Traditional approaches provide only limited opportunities for general analysis of tectonic structure. However, Geographic Information System provides unique opportunities for solving a wide spectrum of problems, related to analyzing earthquake phenomena. GIS can also provide an effective platform for data assortment, organization, and research with multidirectional data sets. In addition, GIS can also provide an effective solution for integrating different layers of information. In this research an interactive, diversified seismological, geological, and geographical digital database has been developed for Pakistan. Using this GIS database, a better understanding of the tectonics and crustal structure of the region is possible. With the help of this database we have complied new maps of seismological parameters, depth to moho, Pn velocity and Pg velocity. The developed GIS database would help us in natural hazard evaluation, seismic risk assessment, and understanding of earthquake occurrences
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Justification of the Research
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Thesis organization
2.0 Background Concepts
2.1 Fault
2.1.1 Active fault
2.1.2 Thrust fault
2.1.3 Reverse fault
2.1.4 Strike-slip fault
2.1.5 Lineaments
2.2 Seismological parameters
2.2.1 Moho
2.2.2 Pg and Pn velocity
3.0 Literature Review
4.0 A Brief Description of Study Area
5.0 Data and Processing
5.1 Data Acquisition
5.2 Processing of the Geographical and Seismological Data
5.3 Georeference a Topographic Map
5.4 Digitization of Map
5.5 Maneuverings of Seismological Parameters
6.0 Results and Discussion
6.1 Analysis of Geological Faults Location in Pakistan
6.2 Analysis of Pn Velocity Model
6.3 Analysis of Pg Velocity Model
6.4 Analysis of Moho Depth Variation
6.5 Seismotectonic GIS of Pakistan
7.0 Summary
Research Objectives and Core Themes
The primary objective of this research is to leverage Geographic Information System (GIS) technology to enhance the accuracy of locating and evaluating seismic events in Pakistan, thereby providing a robust platform for natural hazard evaluation and seismic risk assessment through the integration of multidisciplinary geological and seismological datasets.
- Development of an interactive, diversified digital database for seismological, geological, and geographical parameters in Pakistan.
- Advanced mapping of key seismological features including Moho depth, Pn velocity, and Pg velocity.
- Comprehensive analysis and spatial distribution mapping of geological faults, including active, thrust, reverse, and strike-slip faults.
- Utilization of GIS for seismic hazard evaluation and the identification of seismically vulnerable regions across the country.
- Integration of disparate data sources into a unified, accessible framework to support regional tectonic studies.
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6.1 Analysis of Geological Faults Location in Pakistan
The Figure 6.1 shows a map of geological fault lines in districts of Pakistan. Different colored symbols in the map legend represent fault lines on the map. The symbol for district boundaries is also shown in the map legend. Names of the districts are clearly visible on the map. This map is a combination of geological and geographical data sets so we can say that the map is the GIS of geological fault locations in Pakistan. The active faults are considered very dangerous in the geology of any area and in NWFP these faults exist in Chitral, Ghizer, Gilgit, Skardu, Diamer, Kohistan, Swat, Lower Dir, Bajur, Mahmand, Kurram, Khyber, Adem Khail, Noshara and Kohat. Whereas in Punjab the active faults are located in Mianwali, D.G Khan and Chkwal. In Balochistan active faults are located in Kohlu, Qila Saifullah, Tank, Musa Khail, Sibi, Quetta, Ziarat, Pashin, Kuch, Gwader, Chagi, Qila Abdullah, Awaran. All the districts with active faults are relatively more dangerous than the other districts in Pakistan. The GIS produced by the geological and seismological data sets give the information that the capital of Pakistan lies on the thrust fault .The districts with these fault lines are Kashmir, Bagh, Muzaffarabad, Kharpur, Haripur, North Wazistan, Zhob, Qilasafullah, Barkhan, Loralai, Kohlu, Khuzdar, Kharan and Chaghi.
Reverse fault is also a very dangerous fault in geological studies. These districts of Pakistan e.g. Adam khail Orakzi, Hangu, Tank, South Wazeeristan, Zhob, Musa Khail, Qila saifulah, Pishin, Qila Abduallah, Sibi, Kahal, Panjgur, Khuran, Kuch and Awaran are on the reverse fault.
Summary of Chapters
1.0 Introduction: Provides an overview of seismology and the role of GIS in analyzing tectonic plates in Pakistan, highlighting the region's high seismic activity and tectonic complexity.
2.0 Background Concepts: Defines fundamental geological and seismological terminology, including the mechanics of various fault types and the significance of Moho depth and seismic velocities.
3.0 Literature Review: Surveys existing research on remote sensing and GIS applications in extracting geological structures and interpreting tectonics in South West Pakistan.
4.0 A Brief Description of Study Area: Describes the geographical and topographical characteristics of Pakistan and summarizes its geological setting relative to the Eurasian and Indian tectonic plates.
5.0 Data and Processing: Outlines the methodologies for data acquisition, georeferencing topographic maps, digitizing geographical features, and interpolating seismological parameters using GIS.
6.0 Results and Discussion: Presents the primary findings, including detailed analyses of fault locations, velocity models (Pn and Pg), Moho depth variations, and the generated seismotectonic hazard map.
7.0 Summary: Concludes the research by reiterating the necessity of using GIS to manage multidirectional data for a comprehensive understanding of Pakistan's tectonic environment.
Keywords
Tectonic plates, GIS, Moho depth, Pn velocity, Pg velocity, Seismology, Earthquake, Geological faults, Active faults, Thrust fault, Reverse fault, Strike-slip fault, Lineaments, Seismic hazard, Pakistan
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary focus of this research?
The research focuses on applying Geographic Information System (GIS) technology to study tectonic plates and seismic activity within the region of Pakistan.
What are the central thematic areas of the study?
The study centers on the integration of geological, geographical, and seismological datasets to create a unified, interactive digital database for regional tectonic analysis.
What is the main objective of this work?
The objective is to enhance the capability to accurately locate and evaluate seismic events, thereby facilitating improved natural hazard evaluation and seismic risk assessment.
Which scientific methodology is primarily employed?
The study utilizes GIS technology for data organization, georeferencing of maps, manual on-screen digitizing of fault lines, and deterministic interpolation (IDW) of seismological parameters.
What topics are covered in the main body of the research?
The main body covers basic tectonic concepts, a review of relevant literature, data processing techniques, and a detailed analysis of Pn/Pg velocity models, Moho depth variations, and seismic hazard mapping.
What are the key terms that define this work?
Key terms include Tectonic plates, GIS, Moho depth, Pn velocity, Pg velocity, Seismology, Earthquake, Geological faults, and Seismic hazard.
How is the Pn velocity model utilized in this study?
The Pn velocity model is used to describe the structure of the Earth’s basaltic layer, where high velocity corresponds to less dense rock regions and low velocity indicates denser rock structures.
Why are the northern areas of Pakistan considered high-risk zones?
Northern areas, including regions near the Himalayas, show high levels of seismicity and tectonic activity, supported by the presence of active and thrust faults identified through the developed GIS database.
What does the regression analysis in the study indicate?
The regression analysis confirms a high correlation between the analyzed seismological parameters and hazard intensity, validating the effectiveness of the generated seismic hazard maps.
- Arbeit zitieren
- Adnan Baig (Autor:in), 2010, Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) for the study of Tectonic Plates in Pakistan, München, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/274331
