Numerous managers associate uncertainty with a bad outcome which should be averted. This thesis’ aim is to provide the opposite view. This dissertation will reveal the strategic potential hidden in each investment. If one firm is on the right track, it could obtain profit from the uncertainty. Uncertainty could generate value and capture a market share. Real option approach will present the way how this key aspect could be evaluated.
The roots of the real option approach are derived from the emblematic formula for the finance world of Fischer Black, Robert Merton and Myron Scholes. The revolutionary in their work is that complex contracts could be evaluated. The option-pricing theory take unalterable place not only in financial but also in the real investments. In addition to this, the real option approach becomes a very powerful tool for managing the real assets. This approach could be used in a wide spectrum of managing action. For all the managers who associate uncertainty and risk with a bad aftermath, the real option approach offers a solution for their worries and could advise them with an appropriate way to operate an investment (Amram, 1999, p. vii).
In this work would be made practical as well as theoretical overarching from financial to real options. Chapter 6 is very constructive and useful for future research purposes, because it is suitable contribution to risk management analysis, and it uses a combination of volatility with option pricing, which can calculate more precisely the project risk.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1. Introductory example
1.2. Statement of the problem
2. Research Methods
3. Frame of Reference and Literature Study
3.1. Traditional investment appraisal
3.1.1. Static methods
3.1.2. Dynamic methods
3.2. Options
3.2.1. Introductions
3.2.2. Fundamentals and Options’ concept
3.3. Real Options
3.3.1. Decision-Tree Analysis
3.3.2. Contingent-Claims-Analysis (CCA)
3.4. Option Pricing Models
3.4.1. The Black-Sholes Model
3.4.2. The Binomial Model
3.5. Monte Carlo Simulation
4. Finding
4.1. DTA
4.2. CCA
4.3. Option Pricing Model
5. Analysis
6. Case Study
6.1. The Real Property Project
6.1.1. Planning of Project Cost
6.1.2. Planning of Project Revenue
6.2. The Project Valuation
6.2.1. Valuation with the Net Present Value Approach
7. Conclusion
8. Recommendation
Objectives and Research Focus
The main objective of this master's thesis is to propose a modern approach for evaluating management activities and investment projects, emphasizing the strategic value of flexibility, which traditional methods often overlook. The study addresses the central research question: "How could 'real options' support management’s decisions?"
- Comparison between traditional Net Present Value (NPV) and Real Options Approach (ROA).
- Implementation of decision-tree analysis and Monte Carlo simulations for risk assessment.
- Evaluation of management flexibility as a strategic asset in investment decision-making.
- Practical application of the Real Options Approach through a comprehensive case study in real estate development.
Excerpt from the Book
1.1. Introductory example
During the 90s, one paradox caused great confusion in the science circles in the United States. A paradox is an announcement which seems to contradict itself at first appearance, but on closer inspection is, nevertheless, true (Olin, 2003, p.6). The assumption of the Real Options Approach is affected mostly by this problematic nature. This paradox is better known in the mathematic and statistic world as the “Monty Hall Problem”. The name comes from the American television show “Let’s make a Deal” and is labelled with the name by the presenter of this show. This problematic is known as well as the “the car and the goats’ problem”. The participant is faced with three doors. Behind one of them is hidden a brand-new sport car, but one does not know behind which of these three doors. At the back of the remaining two doors are placed literary two goats. The game rules follow as it is a turn now for the participant to make a choice and select one of the three doors. Whereupon the presenter opens another door different from the one that has already been chosen. One of the goats appears. The participant is given the opportunity to make a new choice. Should he select another door, or he should stay with his initial choice? This problem separated the mathematicians around the world. What should the participant do in order to maximize the chance of winning the brand-new sport car? Marilyn von Savant, who has the highest IQ at that time, answered that the right decision is to make a new choice. Upon her opinion, the participant has the possibility of winning equals 2/3, in contradiction to the ignition chose, which is equal to 1/3 (Gill, 2011, pp. 59-61).
Summary of Chapters
1. Introduction: Presents the thesis objective, focusing on the limitation of traditional methods and introducing the concept of real options as a support for managerial decision-making.
2. Research Methods: Outlines the methodological approach, including inductive research, data gathering through quantitative analysis, and the use of a four-step model for implementing real options.
3. Frame of Reference and Literature Study: Reviews traditional investment appraisal (static and dynamic methods), the historical context of option theory, and various real option valuation models including DTA, CCA, Black-Scholes, and Monte Carlo simulation.
4. Finding: Provides practical demonstrations of the real options models, focusing on DTA for R&D project evaluation and the use of Contingent Claims Analysis.
5. Analysis: Visualizes the strategic scope of action and probability distributions, comparing traditional DCF approaches with the benefits of incorporating flexibility via real options.
6. Case Study: Applies the theoretical real options framework to a real estate project, evaluating the abandonment option and comparing it against traditional NPV calculations.
7. Conclusion: Summarizes the key findings, reiterating that real options complement conventional methods by localizing the value of managerial flexibility.
8. Recommendation: Suggests that companies, particularly in R&D, should adopt the binomial tree approach for complex investment decisions rather than static formulas.
Keywords
Real Options, Investment Decisions, Net Present Value, Management Flexibility, Risk Management, Decision-Tree Analysis, Monte Carlo Simulation, Contingent-Claims-Analysis, Binomial Model, Black-Scholes Model, Capital Budgeting, Stochastic Processes, Valuation, Strategic Potential, Investment Appraisal
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the core focus of this thesis?
The thesis focuses on how managers can better evaluate investment opportunities by recognizing the strategic value of flexibility, moving beyond static traditional methods.
Which fields are covered in this research?
The work covers investment appraisal, financial mathematics, risk management, real options theory, and corporate strategic decision-making.
What is the primary goal of the research?
The goal is to demonstrate that real options provide a more accurate evaluation of management activities by incorporating uncertainty as a strategic asset rather than just a liability.
Which scientific methods are employed?
The study utilizes an inductive approach, integrating quantitative data collection, Decision-Tree Analysis (DTA), Contingent-Claims-Analysis (CCA), and Monte Carlo simulations.
What is the purpose of the main chapters?
The main chapters bridge the gap between theoretical option pricing models and practical investment analysis, supported by simulations and a real-world case study.
Which keywords define this work?
Key terms include Real Options, Net Present Value, Management Flexibility, Decision-Tree Analysis, and Monte Carlo Simulation.
How does the author evaluate the "Monty Hall Problem" in the context of the thesis?
The Monty Hall Problem is used as an introductory example to highlight the complexity of decision-making under uncertainty and to set the stage for why real options are needed.
What is the central argument regarding traditional DCF/NPV methods?
The author argues that traditional methods fail because they treat future cash flows as unalterable and disregard the value of management's ability to react to new information.
Why is the case study in chapter 6 unique?
The case study is based on prior research but is heavily modified and upgraded to illustrate the practical application of abandonment options in a real-world construction context.
What does the author recommend for practitioners?
The author recommends that practitioners use the binomial tree approach for complex decisions, as it provides greater flexibility compared to the rigid assumptions of the Black-Scholes formula.
- Arbeit zitieren
- Asen Kolaksazov (Autor:in), 2012, Risk Management in Investment Decisions. Real Options Approach, München, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/299087
