Unemployment has become an existing macroeconomic problem for developing and even developed countries. Despite the efforts of the government to lessen the rate of unemployment, the problem still exists and it negatively affects the unemployed population. In this paper, common employment barriers in Laguindingan (a municipality in the province of Misamis Oriental, Philippines) and its corresponding negative financially, socially, and psychologically effects are researched. Interviews with fifty unemployed individuals were conducted and the findings are presented descriptively.
The current national census tells that the Philippine population is at 102,377,484. More than six million individuals of this estimate or about 6.1 percent are unemployed; in the province of Misamis Oriental, around 5.6 percent of the population are presently unemployed. For the past five years, the unemployment rate has significantly changed; however, changes are noticeably fluctuating. This paper seeks to determine the most common employment barriers and their corresponding negative effects to individuals residing in the municipality of Laguindingan which is an emerging town in terms of business, tourism, and the likes; the researchers find it considerable to conduct a study on unemployment for future assessment and use in making the town more productive.
Abstract
Unemployment has become an existing macroeconomic problem for developing and even
developed countries. Despite the efforts of the government to lessen the rate of unemployment,
the problem still exists and it negatively affects the unemployed population. This study, seeks to
determine the common employment barriers in the Municipality of Laguindingan and its
corresponding negative effects financially, socially, and psychologically. The researchers
conducted interviews on fifty unemployed individuals where the findings are presented
descriptively. The results show that early parenthood is a major employment barrier aside from
the known demands of the market from job applicants. Financially, unemployment affects the
unemployed most significantly; social connections and the future view of life are also affected
negatively. This study gives data on the present state of the unemployed in a rural area where
local governments could utilize for purposive planning on education, livelihood for the
minimally skilled and effective family planning.
2
Negative Effects of Unemployment due to Barriers:
A Case Study in the Municipality of Laguindingan
The current national census tells that the Philippine population is at 102,377,484. More
than six million individuals of this estimate or about 6.1 percent are unemployed (PSA, 2016); in
the province of Misamis Oriental, around 5.6 percent of the population are presently unemployed
(DOLE, 2016). For the past five years, the unemployment rate has significantly changed
overtime; however, changes are noticeably fluctuating. This paper seeks to determine the most
common employment barriers and their corresponding negative effects to individuals residing in
the municipality of Laguindingan which is an emerging town in terms of business, tourism, and
the likes; the researchers find it considerable to conduct a study on unemployment for future
assessment and use in making the town more productive. One of the primary sources of
unemployment is the decline of a country's economic activity (McEachern, 2014). When a
country faces a significant decline, fewer workers are demanded to produce goods and services.
Financial instability is a direct effect of unemployment which causes other problems to arise
mainly because most human transactions to his environment are done by the use of money. Basic
needs such as food, shelter, and clothing are affected by unemployment as well as an individual's
access to quality services (Ruxton, 2012); psychological and social costs also emerge in a
situation of being unemployed as researches show conducted in a macro level . The researchers
will correlate unemployment and its barriers to prove that it has negative effects financially,
socially, and psychologically when applied to a smaller community.
Literature
In Almaden et al. (2012), four sources of unemployment were given: seasonal, cyclical,
structural, and frictional. Seasonal unemployment occurs when workers get out of their present
work because demand for their service is either low or zero. A construction worker is one of the
3
most affected individuals by seasonal unemployment together with tutors, farmers, teachers, etc.
Individuals who are affected by this source of unemployment may not find a new job and will
result to long term unemployment. Being engaged into a short-term employment affects
productivity of workers (Wandera, 2011). Hence, skill requirements to look for a regular job will
be a significant concern for individuals affected by seasonal unemployment.
Rohlf (2011) defines cyclical unemployment as an occurrence where workers are losing
their jobs because of national economic decline. There is relatively low demand for labor
resources in this phenomenon because business firms are reducing production of goods and/or
services due to low demand. In Fajardo (2013), investment drops significantly because
businessmen refuse to open new firms or accept new workers. Both public and private sectors of
the economy are affected by cyclical unemployment. Firms who refuse to accept marginal
workers considerably add up to the numbers of individuals who are unemployed. In a news
release by The Philippine Star (2015), 656, 284 fresh graduates entered into the labor force in the
past year. Current unemployed individuals will then face more competition from getting a job.
McEachern says that, "structural unemployment arises because the skills demanded by
employers do not match the skills of the unemployed..." (1994, p.158). Skills mismatch is often
accounted to a wrong decision in taking a program in college and the inadequate training of
students while in school (International Labor Office, 2014).
In Pettinger (2012), frictional unemployment is defined to be the situation where a person
capable of labor is unemployed because of the time consumed in a transition from one workplace
to another or from graduation to employment. Most fresh graduates look for the most good-
paying job but inevitable restrictions will hinder them from employment like employer
4
preferences in working history and other requirements. Individuals who switch jobs experiences
frictional unemployment because of wage considerations.
The most dominant effect of unemployment is in terms of finances. "Unemployment is a
major risk factor for poverty. Working age people in workless households are more than twice as
likely to be poor as those in households where some of the adults are in work..." (Trades Union
Congress, 2010, p. 2). The financial effect of unemployment is a chain-like situation where
almost every part of an individual's transaction to his surroundings is affected. Demand for
college education significantly decreases in times of monetary scarcity (Long, 2013), and
accessibility to quality services is greatly affected by unemployment (Ruxton, 2012).
According to Csurke el al. (2009), unemployment is a source of stress, or a stressor, to
someone who's experiencing it. An individual may undergo minimal to serious alteration of
behavior which will significantly affect his view in life and in facing problems. Eisenberg and
Lazarsfeld (1938) argued that the effects of unemployment towards the psychological behavior
of an individual vary by different stages. Their research explains the shock of unemployment to
an individual and the optimism that he feels. Overtime, if he fails to get himself employed, an
individual may start feeling down and decrease of self belief in having a job which will lead to
adaptation to the present condition he is in where attitude and view in life are affected.
For most cases, unemployment may create conflicts and/or misunderstandings at home
(Popay, 1985); the intensity of this, however, varies among countries depending on culture and
value for family. Socially, unemployment effects extend to every connection an individual has
from oneself, family, friends, and to the country (Furaker, 2010). One may engage to drink
liquors, smoking, and drugs because of unemployment; hence, an increase in the number of
people a country may consider to be deviant. Unemployment also reduces a person's interaction
5
with friends and other future connections because of a significant decline in participating social
events, membership from organizations, and the frequency of going to public places like malls.
Discussion of Gathered Data
The researchers conducted a series of interview on fifty (50) unemployed individuals in
the Municipality of Laguindingan, Misamis Oriental. The interview included questions that
answer the common employment barrier unemployed individuals experienced before and while
applying for a job and to the corresponding effects of unemployment financially, socially, and
psychologically. Married and single individuals were given a set of different questions for
determining employment barriers while the questions given to determine the negative effects of
unemployment were uniform for all.
All of the interviewed individuals have sources of money from at least one member of the
family. Only the unemployed person in the family or home but is capable of labor and belongs to
the labor force was interviewed. However, the questions to determine the negative financial
effects will cover the general situation of a family or home in the state of having a member that
does not have a job.
Employment Barriers
Six types of employment barriers were included in the study: 1.) Early parenthood, for
married respondents, and parent dependency for the single respondents 2.) Number of job
vacancies 3.) Employment history 4.) Skill requirements 5.) Educational attainment and 6.) Job
refusal.
Early Parenthood. Among the twenty-seven (27) married individuals who participated
in this research, nineteen (19) respondents confirmed that they were not able to get employed
6
because of early parenthood. These respondents aged eighteen to twenty-three years old and all
of them were able to finish elementary and high school only. The remaining eight (8) married
individuals who were able to enroll or accomplish college did not consider early parenthood as a
reason to unemployment. It can be noticed that individuals who were able to get a higher
educational attainment are not likely to experience early parenthood. According to Popay (1985),
individuals tend to put less attention on having a family if he/she is able to finish college because
having a wealthy life becomes more important. All respondents who confirmed that early
parenthood was a barrier to employment were all women. After the first pregnancy, majority of
them had child right after and were not able to look for job permanently. These married
respondents were asked if they believe that they could still be employed, but all of them said that
it is almost impossible for them to get hired because they need to look after for their children.
Parent Dependency. For the single individuals, ten (10) respondents said that they were
not able to look for a job because they fully depend on their parents. Among the twenty-three
(23) unmarried individuals who participated in the interview, eleven (11) confirmed that they
were staying at their parent's house. All of them said that their parents spend for most of their
expenses like personal necessities, food, and recreation but one (1) denied that he was not able to
look for a job because of parent dependency. Twelve (12) of the single individuals interviewed
were not staying with their parents and had little to no financial support from them.
Job Vacancy. Out of the total number of interviewed individuals, twenty-three (23)
responded that the number of job vacancies were not enough to accommodate all applicants.
Eleven (11) married and twelve (12) single respondents compose this number. The interviewed
individuals were able to confirm that there was a number of competing applicants from getting a
job and sixteen (16) of them said that there were no available jobs at all. According to
7
McEachern (2014), job vacancies significantly fluctuate because of the inconsistencies in the
business cycle. A country in an economic recession is more likely not to employ new persons
and this will slowly change in the phase of recovery. Even if a country starts to improve its
economic performance, the transition will consume time and it means a huge amount of job
vacancies will not instantaneously open.
Employment History. Twenty-two (22) respondents said that the employers of the job
they applied for demanded employment history. Eleven (11) of this number are unmarried
respondents and eleven (11) are married. All single respondents who confirmed that employment
history was needed from getting a job are all college graduates. Job applicants with working
experience had greater chances of getting employed according to the words given by them. Since
having a first job is not quite possible for them because of employment history, the same
problem always exists once they look for another job. These single college graduates admitted
that they prefer to have a good-paying job; unfortunately, employers require experience in the
particular work being applied. For the eleven married individuals, all of them where female and
said that they were not able to get any working experience because of the time consumed in
looking for their children. All of these cases portray frictional unemployment which is due to the
time consumed on looking for a job or in a transition (Pettinger, 2012).
Skills. Among the interviewed married individuals, seven (7) of them said that their skills
did not match for the job the applied for and some employers demanded for more technical
skills. These individuals were just able to finish high school and had no work specialization.
Further, five (5) married individuals who were able to finish college also said that more skills
were demanded by the employers such as technological and communicating skills. On the other
hand, eight (8) single individuals confirmed that skills mismatch was a problem in applying for a
8
job. These situations are under structural unemployment where the skills required for a job do
not match with the skills the applicant has (International Labor Office, 2014).
Educational Attainment. All of the eight (8) married respondents who said that
educational attainment was a barrier to employment were just able to experience and/or finish
high school. Most of the jobs required a college a degree and those who did not are temporary
and low-paying jobs. These respondents were able to work as sales lady, construction worker,
driver, etc. but did not last for long. Workers becoming unemployed after a period of time due to
contracts and seasonal demand is evident in these situations. Eventually, individuals who settle
for seasonal jobs will encounter more competition as more students graduate from schools and as
more people become unemployed (Rohlf, 2011). The chances of individuals who can be hired in
a temporary job decreases overtime because more people look for the same jobs as well. This
number will continue to increase as more people settle in temporary jobs because of the
educational attainment required by regular jobs. There were also eight (8) single individuals who
responded to this; six (6) of them were high school graduates and two (2) were able to enroll but
did not finish college. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2016), there are only 2.8%
unemployed individuals who has a bachelor's degree while the rate significantly rise to 8% to
those who only have a high school diploma.
Job Refusal. Among the total of fifty respondents, twenty-six (26) confirmed that they
were offered for a job but they did not accept it. Twenty (20) individuals said that they refused
the job because they have to look for their children while the remaining six (6) said that they
refused the offer because the salary is low and the working place is far from their home.
9
Negative Effects of Unemployment
The researchers divided the second part of the interview into three divisions about the
negative effects of unemployment: financially, socially, and psychologically. For the financial
part, the questions were limited only to the basic needs an individual should have through the use
of money. Questions to identify the negative social effects were limited to human interaction that
can be described using gathered data and did not include any questions that require a
professional to discuss. Finally, to identify the negative psychological effects of unemployment,
latent factors and considerations were not included to avoid mistakes in presenting the data and
to maintain the validity of the work.
Negative financial effects. The questions included in the interview to identify the
negative financial effects of unemployment covered on food security, schooling, housing and
services, medication and the corresponding satisfaction of these.
Food Security and Satisfaction
Food security means that a family or individual has access to a sufficient quantity of food
which meets the dietary needs of an individual (FAO United Nations). Among the fifty (50)
participants in this research, ten (10) individuals confirmed that there were days where they ate
once, twice or not at all. Five (5) of them are married and five (5) are single. Moreover, thirty-
eight (38) respondents said that they had debts in the stores just to avail food for their family.
Rice, canned goods, and instant noodles are the most common commodities that are availed
through debts. Food security significantly changes as a person's socio-economic status change;
in a recession a person's access to food relatively declines and food consumption and access
increase as income increases (Headey, 2013).
10
Fish and vegetables were the most common type of viands the respondents had while
there were two (2) who answered that pork and beef are often consumed. Only fifteen (15)
participants said that they have satisfaction in the food they eat and the rest wish to have better.
Schooling
Twenty (20) married individuals confirmed that all of their children go to public schools
while two (2) parents send their children to private schools. The remaining 5 married
respondents do not send their children to school yet. For the single individuals, fifteen (15) of
them said that they enrolled and graduated in a public school. According to Ruxton (2012),
children with unemployed parents are more likely to be enrolled in a public school because of the
less expenses spent for their education.
Six (6) married participants confirmed that they were forced to drop their children from
school because of financial problems; five (5) unmarried participants said that he dropped from
college because his parents cannot provide for the expenses. The rest of the participants who did
not finish high school or college said that they voluntary stopped schooling.
Thirteen (13) married individuals said that they were not able to provide the enough
number of school requirements for their children. These requirements include notebooks, pad
papers, writing materials, and fees (PTA etc). Ten (10) unmarried participants also said that there
were projects in college which they did not fully comply.
Housing
Only one (1) married participant and one (1) unmarried individual said that they pay for
the house they are presently staying. Unlike in the urban areas where unemployed and even
11
employed individuals pay for house rental, unemployed individuals in the rural places has their
own house which are either coming from their parents or built using their own money. However,
forty (40) respondents said that they were not satisfied with the house they have and its present
location.
Hospitalization and Medication
Half of the total respondents say that they visit the doctor at least once a year for medical
checkup. The other half decided not to have any health consultations because of the fear of
having expensive bills to pay the doctor. Further, twenty-one (21) respondents said that they
were not able to hospitalize a sick member of the family because of financial problems even if
they believed that the patient should be sent to a doctor. Nevertheless, all of the respondents
confirmed that they participate in free health missions conducted in their area.
A total of five (5) respondents confirmed that they were not able to provide the enough
amount of medication for a member of the family because of financial crisis. Nineteen (19)
participants also said that they had to make borrow money to provide medication for a sick
member of the family.
From the total of fifty interviewed individuals in this study, only twenty-three (23)
participants believed that the income they receive from an employed member of the family is
enough to cover all their expenses in a month. The remaining twenty-seven (27) believed that the
family income is not enough given that a member in their home is unemployed and is included in
the monthly budget.
12
Negative social effects. There are three categories that fall under the negative social
effects of unemployment that are included in this study: social connections, family and friend
relationship, and vices. The first two have a significant connection to financial scarcity while the
other one concerns other factors like influence.
Social Connections
Thirty-six (36) of the respondents said that they do no often go out and spend most of
their time at home. Twenty-one (21) of this number were married and sixteen (16) were single.
According to Furaker (2010), an unemployed individual tend to tire himself so much in the
search for a job and will later lose faith in having one because of the multiple failed attempts he
made. A person by then will likely to spend most of his time at home because he cannot afford
anymore to go out or search for another job. Twenty-five (25) respondents were able to confirm
that they seldom go out with their friends or by themselves because they do not have money to
spend for it. All of the respondents said that majority of their friends are just coming from the
neighborhood and have little to no connections outside their community.
Relationship with Family and Friends
Thirty-nine (39) of the total participants believed that their relationship with their friends
are negatively affected because of being unemployed. These individuals said that they had more
friends before but decreased overtime as they became isolated in their home because of
unemployment. Individuals who are employed before lose many of their friends in the workplace
as they departed. However, only eight (8) individuals said that their relationship with the family
is negatively affected. These people said that they sometimes had misunderstandings at home
due to financial crisis and vices.
13
Development of Vices
Eleven (11) married individuals and nineteen (19) unmarried respondents said that they
often drink and/or smoke. All of them confirmed that these vices were developed as they stay
more at home and had nothing to do to keep them busy. Nineteen (19) of them confirmed that
their friends who are also unemployed introduced drinking and smoking to them.
Negative psychological effects. The last part of this study includes believe in oneself,
satisfaction in life and the general feeling because of unemployment.
Faith towards Employment
Thirty-one (31) of the unemployed respondents believed that they can still be accepted in
a job. Twenty-two (22) of them were still single and nine (9) of them were already married.
However, the remaining nineteen (19) respondents said that they no longer believe in the
possibility of getting employed.
Satisfaction in Life
Twenty-eight (28) of the respondents said that they are not contended with the life they
have. While the remaining twenty-three (23) said that they should be happy and feel thankful
regardless of the situation they have.
Feeling of being Unemployed
The researchers let the respondents express what they feel of being unemployed and
eleven (11) of them answered it is stressful, nine (9) said that they are sad, and thirty-five (35)
said that they are worried for their future especially for their children's.
14
Conclusions
Several employment barriers are being experienced by the unemployed because of the
different demands by the market as well as personal situations where they get themselves in.
Employment in rural areas like the Municipality of Laguindingan is greatly affected because of
early parenthood resulting from unfinished education at school. Unmarried respondents do not
solely depend to their parents as they continue to search for a job but maintain contact and
support from their family. Fixed demands in the market hinder applicants to be employed due to
lack and/or mismatch of skills and additional educational requirements. Fluctuations in the
market do not create enough jobs for the unemployed. Financially, unemployment greatly affects
every family who has unemployed members. Generally, food security is met but satisfaction is
poor. An unemployed parent is more likely to send his child in a public school where access to
the enough supplies and school requirements are not fully met. Providing of basic medicine for
simple illnesses can be afforded but hospitalization is difficult for the unemployed. Debts are
rampant to avail goods and services. Social connections decrease as a person becomes
unemployed because exposure outside the house is limited to financial capability.
Unemployment does not significantly affects the relationship of the family members but it
develops vices overtime as more unemployed accumulate in an area. Lastly, the younger
unemployed individuals still has a strong faith for employment compared to those who are
unemployed for long periods of time and unemployment creates uncertainty to the unemployed
with regards to future life and opportunities.
15
References
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reform, and consumer education. Cagayan de Oro, Philippines: Xavier University Press
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Commission on Higher Education (2015, April 1). "656, 284 join labor force this year". The
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Csürke, J., V. Vörös, P. Osváth & A. Árkovits (2009). Mindennapi kríziseink. Budapest:
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CRIS_NT(2010)429996_EN.pdf
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Appendix A
Consent sheet
Date:
Good day sir/madam! We are second year students at Xavier University Ateneo de
Cagayan under the International Studies program. One major requirement of our subject, English
27: Writing Term Papers is to conduct a research and make a term paper out of it. Our research is
about unemployment due to barriers and its negative effects financially, socially, and
psychologically.
With this regard, we would like to ask your permission to make an interview for the
necessary data we will need. We assure full confidentiality of your identity and all the
information we can get from this interview.
Please sign the space below for your confirmation to engage in this interview.
________________________
Appendix B
Interview Questions
Name (optional):_____________________
Address: _____________________
Age: ____
Civil Status: ______________
1. What is your highest educational attainment? _________________________________
2. How long have you been unemployed? ______________________________________
3. Do you have any history of employment? _____________________________________
4. What kind of jobs? _______________________________________________________
5. Have you tried to seek for another job? ______________________________________
ON EMPLOYMENT BARRIERS:
*For married individuals only.
1. You were married/live in at what age? ____________________________
2. Do you have children? ______________________ at what age? _____________________
3. Were you unable to look for a job because you need to look for your child? ____________
4. Is your husband/wife employed? __________________________
5. Number of children: _______________________ Ages: ___________________________
*For married and single individuals.
1. When you were looking for a job, was there enough number of vacancies? __________
2. Do the employers demand for employment history? ___________________
3. Did they require for more skills that you have? ___________________
4. Did they demand for higher educational attainment? __________________
5. Were you offered a job but refused to have it? __________ Why? ______________________
6. Do you think that there are a lot of individuals applying for a job that you weren't
accommodated? ______________________
7. What was your estimated number of attempts in getting a job? _______________
*For single individuals only
1. Do you live with your parents? __________________
2. Do they provide for your daily expenses? ________________________
3. Were you unable to look for a job because you just rely on your parents? ______________
4. Do you think you still need a job? ______________________
ON THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT:
Financial
Estimated income:
Number of persons working in the family:
1. How many persons do you need to feed? _____________
2. Was there a situation that you didn't eat for 3 times a day? ______________
3. What's your common type of meal? ________________ Do you wish to have better?
________
4. Do you feel satisfied with the food you eat? ______________
5. Do you have debts in the sari-sari store just to have food? _____________
1. How many of you are studying/ how many of your children are studying? ____________
2. Public schooling? ____________
3. Do your children go to school every day? ______________
4. Was there a time that your child were unable to attend school because of financial
problems? __________
Education level
Number of
Children
Undergoing/Dropped/Accomplished
Pre-school/elementary
High school
College
5. Are there any school requirements that you weren't able to address because of money?
__________
6. Did you/did your child drop because of financial problems? _____________
1. Is this your own house? ___________________
2. If no, do you pay for your stay here? __________________
3. Do you have debts just to pay the rental fee for this house? ___________________
4. Do you wish to have a better house/location of your house? _____________________
1. If you are/one of you is sick, were you able to provide the necessary medicine or medical
services? ___________
2. Do you go to the clinic for checkups? ____________
3. Was there a time that you weren't able to take medicine or go to the hospital because of
financial problem? ___
4. Do you have debts just to hospitalize someone or buy medicines? ____________
Do you think your income/family income is enough for all the expenses you need to
address? __________
Social
1. Do you often go out? __________________
2. Where do you spend most of your time? At home? ______ In the neighborhood? ______
3. Do you go out with your friends? ______ How often? _______
4. Do you have friends outside from this house? ______ From this community? _____
5. Do you get into trouble/fights with your friends? _____ Why? ____________________
6. Do you usually have misunderstandings in the family? ______ What are the things you
argue? ________
1. Do you smoke/drink? _________ If yes, how many sticks do you consume/how often do
you drink? _________
2. Since when you have been smoking/drinking? ____________ Is it influenced by the
people around you?____
If yes, are they employed? ______________
Psychological
1. When you were unable to get a job, were you sad, frustrated, angry, what did you feel?
_______________
2. How are you doing now? ________
3. Do you think you could still be accepted in a work place? ________________
4. Do you think your skill/knowledge is slowly fading away? _______________
5. Are
you
contended
with
the
life
you
have?
____________
Why?
____________________________
6. Do you feel stressed in your condition? ____________ Why? _____________________
7. Do feel worried about what might happen in the future? ___________
Frequently Asked Questions: Negative Effects of Unemployment due to Barriers
What is the main focus of this research?
This research aims to determine the common employment barriers in the Municipality of Laguindingan and their corresponding negative effects financially, socially, and psychologically on the unemployed population.
What are the common employment barriers identified in the study?
The study focuses on several employment barriers, including early parenthood, a limited number of job vacancies, lack of employment history, high skill requirements, insufficient educational attainment, and job refusal due to low salary or distance.
How does early parenthood act as an employment barrier?
The study found that early parenthood, particularly among women with lower educational attainment, significantly hinders employment opportunities due to childcare responsibilities. This barrier limits their ability to seek or maintain employment.
What role does parent dependency play in the unemployment of single individuals?
Some single individuals depend financially on their parents, reducing their need to actively seek employment. However, this dependency can also be a barrier to gaining job experience and financial independence.
How does the lack of job vacancies contribute to unemployment?
A significant number of respondents indicated that the limited number of job vacancies and intense competition from other applicants make it difficult to secure employment. This is exacerbated by economic cycles and firms reducing hiring during recessions.
Why is employment history a barrier for some job seekers?
Many employers require prior work experience, making it difficult for fresh graduates or individuals re-entering the workforce to find jobs. This creates a cycle where a lack of initial experience prevents them from gaining future employment.
How do skill mismatches impact unemployment?
Many unemployed individuals find that their skills do not match the requirements of available jobs, leading to structural unemployment. This mismatch may be due to inadequate training or choosing the wrong educational path.
How does low educational attainment contribute to unemployment?
Respondents with lower educational levels (high school or less) face difficulty securing employment due to many jobs requiring a college degree. They are often limited to temporary or low-paying jobs, making it difficult to achieve long-term financial stability.
What are the negative financial effects of unemployment according to the research?
Unemployment leads to food insecurity, difficulties in providing adequate schooling for children, and reduced access to quality housing and healthcare. Many families rely on debts to cover basic needs, leading to a cycle of financial instability.
How does unemployment affect social connections?
Unemployment often leads to social isolation as individuals spend more time at home due to a lack of financial resources. This can result in fewer interactions with friends and a decline in social networks.
How does unemployment influence family and friend relationships?
Unemployment can strain relationships with friends due to reduced social activities and a sense of isolation. While family relationships are generally less affected, financial stress and the development of vices can sometimes cause misunderstandings.
Does unemployment contribute to the development of vices?
Some unemployed individuals turn to vices such as drinking and smoking as a way to cope with stress and boredom. This can be influenced by peers who are also unemployed and struggling with similar issues.
What are the negative psychological effects of unemployment?
Unemployment can lead to feelings of stress, sadness, and worry about the future. While some individuals maintain a positive outlook and believe they can still find employment, others lose faith in their ability to secure a job and become less satisfied with their lives.
What are the report's conclusions regarding unemployment in the Municipality of Laguindingan?
The report concludes that addressing unemployment in the Municipality of Laguindingan requires interventions focused on education, skills training, and family planning. Reducing barriers such as early parenthood, skills mismatches, and lack of access to education can improve employment opportunities and reduce the negative financial, social, and psychological effects of unemployment.
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- Yzander Gillegao (Author), Phil Shyla Kristanya L Giron (Author), Xelmarc Chandrielle Dee B Sumaoy (Author), 2016, Negative Effects of Unemployment Due to Barriers. A Case Study in the Municipality of Laguindingan, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/376484
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