My idea for the accelerated expanding universe can not exist without the fourth spatial dimension of the Kaluza-Klein theory, not without a lot of strained balloon model and not without the power of a Big Bang explosion. One idea for the dark matter is a major component of it, because without it no accelerated expansion is possible. It would have made no sense to me to design a cosmological principle if I nad not found a way for the natural mass rejection and with which the Dark Energy at first is to explain.
Crucial for the invention of this cosmological model is the speed of the enlargement of the balloon, which represents the dark matter as a relative increase in mass. The speed of movement, the velocity in fourth dimension, is by the character of the room in which we live, invisible. Unfortunately we will never be able to verify this view, since we are now living in the balloon skin.
So the model is admittedly risky, because it requires many things which can never be put in appearances. Only circumstantial evidence can corroborate this view. It remembers to science of the structure of elementary particles. But even the summoning of this effort is not enough. In recognition of the Kaluza-Klein theory it would be necessary to put themselves in the situation of the inhabitants of this universe, to capture their mental perspective, and to prove so the view of this article.
That's asking a lot, but the calculation reproduces the actual observation of the expansion rate very good. Probably we will never be in a better position to observe a universe. So I think a study of this view would be useful and necessary.
Calculation of the Cosmic Expansion Rate 2012
Daniel Adamczyk
Foreword
My idea for the accelerated expanding universe can not exist without the fourth spatial
dimension of the Kaluza-Klein theory, not without a lot of strained balloon model and not
without the power of a Big Bang explosion. One idea for the dark matter is a major
component of it, because without it no accelerated expansion is possible. It would have made
no sense to me to design a cosmological principle if I nad not found a way for the natural
mass rejection and with which the Dark Energy at first is to explain.
Crucial for the invention of this cosmological model is the speed of the enlargement of the
balloon, which represents the dark matter as a relative increase in mass. The speed of
movement, the velocity in fourth dimension, is by the character of the room in which we live,
invisible. Unfortunately we will never be able to verify this view, since we are now living in
the balloon skin.
So the model is admittedly risky, because it requires many things which can never be put in
appearances. Only circumstantial evidence can corroborate this view. It remembers to science
of the structure of elementary particles. But even the summoning of this effort is not enough.
In recognition of the Kaluza-Klein theory it would be necessary to put themselves in the
situation of the inhabitants of this universe, to capture their mental perspective, and to prove
so the view of this article.
That's asking a lot, but the calculation reproduces the actual observation of the expansion rate
very good. Probably we will never be in a better position to observe a universe. So I think a
study of this view would be useful and necessary.
Remarks
The natural mass rejection theoretical is only to make possible by a mixture of the theories of
E
INSTEIN
and N
EWTON
of gravitation
The
n
r r -Term means a stereographic projection of a four dimensional ball on a three
dimensional room it is just an attempt!
Results
In this calculation the universe is the skin of a four-dimensional ballon. All the mass is
gathered in the infinitesimally thin skin. But this skin is a three-dimensional room of which
every point has the same distance to the centre of the balloon.
With this view one can see a gravitation on the distant skin of the centre because for
calculation one can unit the whole mass in the centre of the ballon. Under this thoughts one
can find a distance R from the centre where the time ist still standing to a place far far away
from the centre; that is a place without gravitation. This distance R is an Event Horizont of a
Black Hole, which has no rotation and is not electric charged. This R is calculated by
2
R M G c
=
. G means the gravitational constant, c the speed of light, but M means in this
understanding not the rest mass but the rest mass plus the Dark Matter. The Dark Matter is
gravitational effective, so it effects on time by gravitational time dilation.
If we do anticipate the results of this calculation, one can see the distance of the universe to
the centre of the balloon r to the Event Horizont R, so it looks like the following graphic:
da-ada@foni.net
1
Calculation of the Cosmic Expansion Rate 2012
Daniel Adamczyk
The index i this means only the steps of the calculation. The steps i refer to the distance r from
the center of the balloon and not to the age of the universe. But step 4000 is our present, so
one can see that the distance of the skin to centre is bigger than the distance of the Event
Horizont. This means, the universe is not a Black Hole at this time, but one can see it has been
one in the past where r < R. The calculation shows that this is at least 3.8 billion years ago.
There where two solutions to calculate our distance r of the present, but it was easy to find
out, which is the right one to us. Science found the average densitiy of baryonic matter ,
bary
,
in the cosm. In my calculation Dark Matter results of the speed, matter has over the
enlargement of the balloon. One can consider, that this speed has to be near the speed of light
if you watch the factor q between baryonic matter and baryonic plus Dark Matter, because it
is calculated by
2
2
1
m
M
v c
=
-
so that
2
2
1
v c
m M
=
-
Here m means the rest mass and v is the velocity of the enlargement of the balloon. The factor
q results of the measurement of the densities of barionic and Dark Matter, which where
28
3
4.5 10
bary
kg m
-
-
and
27
3
3.0 10
bary dark
kg m
-
-
+
.
The next step to understand the calculation of rest mass of the universe is a little harder to
reconstruct. But for the fist view one can consider the following. If a balloon inflates with an
inflation speed v and someone is standing on the balloon and watches a point on the balloon,
he will watch a escape velocity of the point which is the bigger as more far away the point is.
The speed of escape
e
v is calculated by
e
v
v
=
.
is the angle of centre of the balloon
between the point of view and the viewed point. However, this presupposes that the inhabitant
of the skin can watch round the curve of the skin, but this is something that will have a big
significance later. But at first a graphic for explanation:
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2
Calculation of the Cosmic Expansion Rate 2012
Daniel Adamczyk
Now the speed of escape
e
v shall be the basis of the cosmic expansion rate H, which is
measured by science. But to define
e
H
v s
=
there is additional the distance to the object
neccesary. If one consider, that the light of the far away object wants to reach the observer
while the skin inflates, you understand by the picture of an ant, that tries to reach another
point of the inflating ballon, that a) she always has the same velocity against the skin and b)
the time to reach the point takes the same time as the difference between the start- (
u
r ) and
end-size (
n
r ) of the inflating balloon. The way of the distance s bases on the same time as the
way of the enlargement of the inflating balloon so that one can say for a constant v and c
s c t
=
and
n
u
r
r
v t
-
=
results in
(
)
n
u
c
s
r
r
v
=
-
Nevertheless, without
a calculation of H is not possible.
is a result of a mathematical
problem called logarithmic spiral on which can to fall back because the way of the light is
under an angle to the skin of the inflating balloon.
If you consider that light tries to reach the observer while the ballon inflates, one can see that
the path does not only happen in three dimensions of the cosm but also in the fourth
dimension of the balloon. So the way s lays oblique in the room of the balloon and also to the
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3
Calculation of the Cosmic Expansion Rate 2012
Daniel Adamczyk
cosm, the skin. By the way, this is no problem to imagine because of we know that we look
through the past if we watch distant objects the skin of the balloon stands for the present, the
present which we never can see because we look to the past and which is only one point in the
world of an individual - but every individual has one! But there is to say that the visible
universe geometrical is not a sphere it is a flame, or a drop.
It is easy to understand, that the angle
of the way towards the direction of movement of the
skin is
tan(
)
arc
c v
=
. Now, in a logarithmic spiral the angle
is calculated by
1
ln
u
n
r
k
r
=
. The k represents the angle
by
cot( )
k
=
so
ln
u
n
r
c
v
r
= -
,
if one consider, that the spiral shall wind from the present to the past, as it is necessary for the
calculation of this essay. So k has to be negative. r
u
is the distance of the remote point to
the center of the balloon, as this is seen by observers in the past and u means a step of i.
If one remembers the reason of this excursion he will understand that it is now to estimate the
rest mass. This succeeds by verifying the distance of the skin to the centre. It is a complicated
calculation which needs the arc length of the logarithmic spiral, but not enough, one has to
derive from the arc length to the way of light s mathematically, not logical as we had done it. I
offer as a way out my experience of our equation of s. Many attempts confirms that in the
equation of s the start distance has to set
0
u
r
=
that you get
n
r
s v c
=
as the distance, where
is the rest mass is hidden in the Hubble-Constant or cosmic expansion rate.
With an expansion rate
1
1
0
74
H
km s
MPc
-
-
=
the distance r of the present skin is
26
1.236 10
n
r
m
=
because one knows the relationship between baryonic plus Dark Matter and
baryonic matter and therefore v . This leads over a volume of a three-dimensional sphere
2
3
2
V
r
=
to a rest mass of
52
1.681 10
m
kg
=
. Additional there is to say that the deviation
to the full calculation is low because of the big explosion power of the Big Bang which
accelerates the mass very strong.
In science it is a fact that we look directly to the centre of the cosm. So we think that Hubble-
Constant represents the rayon of the universe. By the type of this connection the science is
confirmed. So it is a nice feature. In a different form it is shown by
2
2
0
1
bary
n
bary dark
c
r
H
+
=
-
and if one call
bary dark
bary
q
+
=
it is
2
0
1 1
n
c
r
q
H
=
-
in which
0
H ,
bary
and
bary dark
+
has to refer only on really observed measurement of the
local region in memory of the single point of presence which has to be fullfilled. The upper
panel allows the question of whether the light can shine even in the past - the answer is, the
light can only shine in the three dimensional sphere, our cosm. It is transported just by the
inflation of the ballon, which always expands to the future. The only thing which is able to
reverses is the size of Dark Matter what follows additional.
To close this chapter the cosmic escape velocity v
e
is shown down over the distance s as it
is calculated:
da-ada@foni.net
4
Calculation of the Cosmic Expansion Rate 2012
Daniel Adamczyk
For comparision the results of measurement is shown down:
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5
Calculation of the Cosmic Expansion Rate 2012
Daniel Adamczyk
Natural mass rejection
Before having a look to the calculation of the expanding rate we have to make an excursion
through the gravitational acceleration, which is already done two times, namely by E
INSTEIN
and N
EWTON
. But this view needs the two existing theories. So that it is already based on these
two sublimed thougts.
At first it is necessary to hear the view of engineer
Walter Orlov
who calculates the
relativistic mercury perihelion with 50 arcseconds against E
INSTEIN
s 43". Later it will be
shown that the calculation with the equation of natural mass rejection compensates for the
difference of the seven arcseconds, so that Orlov has no reason to doubt E
INSTEIN
s General
Theory of Relativity.
"For the calculation of planetary orbits, we the Schwarzschild Metric used. At large distances
from the heavy masses they are easier to Minkowski metric. Why is always meant that the
effects of special relativity theory in general Relativity theory are considered automatically. in
the general picture, it may vote yes. But if we look at a specific bill more closely, we know
that there are additional assumption is needed to discover. Although this damage already
mentioned public. Thus, for the solution of the relativistic Kepler problem, the proper time
used - I.e. the time in the reference system of the planet: "Then the orbital parameters s is the
time
, indicating an entrained Clock " Prof. Norbert Dragon [26] - so that the Lorentz
factors for Energy and angular momentum are removed:
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
v
dt
d
dt
c
d
v
c
=
-
=
-
.
On this way you get
2
2
2
2
1
m c
dt
E
E m c
d
v
c
=
=
-
,
and of
[
]
2
2
1
m r v
L
v
c
×
=
-
r r
results
[
]
2
2
2
dt
d
dt
d
L m c
r v
m r
m r
d
dt d
d
=
×
=
=
r r
.
The effects of special relativity theory are thus from the bill is simply removed and left a
simple energy equation without Lorentz factors:
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
m r
L
M m
L M
E
m c
G
G
m r
r
m c r
m c
+
-
-
=
-
They contend that the omission of the factors specifically Relativity theory has no effect on
outcome. The good at so it is a metric that the change of the reference systems the quality of
the equations does not change. It is expected therefore, the same result for example in the
reference system of center of gravity. Let us introduce the bill is not there because they have a
times would have been too complicated. All that is true, however. Anomalous perihelion of
the planet by the observations determined for the reference system of gravity. Also finds the
solution of the Kepler problem for the movement principle of celestial bodies in the reference
system of gravity place. Two-body problem is the two single-body-problems converted: 1.
Movement of center of gravity passes as a whole no acceleration, therefore, is simply ignored;
second (Actual Bill) movement of a body with reduced mass
1
2
1
2
(
)
m m
m
m
µ =
+
in the
outer potential
(
)
1
2
U G m
m
r
=
+
, that moves along with the main focus.
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6
Calculation of the Cosmic Expansion Rate 2012
Daniel Adamczyk
Furthermore, it is not the consideration of relativistic mass as difficult as it is meant. We
assume that the classical energy equation with
3
r
-
-term, according to general relativity theory
Mercury, for instance, already 43 "returns. Relatively is the mercury-perihelion for turning
around very small. Therefore we can only calculate only the addition, by
3
r
-
-term leave out,
but relativistic energy and angular momentum use (to later add to this addition to 43 "):
2
2
2
1
m c
M m
E
G
r
v
c
=
-
-
,
With the solution of the equation is concerned e.g. Prof. Schnizer [27] and in principle we do
the same now. The Lorentz factor we can express it by the angular momentum and then in the
Energy use rate:
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
m r
L
v
L
m r
c
v
c
=
=
-
-
&
,
'
dr
r
r
d
=
=
,
(
)
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
'
'
1
1
r
r
v
r
r
L
r
v
c
c
c
m c
r
r
c
+
+
=
=
=
+
-
&
&
&
.
With the new variable
1
s
r
=
,
2
'
'
r
s
r
= -
we get
(
)
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
'
1
v
L
v
s
s
c
m c
c
=
+
-
and at least
(
)
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
'
1
L
s
s
m c
v
c
=
+
+
-
.
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7
Calculation of the Cosmic Expansion Rate 2012
Daniel Adamczyk
da-ada@foni.net
8
Calculation of the Cosmic Expansion Rate 2012
Daniel Adamczyk
Now it is useful to have a look on my own derivation of gravitation, which includes the
natural mass rejection. To this end we consider the free fall:
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9
Calculation of the Cosmic Expansion Rate 2012
Daniel Adamczyk
First, we note that potential energy is
pot
E
m U
=
. In this chapter m is the mass of the
specimen and U means the gravitational potential. After this we remember N
EWTON
s law of the
free fall
.
pot
kin
E
E
const
+
=
Therein we set v = 0 so that is
0
kin
E
=
. Then one can say
( )
pot R
const E
=
. Here R means the starting height of the fall where v = 0. It seems not very
intelligent to tell now that
( )
( )
kin r
pot r
E
const E
=
-
, but I want to show by a look over
( )
( )
( )
kin r
pot R
pot r
E
E
E
=
-
, that
( )
pot
kin r
E
E
=
. With the knowing that r is the current altitude
while falling, and remembering
( )
pot R
const E
=
, is it comprehensible way, that
( )
( )
pot
pot R
pot r
E
E
E
=
-
.
To prevent future issues is to say that the start value must be subtracted from the target value.
The following thoughts shows the idea on which all further considerations are based. E
INSTEIN
told us mass is equal to energy and left us the equation
2
E m c
=
. His general theory of
relativity states that, although the speed of light is constant, but only locally at each site.
Furthermore, it varies as follows:
(
)
2
'
1
c
c
U c
= -
.
Now it is to calculate a difference of the mass equivalent:
2
'
'
E
m c
=
and further
'
E E E
=
-
, so that one can say
2
2
2
1
U
E m c
m c
c
= - -
The problem with doing this is, that both energies E and E' are on different heights. It is to
say, that E
INSTEIN
tells us, that one and the same specimen has different energies in different
heights. In my opinion the difference
E creates the gravitational field plus gravitational
acceleration or motion in free fall. 'Matter must always have the same rest mass energy.'
Using this example of free fall, this was
E=E
start
-
E
target
. Showed with some theoretical
attempts to
E
pot
=
1
2
E .
Now it is to develop a potential out of this to drawn conclusions to the gravitational
acceleration. Like it is done with the Newtonian derivation of gravitation the starting height is
infinitely. So the gravitational potential is zero. So if you call the mass of the planet M
U =-MG
r
start
-
-
MG
r
target
you can call it U =
MG
r
target
. Thus
2
2
2
arg
1
t
et
M G
E m c
m c
r
c
= - -
and with
E
pot
=
1
2
E
it is logical to say
2
2
2
arg
1
1
2
pot
t
et
M G
E
m c
m c
r
c
=
- -
If we know that
pot
E
m U
=
one can say that
pot
E
m
U
=
, which means that
da-ada@foni.net
10
Calculation of the Cosmic Expansion Rate 2012
Daniel Adamczyk
(
)
2
2
arg
2
arg
1
1
2
start
t
et
t
et
M G
m U
U
m c
m c
r
c
-
=
- -
.
Regarding the derivation of N
EWTON
U
start
=
0
. That means
(
)
2
2
arg
2
arg
1
1
2
t
et
t
et
M G
m
U
m c
m c
r
c
-
=
- -
and
2
2
arg
2
arg
1
1
2
t
et
t
et
M G
U
c
c
r
c
-
=
-
-
so it is easily to say that
2
2
arg
2
arg
1
1
2
t
et
t
et
M G
U
c
c
r
c
= -
-
-
Now the newtonian gravitational potential is done by
So it is easily to say, that the gravitational acceleration g is
g =
d
dr
U
target
.
Thereupon
2
2
2
arg
1
1
2
t
et
d
M G
g
c
c
dr
r
c
=
-
-
-
and finally
g
target
=
MG
r
2
-
M
2
G
2
r
3
c
2
The derivation includes the view, that the rest mass energy communicates over differences in
height. A specimen shall know his constant sum of its energies and forms part of which the
gravitational field and forms part of which a force or a motion.
Without experimental evidence this statement remains ineffective. But actual is to say that
this equation of gravitational acceleration can assume negative values. Next will be shown a
theoretical attempt with the mercury perihelion by usage of the equation of g above. The
calculation is based on the principle of free fall according to the N
EWTON
ian view. The loop is
shown down:
da-ada@foni.net
11
( )
r
U
g r dr
-
=
Calculation of the Cosmic Expansion Rate 2012
Daniel Adamczyk
The velocity vz is the speed of mercury in the direction to the sun, vu is the rotation velocity
of mercury. is the back down angle of mercuy round the sun. The program starts with
=0
in the perihel and rounds the sun for nearly hundred years namely 415 rounds. The
program uses more accurate values as shown above. The compiler of this calculation is
Virtual Pascal v2.1 and the program is shown in the attachment. The screen below shows the
results of the program steps of t = 0.1 seconds:
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Noch 0 Minuten
Aphel
Abstand M-S = 4.66763975543473E-0001 AE
Geschwindigkeit= 3.88582621045506E+0004
Umlaufzeit= 8.79690137409616E+0001 Tage
Umlaufanzahl= 4.14499994484433E+0002 f= 4.14500000000000E+0002
Anzahl Durchgaenge= 3.15041665338111E+0010
Apheldrehung=-7.14817522565231E+0000
Perihel
Abstand M-S = 3.07491007642847E-0001 AE
Geschwindigkeit= 5.89859100000002E+0004
Umlaufzeit= 8.79690137391701E+0001 Tage
Umlaufanzahl= 4.14999994494191E+0002 f= 4.15000000000000E+0002
Anzahl Durchgaenge= 3.15421691478465E+0010
Periheldrehung=-7.13552893862381E+0000
vo= 5.89859100000000E+0004
Zeit= 8.86966333333334E+0001 Minuten
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12
Calculation of the Cosmic Expansion Rate 2012
Daniel Adamczyk
The value of the mercury perihelion
=-7.136' '
done by the graviational acceleration g
found above and which includes the natural mass rejection, is often reproduced, for example
by a special view of planetary movement I call natural celestial Mechanics, without circular
motion and angular momentum. It works only with movement speed and attack direction of
the attraction. The trick is a radius of orbital motion that results from the components of the
direction of attack. The components are the direction of movement and direction of fall at any
time. This variant of celestial mechanics, however, requires a great performance of the
computer. The rayon is calculated by
r =
(
s
u
)
2
2s
z
. This is indeed confirmed by experiments, but
not proven mathematically.
s
z
is the path perpendicular to the direction of movement within
the shortest possible time,
s
u
is the way in the direction of motion in the same period.
The calculation above is done by steps of 0.1 seconds. This leads to a deviation of -0.026
seconds of arc. Based on the 50" of Orlov
Einstein
=
Orlov
+
the calculation gives a
maximum value of 43.042 seconds of arc and a minimum value of 43.016" . Therefore the
value of Orlov is full calculated by his
Orlov
=
8.3510
-
8
rad
. The difference between 415
rounds of mercury and hundred years is considered.
It was found a relationship between the mass and the gravitational equivalent. As a reminder,
it is
F =
d
dr
-
1
2
E
because
F =ma
. In the following, then using this relationship, the centrifugal force of a
rotating body can be derived.
The time dilation of movement is
=t
1-v
2
/
c
2
. If we remember the equation of c' by
c ' =c
(
1-
U
c
2
)
I must catch up on how I came to this relationship. The time dilation of
gravitation is calculated by the equation
=t
(
1-
U
c
2
)
. If our measurements of the speed
of light do always give the same value back, it cannot be otherwise that the light goes the
same way as the time dilation of gravitation. Our clocks and our hearts and everything is
going with this time dilation. We are only able to measure a difference if we measure over a
difference of height or doing this by counting steps in an airplane, but directly on the ground
it is not possible to measure the time dilation. People in a fast starship will measure the same
speed of light, too. Our second is the same second on every place and every movement. Also
if the time is really dilated on our ground the speed of light has to be dilated in the same way.
Additional there is to say, that this is a subjective fact only for the inhabitantt of the place,
because he measures the same standards as everywhere. The standards are different over
gravitation measured over a difference of height.
So it is the time dilation on which the above equation of force F resp. the relationship of the
difference of mass equivalent and gravitation funds. By this understanding the equation of
E
sounds otherwise
E=mc
2
(
1-
2
)
.
da-ada@foni.net
13
Calculation of the Cosmic Expansion Rate 2012
Daniel Adamczyk
So that can be done with a potential having held body in movement, because movement has a
time dilation, too. Rotation has a potential, but it is about reciprocally proportional to this of
gravitation. By resuming the force law the acceleration a of a body in a potential sounds now
a=
d
dr
-
1
2
c
2
(
1-
2
)
So it is easy to derive the centrifugal acceleration of a rotating body. The time dilation has
been
=t
1-v
2
/
c
2
and the rotation speed is
v
u
=
r
. That leads to
a=
d
dr
-
1
2
c
2
(
1-
(
1-(
r)
2
/
c
2
)
2
)
.
The centrifugal acceleration a results to
a=-
2
r
The minus results of the direction, centrifugal acceleration has towards gravitational
acceleration.
In general, this phenomenon based on the indistinguishability between a stationary system in
a gravitational field and an accelerated system, which has studied Paul Ehrenfest.
Cosmic Expansion Rate
In the universe governs the rejection. One speaks of accelerated expansion and suspects a
Dark Energy which is responsible for it. The natural mass rejection is verified. Thus, these
replace the dark energy.
Input was presented to the cosmological principle of this essay. The cosmos is like a balloon
skin to be seen. Governed but in this balloon skin rejection, the balloon must be larger. The
gravity has also been raised about the fourth dimension. To view the universe as a whole, it is
primarily these, which need to be considered.
The cosmological conception was described. In this article, the four-dimensional gravity is
similar to the spatial. We also know the speed specimens are able to reach, which fall to the
ground. Among the mass rejection of these bodies would fly straight up the earth. Both can be
described by the law of free fall of Isaac Newton and it was already used to derive the
equation of gravitation, which involves the natural repulsion of mass, used in this paper. So it
is easy to construct a relationship, but my experience told me the power of a Big Bang to
make the construction work, because if there is only the free fall resp. free jump the values of
the distance were not logical, are complex.
So, at first one note
E
pot
=
E
kin
. After that we remember
E
pot
=
1
2
E
, so that one can
say
E
kin
=
1
2
E
. As one know, the kinetic energy is
E
kin
=
mc
2
(
1
1-
v
2
c
2
-
1
)
.
It has been described, that Dark Matter is a result of the speed of enlargement of the balloon.
The speed of enlargement is v in the equation and the mass m is the total baryonic mass of the
universe - one has to notice, that the whole mass is in movement over the fourth dimension.
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14
Calculation of the Cosmic Expansion Rate 2012
Daniel Adamczyk
Will necessarily also be emphasized that the total moving mass at the same time the effective
gravitational mass is, if you think about it. The mass moves itself, but not far enough. So
additional there is the power of Big Bang
E
BB
necessary. If we now put all together it
sounds:
mc
2
(
1
1-
v
2
c
2
-
1
)
=
1
2
(
mc
2
-
m
1-
v
2
c
2
(
c
(
1-
mG
1-
v
2
c
2
rc
2
)
)
2
)
+
E
BB
For a better understanding reduced it sounds
which means
E
kin
=
1
2
E+ E
BB
The relationship is a little bit modified against our three-dimensional pendant. The rest mass
m is in the first term of
E
and the baryonic plus Dark Matter is in the second term. If we
imagine the universe, at first it is in rest, so there is no Dark Matter. Dark Matter only arises
with the expansion and the speed of it, the speed of the enlarging balloon. We remember the
rule for subtraction in free fall: "Start minus target". This rule is used here, too. So Dark
Matter plus baryonic is used in the second term for the gravitational potential and the mass in
the start mass equivalent. The Big Bang power is added additional as basic energy.
In my experience it is best to take the middle equation and solve it to
M = f (r )
. So it is
possible to pick better values of the steps i, what I want to say again before reading the full
equation in the attachment. The equation varies over an
r
n
to
r
u
, where in n and u represents
steps of i.
The problem now is to define
r
n
, which shall be the distance to the centre of the balloon in
our present. Therefore we nearly know the relationship between m and M resp.
bary
and
bary+ dark
. With M it is no problem to solve the middle equation to
r
n
, because the value
represents values of the present. I take
bary
=
4.510
-
28
kgm
-
3
and
bary+ dark
=
3.010
-
27
kgm
-
3
and create the relationship
q=
bary+ dark
bary
and
Mq=mq
. So the
relationship sounds
After this is solved to
r
n
. This gives two results:
da-ada@foni.net
15
(
)
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
BB
M G
M m c
m c
M
c
E
r c
-
=
-
-
+
(
)
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
BB
n
Mq G
Mq m c
m c
Mq c
E
r c
-
=
-
-
+
Calculation of the Cosmic Expansion Rate 2012
Daniel Adamczyk
The test shows after research, that R1 gives back a value that lays before the point of zero-g
and R2 gives back the value of
r
n
behind zero-g. That is easy explained: If we have a look to
M over r, we see
Q, wherever is the quotient q of baryonic plus Dark Matter to baryonic Matter. The graph
shows two results for some Q's. These are R1 and R2. Because the rest mass has already been
established in the beginning of the article, it must also fit the density of baryons matter, so that
R2 only comes into question as a solution for our present. It is the bigger one. The point of
zero-g is the top-maximum of the graph. After this the speed of enlargement decelerates, but
only a few. This has to be shown down. The following results of
q5
. Rest mass and big-
bang energy remained unchanged in the graphic shown down:
The equation of g shall be shown a second time specially to this:
The equation cannot be solved for r, if one remember the long equation of M, but the point of
zero-g can be found by the i-steps or by graphics. The graphic is shown down:
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16
2
2
2
3
2
M G M G
g
r
r c
=
-
Calculation of the Cosmic Expansion Rate 2012
Daniel Adamczyk
The blue curve in the chapter
'Results'
, which shows the theoretical distance r of a Black Hole
is the same curve of solving
for r and it becomes the Event Horizont:
As it is shown in the front, geometry and mechanics of the balloon defines the expansion rate,
which is perceived in the balloon skin. So the speed of enlargement of the balloon v is
necessary. This can be determined by m and M because M is known:
Shows the speed v on r as follows:
We realize, that the speed of enlargement v is near the speed of light most of the time.
Because of the equation of v it was not possible to show the first value zero, but the
dimension of the first value shows the great acceleration which exists in the first moment of
Big Bang. One can call it an explosion.
da-ada@foni.net
17
2
2
2
3
2
0
M G M G
r
r c
=
-
0
2
g
M G
r
c
=
=
2
2
1
m
M
v c
=
-
2
2
1
m
v c
M
=
-
Calculation of the Cosmic Expansion Rate 2012
Daniel Adamczyk
It must be mentioned that the value for the big bang energy could only be found through trial
and error. It amounts in this calculation
E
BB
=
8.3410
69
Nm
. This is very, very much energy,
much bigger than the mass equivalent of rest mass m. Maybe the cosm had a much bigger
mass before the big bang, similar to a supernova, and most of it was converted into energy.
The rest mass m also was found by trial and error but it came to the already shown value of
m=1.6810
52
kg
which leads to the value of
M =1.1210
53
kg
in the present, using the q
which was told.
Now the cosmic expansion rate is to be found. So we have to have a look to the geometry of
the perspective of an inhabitant in the skin of the balloon, which we call the universe and as it
was begun at the beginning of the article.
At the beginning of the article there was shown an algorithm to find out the rest mass. It was
not demonstrated mathematically, because it was not possible to close to r of the s. The s was
demonstrated by a logical circuit. Now we have the r and it is not difficult to close to
r
of
the time intervall t. It will be done by an average speed of enlargement of the balloon, because
the full calculation is too complicated. While this the steps i helps:
t=
r
v
, what leads with r =r
n
-
r
i
and
v=
v
n
+
v
i
2
to t=2
r
n
-
r
i
v
n
+
v
i
.
That means, the way s will be calculated of the present base. The k, which was mentioned
earlier, must also be based on an average speed v:
k =-
v
c
and with the average speed k =-
v
n
+
v
i
2c
We notice, k is negative because the logarithmic spiral must wind from present to past as our
view. Now we can come to the angle . The basic equation of the logarithmic spiral
r =r
n
e
k
is solved to
= 1
k
ln
(
r
i
r
n
)
resuming
v
e
=
v
As we know, the cosmic expansion rate
H
0
of the present is defined by
H
0
=
v
e
s
and
s=ct
. So H
0
can be shown down (O = 0):
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18
Calculation of the Cosmic Expansion Rate 2012
Daniel Adamczyk
The graph to the black hole, which was once the universe, also shows that it was once smaller
than a black hole. So the time would run around there wrong. The following chart clarifies
this fact.
=1- MG
rc
2
The problem must be seen from the perspective of the inhabitant of the balloon skin or the
cosmos. To
v
e
=
c
the difference of is
=0.947
, which means, the time course would not
turn over, as far as one looks. =1-
(
c
2
)
,
=-
M
n
G
r
n
--
M
i
G
r
i
,
=-
M
start
G
r
start
--
M
target
G
r
target
Now, there is to consider, that time dilatation reduces the power of light, the luminosity, if
you look from far away in the time dilatated room. One can calculate this rediction by
E
0
=
E , which means the dilatated energy is the same but the non-dilated energy, but with
a bigger surface, a bigger sphere-radius S: 4
s
2
1=4
S
2
1
, so that S=
s
. H
over S is shown down with S in Mpc by H =
v
e
S
.
The expansion speed v
e
over S looks
da-ada@foni.net
19
74.257445
0
H
i
O
1.111329 10
4
.
1.013066
MPc
i
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
1 10
4
1.2 10
4
0
20
40
60
80
Calculation of the Cosmic Expansion Rate 2012
Daniel Adamczyk
At least it is a nice feature to show the visible universe by the schematic representation, as if
the universe were glassy, but reduced to two dimensions and further than the cosmic horizon
allows:
Not without interest is the fact of energy increase using the natural repulsion or antigravity.
The following graphic is done by q=6.333. The other values remained unchanged.
da-ada@foni.net
20
2.998207 10
8
.
7.495754 10
4
.
ve
i
1.111329 10
4
.
1.013066
MPc
i
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
1 10
4
1.2 10
4
0
1 10
8
2 10
8
3 10
8
Calculation of the Cosmic Expansion Rate 2012
Daniel Adamczyk
The total energy of cosm is
E
tot
=
Mc
2
.
The originally existing energy
E
ex
=
mc
2
+
E
BB
.
The surplus energy
E
sp
=
E
tot
-
E
ex
.
The graphic means that there is a surplus energy while the universe has a distance between
610
25
m
and
1.3510
26
m
from the centre of its balloon. Thus, it is a temporary phenomenon,
but it would be nice if it would be to use a technical. With the originally q it sounds like this:
It can be assumed that the boundaries have not changed from the surplus energy. The study's
is still pending.
Büdelsdorf, January the 5
th
, 2012
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21
Calculation of the Cosmic Expansion Rate 2012
Daniel Adamczyk
Attachment
1. Virtual Pascal v2.1 program to calculate the mercury-perihelion:
program Periheldrehung; {Programm zur Ermittlung der Drehung des Perihels}
uses sysutils, crt;
var
z,k2,k3: integer ;
r,a,d,fi,Te,k,u,rv,vz,f,fif,Pd,vu,w,t1,d1,t3,v: extended;
const
AE=149.597870691e9; M=1.989e30; G=6.673848e-11; c=2.9979e8;
vo=5.898591e4; ro=46.00e9; rE=1*AE; t=0.1;
Begin t1:=time;
r:=ro; vu:=vo;
{d ist auf 415, der Rotationen in 100 Jahren, einzustellen} d:=415;
{Venus:}
writeln('Merkur');
writeln(' ');
while fi<2*Pi*(d+0.1) do
Begin
w:=vu/r; fi:=fi+w*t;
a:=M*G/sqr(r)-sqr(M*G/(r*c))/r-sqr(w)*r;
vz:=vz+a*t; rv:=r; r:=rv-vz*t; vu:=vu*rv/r; {v:=sqrt(sqr(vu)+sqr(vz));}
Te:=Te+t{/(sqrt(1-sqr(v/c))-((-M*G/rE)-(-M*G/r))/sqr(c))};
k:=Te/t;
if fi>((d1-0.6)*2*Pi) then if r<rv then
begin
d1:=d1+1;
clrscr;
k3:=round(d1*78/(d+1));
for k2:=0 to k3 do write('X');
writeln(' ');
t3:=time;
writeln(' Noch ',round(24*60*((d*(t3-t1))/(fi/(2*Pi))-(t3-t1))),' Minuten')
End;
if fi>2*Pi*(d-0.6) then if z=0 then if r<rv then
begin
u:=fi/(2*Pi); f:=round(u*2)/2; fif:=f*2*Pi; Pd:=fi-fif; z:=z+1;
writeln(' ');
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22
Calculation of the Cosmic Expansion Rate 2012
Daniel Adamczyk
writeln('Aphel');
writeln('Abstand M-S =',r/AE,' AE');
writeln('Geschwindigkeit=',vu);
writeln('Umlaufzeit=',Te/(3600*24*u),' Tage');
writeln('Umlaufanzahl=',u,' f=',f);
writeln('Anzahl Durchgaenge=',k);
writeln('Apheldrehung=',Pd*648000/Pi);
writeln(' ');
End;
if fi>2*Pi*(d-0.15) then if z=1 then if r>rv then
begin
u:=fi/(2*Pi); f:=round(u*2)/2; fif:=f*2*Pi; Pd:=fi-fif; z:=z+1;
writeln('Perihel');
writeln('Abstand M-S =',r/AE,' AE');
writeln('Geschwindigkeit=',vu);
writeln('Umlaufzeit=',Te/(3600*24*u),' Tage');
writeln('Umlaufanzahl=',u,' f=',f);
writeln('Anzahl Durchgaenge=',k);
writeln('Periheldrehung=',Pd*648000/Pi);
writeln(' ');
End;
End;
writeln('vo=',vo);
writeln('Zeit=',(time-t1)*24*60,' Minuten');
readln;
End.
da-ada@foni.net
23
Calculation of the Cosmic Expansion Rate 2012
Daniel Adamczyk
2. Equation of M (total mass of the universe from baryons and Dark Matter):
(The equation is too long for presentation in this paper. Therefore, it is piecemeal but shown
in the right order)
da-ada@foni.net
24
Frequently asked questions
What is the main topic of "Calculation of the Cosmic Expansion Rate 2012"?
The document discusses the calculation of the cosmic expansion rate, proposing a model based on a four-dimensional balloon and Kaluza-Klein theory. It involves concepts of dark matter, dark energy, and a natural mass rejection principle, combining ideas from Einstein and Newton.
What are the key themes explored in the foreword?
The foreword outlines the reliance of the accelerated expanding universe idea on the fourth spatial dimension, strained balloon models, and the Big Bang. It highlights the importance of dark matter for accelerated expansion and proposes a way to explain dark energy through natural mass rejection.
What are some key remarks made in the text?
The natural mass rejection is made possible by mixing the theories of Einstein and Newton. The document also notes that the nr r-Term is just an attempt and means a stereographic projection of a four dimensional ball on a three dimensional room.
What is the core result of this calculation?
The universe is considered as the skin of a four-dimensional balloon. All the mass is gathered in an infinitesimally thin skin. The document also touches upon the concept of an Event Horizon, calculates its distance R, and considers the effects of Dark Matter on gravitational time dilation.
What is the significance of the enlargement of the balloon?
The speed of the balloon's enlargement is crucial. It represents dark matter as a relative increase in mass and relates the velocity in the fourth dimension to the invisible nature of the room we inhabit.
How is the speed of escape related to the cosmic expansion rate?
The speed of escape is the basis for the cosmic expansion rate (H). However, there is additional the distance to the object necessary. The text mentions that without a calculation of the parameter a calculation of H is not possible.
How does the model explain the observed redshift of distant objects?
The model explains redshift through the analogy of an ant on an inflating balloon. Light from distant objects travels through an inflating skin, making the time to reach the observer equal to the difference between the start and end sizes of the balloon.
What is the shape of the visible universe according to the text?
The visible universe is geometrical not a sphere it is a flame, or a drop.
What is the concept of natural mass rejection presented in the text?
The natural mass rejection theoretical is only to make possible by a mixture of the theories of EINSTEIN and NEWTON of gravitation
How is the cosmic expansion rate related to the Hubble constant?
The distance r of the present skin is derived using an expansion rate (Hubble constant) of 74 km/s/MPc, leading to a volume and ultimately a rest mass calculation for the universe.
What does the text say about the relationship between the Hubble Constant and the universe?
In science it is a fact that we look directly to the centre of the cosm. So we think that Hubble-Constant represents the rayon of the universe. By the type of this connection the science is confirmed.
How does the document address the natural mass rejection?
The document also discusses natural mass rejection, referencing Walter Orlov's calculations regarding the relativistic mercury perihelion and suggesting that this rejection may account for discrepancies in Einstein's calculations.
How does the document discuss the relativistic energy ?
The document also explores relativistic energy and angular momentum, considering their impact on calculations and ultimately aiming to present a unified view of gravitational forces.
What equation is cited in the document?
The document cited equation E=m*c^2 with the idea of a mass equivalent.
Does the document refer to any external research?
On this way you get the reference Prof. Norbert Dragon with a specific orbital parameter.
Does the document include a derivation of gravitation?
Now it is useful to have a look on my own derivation of gravitation, which includes the natural mass rejection. To this end we consider the free fall:
Does the document include the program code for these calculations?
The document does include snippets of Pascal code.
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