Due to the invasion and occupation of Tibet by China, the first wave of Tibetan refugees seeking asylum came to India and neighbouring countries like Bhutan and Nepal in 1959. At the time, India, Nepal and Bhutan were economically and socially backward countries. India opened up its economy in the 1990’s and it paved the way for socio-economic development of the country. Tibetan migrants were also able to use this opportunity for their own growth and economic development. The rise in awareness levels helped Tibetan migrants realize that they could further advance their individual and community growth by seeking job opportunities abroad. Thus, the first wave of migrants left for North America, Canada and European countries in early 1990’s and they were able to send home remittances in dollars and pounds which fetched good exchange rate in India against the rupees. The flow of remittances from abroad enhanced the livelihood of Tibetan refugees in India and triggered a chain migration to the west.
In this study, it focuses on the aspect of remittance and development on Tibetan refugee who has been settled in India for more than 5 decades and relies on remittances. The details of the profile of Tibetan diaspora will be discussed in chapter 4.
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT
1.1.1 Global Migration
1.1.2 Brief Introduction of Tibetan Refugee Migration
1.1.3 Migration in India
1.1.4 The Indian Diaspora
1.2 MIGRATION AND REMITTANCES
1.2.1 Definition of Remittance
1.2.2 Types of Remittances
1.3 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.4 NEED OF THE STUDY
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
1.7 CHAPTER SCHEME
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 GLOBAL STUDIES ON REMITTANCE
2.1.1 Remittance and Human Capital Development
2.1.2 Remittance and Financial Capital Development
2.1.3 Remittance and Social Capital Development
2.2 STUDIES ON REMITTANCES IN INDIA
2.3 STUDIES RELATED TO TIBETAN REFUGEES
3. METHODOLOGY
3.0 INTRODUCTION
3.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
3.2 GOALS
3.2.1 Specific Objectives
3.3 HYPOTHESES
3.4 VARIABLES OF THE STUDY
3.5 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
3.5.1 The Migration Optimist: Developmentalist and Neoclassical Views
3.5.2 The Migration Pessimist: Historical Structural and Dependency Views
3.5.3 Pluralist Perspective: New Economics of Labour Migration
3.6 OPERATIONAL TERMS USED IN THE STUDY
3.7 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.7.2 Selection of Study Area
3.7.3 Survey Instrument
3.7.4 Scaling Technique
3.7.5 Initial Scale Development
3.8 PILOT STUDY ANALYSIS
3.8.1 Data Sources
3.8.2 Data Analysis
3.8.3 Reliability and Validity
3.8.4 Item Analysis
3.9 FINAL METHODOLOGY
3.9.1 Selection of Sampling Households
3.9.2 Details of Field Work
3.9.3 Secondary Data
3.10 STATISTICL ANALYSIS
3.11 SUMMARY
4. PROFILE OF STUDY AREA
4.0 INTRODUCTION
4.1 UNIVERSAL DEFINITION OF THE TERM REFUGEE
4.1.1 The 1967 Protocol
4.1.2 The OAU Convention of 1969
4.1.3 The 1984 Cartagena Declaration
4.2 REFUGEES IN INDIA
4.3 TIBETAN REFUGEES IN INDIA
4.4 Historical Background of the Tibetan Refugees
4.5 EXILE GOVERNMENT OF TIBETAN REFUGEE IN INDIA
4.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETAILS OF TIBETAN REFUGEES IN INDIA
4.6.1 Demography
4.6.2 Education
4.6.3 Employment
4.6.4 Agriculture
4.6.5 Handicrafts
4.6.6 Small Business Enterprises
4.7 CHALLENGES FACED BY TIBETAN REFUGEES IN INDIA
4.7.1 Income
4.7.2 Education
4.7.3 Health
4.7.4 Employment
4.8 MIGRATION OF TIBETAN REFUGEES TOWARDS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
4.9 FORWARD MIGRANT
4.10 STUDY AREAS
4.10.1 High Economic Access Region
4.10.2 Low Economic Access Region
4.11 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER
5. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
5.0 INTRODUCTION
PART A
5.1 ASSISTANCE FROM VARIOUS ORGANISATIONS
5.2 EDUCATION OF TIBETAN REFUGEES IN EXILE
5.3 STATUS OF HEALTH OF TIBETAN REFUGEES IN INDIA
PART B
Analysis Based on Primary Data
SECTION 1
5.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HEAD OF THE HOUSEHOLDS
5.4.1 HOUSEHOLD RELATED CHARACTERISTICS
SECTION 2
5.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF FORWARD MIGRANTS
5.5.1 Forward Migrant Characteristics
5.5.2 Patterns of Migration of Forward Migrants
SECTION 3
5.6 CHARACTERISTICS OF REMITTANCE
5.6.1 Size of Remittances
5.6.2 Modes of Transfer
5.6.3 Main Recipients of Remittance
5.6.4 Purpose of Sending Remittances
SECTION 4
5.7 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HOUSEHOLD’S EXPENDITURE AND CITIZENSHIP WITH RESPECT TO REMITTANCE
SECTION 5
5.8 FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH REMITTANCES FROM FORWARD MIGRANTS
5.8.1 Predominant Factors for Human Capital
5.8.2 Predominant Factors for Financial Capital
5.8.3 Predominant Factors for Social Capital
SECTION 6
5.9 IMPACT OF REMITTANCES ON HUMAN, FINANCIAL AND SOCIAL CAPITAL
5.9.1 Regression Analysis for Human Capital
5.9.2 Regression Analysis for Financial Capital
5.9.3 Regression for Social Capital
SECTION 7
5.10 CONFOUNDING EFFECT ON HUMAN, FINANCIAL AND SOCIAL CAPITAL
5.11 FINDINGS FROM SECONDARY AND PRIMARY ANALYSIS
5.12 SUMMARY
6. FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.0 INTRODUCTION
6.1 FINDINGS FROM SECONDARY DATA
6.1.1 Role of Indian Government
6.1.2 Role of NGO’s
6.1.3 Role of Tibetan Government
6.2 FINDINGS FROM PRIMARY DATA
6.2.1 Findings Related to Socio-demographic Characteristics of Forward Migrant Households
6.2.2 Findings Related to Socio-demographic Characteristics of Forward Migrants
6.2.3 Findings Related to Predominant Factors of Human, Financial and Social Capital Associated with Remittance
6.2.4 Findings Related to Impact of Remittances on Human, Financial and Social Capital
6.2.5 Findings Related to Confounding Effect on Human, Financial and Social Capital
6.3 FINDINGS FROM OBSEVATION AND DIRECT INTERVIEW DURING FIELD SURVEY
6.4 EMPIRICAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY
6.5 RECOMENDATIONS
6.6 PROPOSED MODEL FROM THE STUDY
6.7 CONCLUSION
6.8 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
Research Objectives and Themes
The primary research objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive socio-economic analysis of the impact of remittances on Tibetan refugee households in India, specifically assessing how these financial flows influence human, financial, and social capital development within the context of the New Economics of Labour Migration (NELM).
- Socio-economic impact of international remittances on Tibetan refugee livelihoods.
- Role of human capital development, including education and health, in migrant households.
- Financial capital outcomes, such as investment, small business creation, and asset accumulation.
- Impact on social capital, including community networks, infrastructure, and political participation.
- Regional variations in remittance receipt between high and low economic access settlements in India.
Excerpt from the Book
1.1.2 Brief Introduction of Tibetan Refugee Migration
Due to the invasion and occupation of Tibet by China, the first wave of Tibetan refugees seeking asylum came to India and neighbouring countries like Bhutan and Nepal in 1959. At the time, India, Nepal and Bhutan were economically and socially backward countries. India opened up its economy in the 1990’s and it paved the way for socio-economic development of the country. Tibetan migrants were also able to use this opportunity for their own growth and economic development. The rise in awareness levels helped Tibetan migrants realize that they could further advance their individual and community growth by seeking job opportunities abroad. Thus, the first wave of migrants left for North America, Canada and European countries in early 1990’s and they were able to send home remittances in dollars and pounds which fetched good exchange rate in India against the rupees. The flow of remittances from abroad enhanced the livelihood of Tibetan refugees in India and triggered a chain migration to the west.
In this study, it focuses on the aspect of remittance and development on Tibetan refugee who has been settled in India for more than 5 decades and relies on remittances. The details of the profile of Tibetan diaspora will be discussed in chapter 4.
Summary of Chapters
CHAPTER-1: This chapter introduces the link between migration and development, the definition of remittances, and the specific context of Tibetan refugees in India to establish the study's background and need.
CHAPTER-2: This chapter reviews global and Indian literature on the impacts of remittances on human, financial, and social capital development to identify the research gap.
CHAPTER-3: This chapter outlines the research methodology, including the livelihood scale development, sampling techniques for the four chosen Tibetan settlements, and the statistical tools used for data analysis.
CHAPTER-4: This chapter describes the profile of the study areas, detailing the history, demography, and socio-economic situation of Tibetan refugees in India.
CHAPTER-5: This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of the collected primary and secondary data, covering the impact of remittances across various capital dimensions and the confounding effects of different variables.
CHAPTER-6: This chapter summarizes the findings, provides policy recommendations, proposes a resettlement model, and offers a final conclusion alongside suggestions for future research.
Keywords
Tibetan refugees, Migration, Remittances, Socio-economic impact, Livelihood, Human capital, Financial capital, Social capital, New Economics of Labour Migration, Forward migrants, India, Settlement, Poverty reduction, Economic development, Diaspora
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the core focus of this research study?
The study investigates the socio-economic impact of remittances sent by "forward migrants" (Tibetan refugees who migrated from India to western countries) on the households they left behind in India.
What are the primary thematic fields examined?
The research explores three main capital dimensions: Human capital (education, health, standard of living), Financial capital (investments, business, credit constraints), and Social capital (networks, community development, political participation).
What is the primary research objective?
The goal is to conduct a cross-sectional analysis to determine if and how remittance income enhances the livelihoods of Tibetan refugee households and helps them overcome economic challenges.
Which scientific methodology is applied?
The study uses a quantitative approach involving a livelihood scale developed by the researcher, combined with structured interviews with 400 households across four Tibetan settlements in India. It also employs factor analysis and simple linear regression models to assess impacts.
What topics are covered in the main body of the work?
The main sections cover the background of Tibetan migration, a review of existing literature, the methodology for survey instrument development, a profile of the Tibetan study area, a detailed statistical analysis of primary data, and conclusions on the efficacy of remittances.
How is this research characterized by its keywords?
Key terms include "Tibetan refugees," "remittances," "human capital," "financial capital," "social capital," and "forward migrants," highlighting the interdisciplinary focus on migration studies and economic development.
How does the residential status of a migrant affect remittances?
The data indicates that the residential status of the forward migrant—such as having citizenship versus asylum or green card status—plays a major role in the volume of remittances, as citizenship often correlates with better job stability in host countries.
Does the region (High vs. Low economic access) influence remittance flow?
Yes, the study finds that households in "low economic access" regions receive more remittances than those in "high economic access" regions, suggesting that remittances serve as a crucial compensatory income strategy for more marginalized settlements.
- Quote paper
- Tenzin Namgha (Author), 2016, A Study on Socio-Economic Impact of Remittances on Forward Migrants Households of Tibetan Refugees in India, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/359477
