sensor networks consists of sensor nodes that are interconnected and they are controlled by a base station(BS).Routing protocol for wireless sensor networks is designed for two reasons: to increase the performance and efficiency of the network. Routing can be broadly classified into three categories based on the underlying network structure: flat, hierarchical, and location routing. In case of flat routing, all nodes are typically assigned equal roles or functionality. In hierarchical routing, nodes play different roles in the network. In case of location routing, sensor nodes' positions are exploited to route data in the network.
In case of adaptive routing, certain system parameters can be controlled in order to adapt to the current network conditions and available energy levels. These protocols can be further classified into multipath, query, negotiation, QoS, and coherent depending on the operation of protocol.
In addition to the above, routing protocols can be subdivided into three categories, namely, proactive, reactive. And hybrid protocols depending on how the source node finds a route to the destination node. In case of proactive protocols, all the routes are calculated before they are really needed, while in reactive protocols, routes are calculated based on demand. Hybrid protocols use a combination of these two protocols. When sensor nodes are static, it is better to have table driven routing protocols rather than reactive protocols. A huge amount of energy is used in discovery of routes and setup of reactive protocols. Next class of routing protocols is called the cooperative routing protocols. In case cooperative routing, nodes send data to a central node where the data can be aggregated and can be subject to further processing if needed, hence reducing route cost in terms of energy use. Many other protocols rely on timing and position information.
II.GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS -ROUTING CHALLENGES
Based on the mode of operation and the type of target application sensor networks can be classified [11] into two major types. They are:
A. Proactive Networks
The nodes perform sensors-switching and transmitters sense the environment periodically and transmit the sensed data to a BS through the predetermined route. At regular intervals they provide a snapshot of the cluster and its sensed data. This type is suitable for applications that require periodic monitoring of data in network.
B. Reactive Networks
Frequently asked questions
What is the main focus of this document?
This document provides an overview of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), particularly focusing on routing protocols and energy efficiency.
What are Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)?
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are networks consisting of interconnected sensor nodes controlled by a base station (BS). These networks are used for monitoring and gathering data.
Why is energy efficiency important in WSNs?
Sensor nodes are typically battery-powered with limited energy. Therefore, efficient energy usage is crucial for maximizing network performance and longevity.
What is LEACH protocol?
LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is a popular adaptive clustering protocol used in WSNs to optimize energy consumption. It is based on adaptive clustering technique.
What are the main categories of routing protocols in WSNs?
Routing protocols can be classified as flat, hierarchical, or location-based, depending on the network structure. They can also be classified as proactive, reactive, or hybrid, depending on how routes are established.
What are proactive, reactive, and hybrid routing protocols?
Proactive protocols calculate routes in advance, reactive protocols calculate routes on demand, and hybrid protocols combine both approaches.
What are the two major types of sensor networks based on operation?
Sensor networks can be classified as proactive or reactive.
What are proactive networks?
Proactive networks periodically sense the environment and transmit data to a base station through predetermined routes.
What are reactive networks?
Reactive networks respond to sudden changes in sensed attributes, making them suitable for time-critical applications.
What is the role of a base station (BS) in WSN?
A base station controls and manages the sensor nodes in a Wireless Sensor Network.
What is adaptive routing?
Adaptive routing involves controlling system parameters to adjust to current network conditions and energy levels.
- Quote paper
- Feba Susan Thampi (Author), 2014, Proactive and reactive hierarchical routing protocols. A Survey, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/268519