River Hindon, an important tributary of river Yamuna flowing through the districts of Western Uttar Pradesh, is subjected to varying degree of pollution caused by numerous untreated and/or partially treated waste inputs of municipal and industrial effluents. In the present investigation, assessment of the water quality characteristics of different point sources contributing river Hindon has been carried out by collecting water and wastewater samples during pre- and post-monsoon seasons during the year 2013-14. The higher values of BOD and COD observed in the drains indicate high degree of organic pollution rendering the water unsuitable even for bathing purpose. At almost all sites of the upstream and mid-section of the river Hindon, DO was observed to be 0 mg/L because of high organic load in the river water. BOD and COD concentration in river Hindon varies from 110 to 212 mg/L and 410 to 601 mg/L in pre-monsoon season while 83 to 159 mg/L and 292 to 510 mg/L in post-monsoon season respectively. Further water quality of river Hindon has been assessed using water quality index and the quality of river Hindon was observed to be BAD at all site which may be attributed to untreated and/or partially treated waste inputs of municipal and industrial effluents joining the river

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Inhaltsverzeichnis (Table of Contents)

Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Study Area
Water Quality Sampling
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion

Zielsetzung und Themenschwerpunkte (Objectives and Key Themes)

The main objective of this work is to assess the water quality of the Hindon River, a tributary of the Yamuna River in Western Uttar Pradesh, India. The study focuses on identifying the sources and extent of pollution affecting the river, specifically examining the impact of municipal and industrial effluents.

Assessment of water quality in the Hindon River.
Identification of pollution sources (municipal and industrial waste).
Analysis of water quality parameters (BOD, COD, DO, etc.).
Evaluation of the river's water quality index.
Investigation of the impact of pollution on the river ecosystem.

Zusammenfassung der Kapitel (Chapter Summaries)

Abstract: This abstract provides a concise overview of the study, highlighting the pollution of the Hindon River due to untreated and partially treated waste inputs. It mentions the assessment of water quality characteristics from various point sources, using water and wastewater samples collected during pre- and post-monsoon seasons of 2013-14. High BOD and COD values indicate significant organic pollution, rendering the water unsuitable even for bathing. The study employed a water quality index assessment, concluding that the Hindon River's water quality is consistently "BAD" at all sampled sites due to the untreated/partially treated waste inputs.

Introduction: This chapter introduces the Hindon River, its historical significance, and its current state of degradation. It details the significant deterioration of water quality due to industrial and domestic sewage discharge, agricultural chemical/pesticide application, and heavy industrial effluent discharge. The chapter emphasizes the intolerable burden placed on the river's natural ability to assimilate pollutants and identifies the main sources of pollution, including municipal and industrial wastes from various urban areas and the confluence of polluted tributaries like the Kali and Krishni rivers. It also highlights the potential health risks associated with toxic pollutants entering the groundwater and food chain. The chapter sets the stage for the subsequent investigation by outlining the problem and its consequences.

Study Area: This section describes the geographical location and characteristics of the Hindon River basin, which covers approximately 7000 km² in the Indo-Gangetic Plains. It specifies the latitude and longitude of the catchment area and details the main pollution sources within the study area, including municipal wastes from several urban areas and industrial effluents from various industries. The chapter also highlights seasonal variations in river flow, with the river being completely dry in summer months in certain stretches. A map (Figure 1) visually represents the drainage map of the Hindon River, while Figure 2 shows the specific sampling locations within the Ghaziabad and Noida stretch.

Water Quality Sampling: This chapter details the methodology of water quality sampling. It explains the selection of eleven drains and twelve river locations (as depicted in Figure 2) for sample collection during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons of 2013-14. The chapter describes the sample collection procedures, including the use of polyethylene bottles, on-site measurements of certain parameters using portable meters, and laboratory analysis of other parameters using standard methods (Jain and Bhatia, 1988; APHA, 1995). This section establishes the rigorous methodology used for data collection and analysis in the study.

Materials and Methods: This section outlines the materials and methods used for the physico-chemical analysis of the collected samples. It details the process of sample collection, preservation, and transportation to the laboratory. The section specifies the use of analytical-grade chemicals and deionized/double distilled water to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the results. It explicitly references the standard methods (Jain and Bhatia, 1988; APHA, 1995) followed for physico-chemical analysis, which ensures transparency and reproducibility of the study’s procedures.

Results and Discussion: This section presents and analyzes the water quality data obtained from the samples collected from the Hindon River and its drains. The data, presented in Tables 2-6, includes various parameters like DO, BOD, COD, TDS, pH, conductivity, hardness, and heavy metal concentrations. The analysis likely focuses on the comparison of pre-monsoon and post-monsoon data to assess seasonal variations in pollution levels. A significant part of the discussion probably explains the implications of the findings concerning the overall water quality of the river and the impact of pollution from various sources. The interpretation of the water quality index results and their relation to the observed levels of pollutants are likely central to this section's analysis.

Schlüsselwörter (Keywords)

Water quality, Drains, Tributaries, River Hindon, Water quality index, BOD, COD, DO, Heavy metals, Pollution, Wastewater, Municipal waste, Industrial waste, Western Uttar Pradesh, India.

Frequently Asked Questions: Assessment of Water Quality in the Hindon River

What is the main objective of this study?

The primary goal is to evaluate the water quality of the Hindon River in Western Uttar Pradesh, India, focusing on identifying pollution sources (primarily municipal and industrial effluents) and their impact.

What key themes are explored in this study?

The study examines water quality parameters (BOD, COD, DO, etc.), assesses the river's water quality index, and investigates the impact of pollution on the river ecosystem. It also identifies the sources of pollution, such as municipal and industrial waste.

What is the scope of the study area?

The study area encompasses the Hindon River basin, covering approximately 7000 km² in the Indo-Gangetic Plains. Specific sampling locations were within the Ghaziabad and Noida stretch of the river and its tributaries.

What methods were used for water quality sampling?

Eleven drains and twelve river locations were sampled during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons of 2013-14. Polyethylene bottles were used for sample collection. On-site measurements were taken using portable meters, and laboratory analysis followed standard methods (Jain and Bhatia, 1988; APHA, 1995).

What parameters were analyzed in the water samples?

The analysis included various parameters such as DO (Dissolved Oxygen), BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), TDS (Total Dissolved Solids), pH, conductivity, hardness, and heavy metal concentrations.

What were the key findings of the study regarding water quality?

High BOD and COD values indicated significant organic pollution, rendering the water unsuitable even for bathing. The water quality index consistently showed "BAD" quality at all sampled sites due to untreated/partially treated waste inputs. Seasonal variations in pollution levels were also likely analyzed and discussed.

What are the main sources of pollution identified in the Hindon River?

The study pinpoints municipal and industrial wastes from various urban areas as major contributors to pollution. The confluence of polluted tributaries like the Kali and Krishni rivers also significantly impacts water quality. Agricultural chemical/pesticide application and heavy industrial effluent discharge are also mentioned as contributing factors.

What are the potential consequences of the river's poor water quality?

The study highlights potential health risks associated with toxic pollutants entering the groundwater and food chain. The intolerable burden placed on the river's natural ability to assimilate pollutants is also a significant concern.

What is the overall conclusion of the study?

The Hindon River's water quality is severely compromised due to untreated and partially treated waste inputs from various sources. The consistently "BAD" water quality index across all sampled sites underscores the urgent need for pollution control measures.

What keywords describe this study?