This paper deals with Epidemiology of oral cancer. Precancerous lesions and conditions, primary prevention, surgical management and other topics will be shown.
Oral cancer is one of the ten leading cancers in the world. Globally the age adjusted incidence rates for oral cancer in men varies from 2.2/100000 in Japan to 22.5/100000 in Brazil; and in women from 0.9/100000 in Japan to 17.2/100000 in Bangalore. In south East Asia, it is the leading cancer in males and the third leading cancer in females. For description the following subsites are included in oral cancers: lip.tongue,gum, floor of mouth, buccal mucosa palate and other parts of the mouth (ICD-0140,141,143,144,145)
There is considerable international, national, interethnic variation in the distribution of cancer in intraoral sites. Cancer of the buccal mucosa, lower alveolus and the retro molar trigone are grouped together as cancers of gingivo buccal complex and can be aptly called as the Indian oral cancer as they constitute 60% of all oral cancer in India. Tongue and floor of mouth cancers form the bulk of oral cancers in the west.
Table of Contents
1. Epidemiology of oral cancer
2. Primary prevention of oral cancer
2.1. Avoidance of the risk factors
3. Precancerous lesions & conditions
3.1. CONCEPT OF PRECANCER
3.1.1. Classification of oral pre-cancer
3.2. PREMALIGNANT LESIONS
3.2.1. LEUKOPLAKIA
3.3. ERYTHROPLAKIA
3.4. ORAL LESIONS ASSOCIATED WITH TOBACCO USE
3.5. BOWEN’S DISEASE
3.6. Precancerous conditions
4. Histopathology
5. Methods of oral cancer diagnosis
5.1. METHODS IN ORAL CANCER DETECTION
6. Clinical Features of squamous cell carcinoma
7. (a) Radiotherapy in Oral Cancer
7. (b) Surgical management of oral cancer
8. Management of complications associated with the treatment of oral cancer.
9. Management of terminally ill patients
10. Research scenario of oral cancer
11. Role of dental surgeons in Prevention and Control of oral cancer
Objectives and Topics
This work aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, prevention, diagnosis, and management of oral cancer. It explores the role of oral health professionals in identifying pre-malignant lesions and managing the complex, multi-modal treatment of oral malignancies and their associated complications.
- Epidemiology and risk factors of oral cancer on a global and regional scale.
- Clinical and histopathological characteristics of precancerous lesions and conditions.
- Advanced diagnostic methodologies including molecular markers and imaging techniques.
- Surgical and radiotherapeutic management protocols for squamous cell carcinoma.
- Supportive care strategies and management of complications in palliative treatment settings.
Excerpt from the Book
LEUKOPLAKIA
The term originates from 2 greek words- leuko i.e. white and plakia i.e. patch. Definition by WHO- it is a whitish plaque or patch that cannot be characterised, clinically or pathologically, as any other disease and which is not associated with any other physical or chemical causative agent except the use of tobacco.
Incidence and prevalence: Leukoplakia is by far the most common precancer, representing 85% of such lesions. Based on previously reported studies, the worldwide prevalence of LP is estimated between 1.5%-4.3%. There is a strong male predilection(70%), except in regional populations in which women use tobacco products more than men. However a slight decrease in proportion of affected males has been noted over the past half century. The disease is diagnosed more frequently now than in the past, probably because of an enhanced awareness on the part of health professionals.
Summary of Chapters
1. Epidemiology of oral cancer: Discusses the global and national incidence rates of oral cancer, identifying key risk factors and population-based trends.
2. Primary prevention of oral cancer: Outlines strategies for preventing oral cancer, emphasizing the modification of tobacco-related behaviors and the implementation of national control programs.
3. Precancerous lesions & conditions: Provides a classification and detailed clinical description of various premalignant lesions such as leukoplakia and erythroplakia, alongside associated conditions.
4. Histopathology: Details the microscopic features and histopathological grading of various precancerous lesions and oral squamous cell carcinoma.
5. Methods of oral cancer diagnosis: Examines clinical, molecular, and histopathological diagnostic methods, including the use of staining and imaging techniques for early detection.
6. Clinical Features of squamous cell carcinoma: Describes the clinical presentation and behavior of squamous cell carcinoma across different oral sites.
7. (a) Radiotherapy in Oral Cancer: Explains the principles, methods of delivery, and management of side effects associated with radiation therapy in head and neck oncology.
7. (b) Surgical management of oral cancer: Covers the surgical planning, neck dissection techniques, and various reconstruction methods used following ablative surgery.
8. Management of complications associated with the treatment of oral cancer.: Addresses the functional, anatomic, and esthetic challenges arising post-treatment, including strategies for managing radiation-induced and surgical complications.
9. Management of terminally ill patients: Focuses on palliative care approaches, highlighting the dentist's role in providing relief from symptoms such as pain, xerostomia, and secondary infections.
10. Research scenario of oral cancer: Provides a detailed review of current research on molecular alterations, field cancerization theory, and genetic susceptibility in the Indian context.
11. Role of dental surgeons in Prevention and Control of oral cancer: Reiterates the critical responsibility of the dental surgeon in the continuum of oral cancer care, from primary prevention to tertiary palliative care.
Keywords
Oral Cancer, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Leukoplakia, Tobacco, Chemoprevention, Histopathology, Radiotherapy, Palliative Care, Oral Diagnosis, Submucous Fibrosis, Biomarkers, Surgery, Mucositis, Osteoradionecrosis, Genetic Susceptibility
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the core subject of this publication?
The book provides a comprehensive overview of oral cancer, covering its epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, treatment modalities, and the specific role of dental professionals in its prevention and management.
What are the central themes discussed in the work?
Central themes include the primary and secondary prevention of oral cancer, the histopathological understanding of malignant and pre-malignant lesions, advanced diagnostic technologies, and the management of complications arising from cancer treatments.
What is the primary goal of the research presented?
The primary goal is to emphasize the importance of early detection and the integration of dental surgeons into the multidisciplinary cancer care team to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with oral cancer.
Which scientific methods are primarily highlighted for diagnosis?
The work covers clinical examinations, intravital staining (Toluidine Blue and Lugol’s Iodine), tissue reflectance, molecular methods (like salivary markers and DNA analysis), and histopathological assessment (biopsy).
What aspects are covered in the main section of the book?
The main sections detail the epidemiology, classification of lesions, histopathology of various carcinomas, radiotherapy and surgical management strategies, and the management of side effects such as mucositis and osteoradionecrosis.
Which keywords characterize this work best?
Key terms include Oral Cancer, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Leukoplakia, Tobacco control, Histopathology, Radiotherapy, Palliative care, and early diagnostic screening techniques.
How does the book address tobacco use in relation to oral cancer?
Tobacco use is identified as the most significant preventable cause of oral cancer. The text outlines strategies for tobacco behavior modification and advocates for the active role of dentists in cessation clinics.
What specific diagnostic considerations are suggested for high-risk patients?
The text recommends regular, thorough visual and tactile examinations, the use of adjunctive diagnostic aids for suspicious lesions, and standardized biopsy protocols for lesions that do not respond to initial therapy within 14 days.
- Arbeit zitieren
- Vinod Nair Sreekumar (Autor:in), Dr. Anjana Ravindran (Autor:in), Dr. Babu Mathew (Autor:in), 2017, Epidemiology of oral cancer. Precancerous lesions and conditions, primary prevention and surgical management, München, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/378228
