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,,1. Eine freie, nicht von der öffentlichen Gewalt gelenkte, keiner Zensur unterworfene
Presse ist ein Wesenselement des freiheitlichen Staates; insbesondere ist eine freie,
regelmäßig erscheinende politische Presse für die moderne Demokratie
unentbehrlich. Soll der Bürger politische Entscheidungen treffen, muß er umfassend
informiert sein, aber auch die Meinungen kennen und gegeneinander abwägen
können, die andere sich gebildet haben. Die Presse hält diese ständige Diskussion in
Gang; sie beschafft die Informationen, nimmt selbst dazu Stellung und wirkt damit als
orientierende Kraft in der öffentlichen Auseinandersetzung. In ihr artikuliert sich die
öffentliche Meinung; die Argumente klären sich in Rede und Gegenrede, gewinnen
deutliche Konturen und erleichtern so dem Bürger Urteil und Entscheidung. In der
repräsentativen Demokratie steht die Presse zugleich als ständiges Verbindungs- und
Kontrollorgan zwischen dem Volk und seinen gewählten Vertretern in Parlament und
Regierung. Sie faßt die in der Gesellschaft und ihren Gruppen unaufhörlich sich neu
bildenden Meinungen und Forderungen kritisch zusammen, stellt sie zur Erörterung
und trägt sie an die politisch handelnden Staatsorgane heran, die auf diese Weise ihre
Entscheidungen auch in Einzelfragen der Tagespolitik ständig am Maßstab der im
Volk tatsächlich vertretenen Auffassungen messen können.
So wichtig die damit der Presse zufallende ,öffentliche Aufgabe` ist, so wenig kann
diese von der organisierten staatlichen Gewalt erfüllt werden. Presseunternehmen
müssen sich im gesellschaftlichen Raum frei bilden können. Sie arbeiten nach
privatwirtschaftlichen Grundsätzen und in privatrechtlichen Organisationsformen. Sie
stehen miteinander in geistiger und wirtschaftlicher Konkurrenz, in die die öffentliche
Gewalt grundsätzlich nicht eingreifen darf.
2. Der Funktion der freien Presse im demokratischen Staat entspricht ihre
Rechtsstellung nach der Verfassung. Das Grundgesetz gewährleistet in Art. 5 die
Pressefreiheit. Wird damit zunächst entsprechend der systematischen Stellung der
Bestimmung und ihrem traditionellen Verständnis ein subjektives Grundrecht für die
im Pressewesen tätigen Personen und Unternehmen gewährt, das seinen Trägern
Freiheit gegenüber staatlichem Zwang verbürgt und ihnen in gewissen
Zusammenhängen eine bevorzugte Rechtsstellung sichert, so hat die Bestimmung
zugleich auch eine objektiv-rechtliche Seite. Sie garantiert das Institut ,Freie Presse`.
Der Staat ist unabhängig von subjektiven Berechtigungen Einzelner verpflichtet,
in seiner Rechtsordnung überall, wo der Geltungsbereich einer Norm die Presse
berührt, dem Postulat ihrer Freiheit Rechnung zu tragen. Freie Gründung von
Presseorganen, freier Zugang zu den Presseberufen, Auskunftspflichten der
öffentlichen Behörden sind prinzipielle Folgerungen daraus; doch ließe sich etwa
auch an eine Pflicht des Staates denken, Gefahren abzuwehren, die einem freien
Pressewesen aus der Bildung von Meinungsmonopolen erwachsen könnten.
Die in Art. 5 GG gesicherte Eigenständigkeit der Presse reicht von der Beschaffung
der Information bis zur Verbreitung der Nachrichten und Meinungen (BVerfGE 10,
118 [121]; 12, 205 [260]). Deshalb gehört zur Pressefreiheit auch ein gewisser
Schutz des Vertrauensverhältnisses zwischen Presse und privaten Informanten. Er ist
unentbehrlich, da die Presse auf private Mitteilungen nicht verzichten kann, diese
Informationsquelle aber nur dann ergiebig fließt, wenn sich der Informant
grundsätzlich darauf verlassen kann, daß das ,Redaktionsgeheimnis` gewahrt bleibt.
3. Die Pressefreiheit birgt die Möglichkeit in sich, mit anderen, vom Grundgesetz
geschützten Werten in Konflikt zu geraten; es kann sich dabei um Rechte und
Interessen Einzelner, der Verbände und Gruppen, aber auch der Gemeinschaft selbst
handeln. Für die Regelung solcher Konflikte verweist das Grundgesetz auf die
allgemeine Rechtsordnung, unter der auch die Presse steht. Rechtsgüter anderer, wie
der Allgemeinheit, die der Pressefreiheit im Rang mindestens gleichkommen, müssen
auch von ihr geachtet werden. Die in gewisser Hinsicht bevorzugte Stellung der
Presseangehörigen ist ihnen um ihrer Aufgabe willen und nur im Rahmen dieser
Aufgabe eingeräumt. Es handelt sich nicht um persönliche Privilegien; Befreiungen
von allgemein geltenden Rechtsnormen müssen nach Art und Reichweite stets von der
Sache her sich rechtfertigen lassen."
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Exkurs: Wie der Bremer Senat Nichtwähler einschätzt
,Q GHU 6WXGLH Ä:DKOHQWKDOWXQJ DOV SROLWLVFKHV 3UREOHP ± HLQ )RUVFKXQJVEHULFKW XQWHU
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%UHPLVFKHQ %UJHUVFKDIW³ KHLW HV Z|UWOLFK ,,In Bezug auf die ,echten` Nichtwähler
hat die Wahlforschung eine Reihe von übereinstimmenden Merkmalen festgestellt. Bei
Wahlberechtigten, die eines oder mehrere der folgenden sozialstrukturellen Merkmale
aufweisen, steigt die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Nichtwahl: geringe Schulbildung, ledig,
arbeitslos, unter 30 und über 60 Jahre alt, Bewohner einer Großstadt, sozial wenig
integriert. Korrelieren diese Merkmale mit bestimmten politischen Einstellungen wie
Unzufriedenheit mit dem politischen System bzw. mit Parteien und Politikern,
Desinteresse an Politik oder Privatismus steigt die Wahrscheinlichkeit der
Wahlenthaltung. Umgekehrt gilt: Wahlberechtigte im mittleren Alter, mit hohem
beruflichen Status und hohem formalen Bildungsabschluss, die über vielfältige soziale
Kontakte verfügen, neigen sehr viel weniger zur Nichtwahl. Im Kontext der Deutschen
Nationalen Wahlstudie entstandene Arbeiten weisen darauf hin, dass die
Abschwächung der Wahlnorm eine zentrale Bezugsgröße für die sinkende
Wahlbeteiligung ist. Zudem neigen Personen ohne Parteibindung wesentlich stärker
zur Nichtwahl als Personen mit Parteibindung. Da die Parteibindung insgesamt
zurückgeht, wirkt sich dies auch auf die Wahlteilnahme aus. Angesichts der
Ausdifferenzierung der Gesellschaft hat man im Rahmen der Milieu- und
Lebensstilforschung die Nichtwähler darüber hinaus bestimmten Milieugruppen
zugeordnet und sie weiter differenziert. Dadurch konnten auch Nichtwähler
identifiziert werden, die in älteren Studien noch nicht erfasst wurden. So zählt man
heute zu den Nichtwählertypen nicht nur ,sozial Randständige` und ,desinteressierte
Passive`, sondern auch ,aktive Postmaterialisten`, ,gehobene Jungkonservative` und
,junge Individualisten`. Im Rahmen einer solchen Typologisierung zeigt sich, dass
auch unter besser situierten und gebildeten Wählergruppen die Neigung zur
Wahlenthaltung durchaus steigt. Wahlenthaltung ist schon lange kein ,Privileg` von
politisch Desinteressierten mehr, sondern wird zunehmend auch von Bürgern
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praktiziert, die durchaus politisch interessiert und engagiert sind. Neben den
allgemeinen in der Forschung diskutierten Ursachen für die zunehmende
Wahlenthaltung lassen sich in Bezug auf Bremen eine Reihe von sozialen und
politischen Umweltbedingungen ausmachen, die zur Wahlabstinenz beitragen. Die
hohe soziale Integration, die Bremen noch in den 1970er Jahren auszeichnete, hat
sich im Laufe der letzten zwei Jahrzehnte in eine soziale Exklusion von
Bevölkerungsgruppen, die nicht mehr oder nur noch im Rahmen prekärer
Bedingungen am Erwerbsleben teilnehmen, verwandelt. Bei den von sozialer
Exklusion betroffenen Gruppen treten in der Regel Arbeitslosigkeit, Einkommens- und
Bildungsarmut sowie staatlicher Transferbezug gemeinsam auf. In den
entsprechenden Milieus sinkt der Erwartungshorizont an Hilfe und Unterstützung
durch die Politik, politisches Desinteresse, bis hin zur politischen Apathie, ist oft die
Folge."
Europa: Kein Raum, keine Wahl, keine Macht
,,Jeder Deutsche hat die Freiheit, Gesetzen zu gehorchen,
denen er niemals zugestimmt hat,
er darf die Erhabenheit des Grundgesetzes bewundern,
dessen Geltung er nie legitimiert hat,
er ist frei, Politikern zu huldigen,
die kein Bürger je gewählt hat und sie üppig zu versorgen
mit seinen Steuergeldern,
über deren Verwendung er niemals befragt wurde."
Hans Herbert von Arnim Das System
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