The Palani Hills or “Palni Hills” are situated in the western part of the state Tamil Nadu, South India (district Dindigul). The Palani Hills, (10˚5’ - 10˚25’ N and 77˚15’ - 77˚50,E) are an eastward spur of the Western Ghats of India with a maximum (east to west) length of 65 km, a maximum width of 40 km (mean width 24 km) and a total area of 2068 km² (cf. Matthew,1999).
The function of the Palni Hills as a critical water shade respectively as a catchment area and origin area of numerous streams is – ecological and economical - important for the whole population of Tamil Nadu, especially for the inhabitants of the planes.
For several years now efforts have been made to “reserve forest land” (these forests are already among the protected areas of Tamil Nadu) to “Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park” as their upgrade will increase their IUCN status from level VI - Protected Area with Sustainable Use of Natural Resources to IV - Habitat/Species Management Area or II - National Park and improve the habitat and wildlife conservation of this area.
IAN LOCKWOOD published 2003 in the Indian magazine “FRONTLINE“: “In the early 1990s, the Tamil Nadu Forest Department submitted a proposal to the State government to protect much of the Palni Hills by declaring the area a wildlife sanctuary or a national park. The proposal was the result of a remarkable collaborative effort by the State Forest Department, the Palni Hills Conservation Council (PHCC) and several concerned individuals. Ten years later, the area still awaits the notification in this regard. In the meantime, mounting pressure on the habitat from encroachment and increased tourist inflow has taken its toll on the hills.”
Until today (2011) these efforts failed.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1 Eco regions and forest biomes of India
1.2 The studied area
1.2.1 Geographical situation
1.2.2 Climatic conditions
1.2.3 Geology and soils
1.2.4 Native vegetation of the Upper Palnis (1700 – 2500m)
1.3 Exotic plantations in the Palni Hills
1.3.1 History of exotic plantations
1.3.2 Use of plantations nowadays
1.4. Problem definition and objectives
2. Methods and Materials
2.1 Strategy of outdoor assessments
2.1.1 Selection criteria for plantations
2.1.2 Number, size and spatial distribution of vegetation plots
2.1.3 Plot design
2.2 Procedure of outdoor assessments
2.2.1 Exploration of plantations
2.2.2 Assessment of general parameters of the plantations
2.2.3 Assessment of location parameters per plot
2.2.4 Assessment of main stand
2.2.5 Assessment of Shola regeneration
2.2.6 Assessment of ground vegetation
2.3 Statistical analysis
3. Results
3.1 Main stands
3.1.1 Composition of species and stock structure
3.1.2 Number of trees, standing supply and base area per ha
3.1.3 Deadwood, damages and human influence
3.1.4 Crown density and crown cover percentage
3.1.5 Regeneration of main stand species
3.2 Ground vegetation
3.2.1Assemblage of species
3.2.2 Dominant species
3.2.3 Competition situation
3.3 Shola regeneration
3.3.1 Composition of species
3.3.2 Population density: number of individuals
3.3.3 Distance to the nearest Shola as potential seed source
3.3.4 Browsing rate and herbivores
3.3.5 Other damages
3.3.6 Vitality: Sprout heights and diameters
3.3.7 Special locations
3.3.8 Altitude, fall of ground and exposition
3.3.9 Spatial dispersion
4. Discussion
4.1. Appraisal of competition
4.2 Appraisal of browsing
4.3 Shola as a potential seed source
4.4 Possible silvicultural measures
5. Summary
Research Objective and Topics
This study aims to scientifically verify the role of exotic pine plantations as a protective shield for indigenous Shola forest species in the Palni Hills, South India. The research investigates the current status of Shola regeneration within these plantations and evaluates the influence of various ecological factors on the development and survival of native flora.
- Ecological condition and species composition of Shola regeneration in pine plantations.
- Impact of ground vegetation and intraspecific competition on Shola seedlings.
- Influence of external factors such as distance to seed sources, altitude, and herbivore browsing.
- Potential silvicultural strategies to promote natural regeneration of native forest species.
Excerpt from the Book
1.4. Problem definition and objectives
For biologists the term “exotic” normally includes, that a non- native or alien plant or animal threats and adulterates the indigenous flora and fauna. Biological invasions by exotic species are one of the greatest threats to the ecological and economic well-being of the planet. Alien species can act as vectors for new diseases, alter ecosystem processes, change biodiversity, disrupt cultural landscapes, reduce the value of land and water for human activities and cause other socio-economic consequences for man (cf. DAISIE, 2009).
While the two primary Five Year Plans (1951 – 56 and. 1957- 61) centred around rehabilitation and consolidation of forests, the third plan set a new aim, lifting forests from purely conservative an biological management, to increase their production by creating man- made forests of quick- growing and valuable species in place of the existing ones. (…) In order to encourage State governments to undertake large scale plantations of quick growing exotic species, mainly to meet the requirements of the paper and pulp industry, 100% assistance from the Centre was given and thus over 87,000 ha were planted (cf. SAGAREIYA, 1979).
Today, the conservation of indigenous forests is at the very fore and the view of exotic plantations under experts is more differently evaluated. According to MATTHEW (1991) the plantations are one of the main reasons for the decrease of indigenous species. Nowadays numerous NGO´s (“Non- Governmental Organizations“) try to stop the disappearance of sholas and the ongoing spread of exotic plants in different projects; and, for example, the Forest Department of Tamil Nadu plants indigenous tree species and run some nurseries. Harvesting of plantations to bring back shola and in the name of restoration is no solution but helps Rubus (native) and other sun- loving weeds to take over quickly (cf. BALCAR and STUART, 2010).
Summary of Chapters
1. Introduction: Provides an overview of the regional forest biomes, the specific study area, and the historical context of exotic plantations in the Palni Hills.
2. Methods and Materials: Details the sampling strategies, plot design, and statistical methods used to assess main stands, ground vegetation, and Shola regeneration.
3. Results: Presents the findings regarding stand structure, ground vegetation composition, Shola regeneration rates, and the influence of environmental variables like herbivory and seed source distance.
4. Discussion: Critically evaluates the research results, exploring competition dynamics, the role of browsing, and proposing potential silvicultural measures.
5. Summary: Synthesizes the core findings and addresses the research questions regarding the natural establishment of native species in exotic plantations.
Keywords
Shola regeneration, Palni Hills, Pine plantations, Exotic species, Biodiversity, Forest ecology, Species assemblage, Herbivore browsing, Indian Gaur, Sustainable silviculture, Vegetation assessment, Ecosystem restoration, Pinus patula, Habitat conservation, Natural establishment.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary focus of this study?
The study investigates the capacity of exotic pine plantations to serve as a supportive environment for the natural regeneration of indigenous Shola forest species in the Palni Hills, South India.
What are the key thematic areas addressed?
The research covers Shola species composition, population density, the impact of ground vegetation competition, the role of herbivore browsing (specifically by the Indian Gaur), and the proximity to existing Shola patches as seed sources.
What is the central research question?
The primary goal is to determine if current exotic plantations act as protective shields for native Shola species and whether successful natural establishment can be expected in the future.
Which scientific methods were employed?
The author utilized vegetation plots of varying sizes to survey regeneration, performed statistical analyses (ANOVA, Spearman's rank correlation) to examine the influence of crown density and location parameters, and assessed browsing damage.
What does the main body of the work cover?
It details the composition of plantation stands, the diversity and cover of ground vegetation, the specific vitality and dispersion patterns of Shola regeneration, and the statistical correlations between these elements.
Which keywords characterize this work?
Key terms include Shola regeneration, biodiversity, exotic plantations, forest ecology, Indian Gaur browsing, and silvicultural management.
How does crown density affect Shola regeneration?
The study found a significant linear decrease in the number of Shola regeneration individuals as crown density increased, indicating that light availability is a critical factor for successful establishment.
What impact does the Indian Gaur have on regeneration?
The Indian Gaur exerts significant browsing pressure, with an average damage rate of 52%, which heavily influences the composition and mortality rates of the regenerating native seedlings.
Why are some Shola species missing from the regeneration?
The absence of certain species, such as Celtis timorensis, is likely linked to a lack of seed sources or specific site requirements that current plantation conditions do not yet fully meet.
What are the author's recommendations for silvicultural intervention?
The author suggests that selective canopy thinning or group cutting could improve micro-climatic conditions, such as light and warmth, which would promote the growth of Shola species and accelerate decomposition of pine litter.
- Arbeit zitieren
- Birgit Einhellinger (Autor:in), 2011, Regeneration of indigenous Shola species under exotic pine plantations in the Palni Hills, South India, München, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/323192
